From J.MCMANUS at cgnet.com  Wed Jul  1 19:54:00 1998
From: J.MCMANUS at cgnet.com (John McManus)
Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 16:54:00 -0700 (PDT)
Subject: Reefs at Risk
Message-ID: <359A15CD@msm.cgnet.com>


1 July 1998

Dear Coral-listers:

I just returned for a few days amid a series of trips.  I'm pleased to see
there has been some healthy debate over the "Reefs at Risk" report.  It was
obviously our first shot at the global situation analysis.  We are already
hard at work arranging for follow-up versions over the next few years.  We
hope that we can count on all of you to help produce an increasingly
accurate picture of the state of the reefs and the changes that are
occurring.

Three important aspects of the analysis were the model, the consultations
and the data.  We will strive to improve the first by figuring out various
options for weighting and incorporating the most meaningful variables.  We
are hoping to dig up support for future consultations to involve more
regional experts, perhaps via regional meetings.  Finally, we really need
more data with which to adjust the model.

We encourage inputs in all three aspects.  The model is reasonably 
well-explained in the report.  Please feel free to send in suggestions to 
any of the authors for improving the model.  If we find support for regional 
meetings, we will call on a larger consultative body to help out.  However, 
in the area of data availability we need help from a wide range of 
coral-listers and your contacts.  The world still holds tens of thousands of 
reef reports (environmental impact studies, technical reports, etc.) which 
we do not have in ReefBase.  We are moving increasingly into consolidating 
and disseminating large sets of raw survey data.  More surveys need doing. 
 We also need more reports of stresses affecting reefs, such as appear in 
Coral-list.  Careful follow-up and formal publication will raise the 
confidence levels and utility of the reports.  We need both "forward 
observers" (sport divers) and "heavy artillery" (scientists, managers, etc.) 
in this effort.

For more information on how to help with ReefBase and related activities, 
please write to <reefbase at cgnet.com>.

Sincerely,

Dr John W McManus
ReefBase Project Leader
Aquatic Environments Program
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)
MCPO Box 2631, Makati City, Philippines 0718
<j.mcmanus at cgnet.com>
http://www.reefbase.org


From jch at aoml.noaa.gov  Wed Jul  1 07:05:56 1998
From: jch at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 07:05:56 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: threats to tropical coastal environment
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.92.980701070414.20867D-100000@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


From: "Santiago ALVAREZ RODRIGUEZ" <s99002 at wmu3.wmu.se>
Organization: World Maritime University
To: coral-list
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 1998 23:50:55 +0100
Subject:

I am sorry to disturb you. We are a small group of students of the
World Maritime University in Sweden, an institution established under
the auspices of the International Maritime Organization, a
specialized agengy of the United Nations. We are looking for
information about these problems:

1- The threats that are posed to tropical coastal environments (warm
waters, coral, mangroves, fisheries) by harbour development
(including oil import/export) and tourist infrastructure development.
2- How do these threats differ from those relating to colder
(temperate) coastal environments?
3- How can the International Conventions be applied to minimise the
threats.

If it is possible, I would like to request any information that you
have about the subject described above.

Thank you in advance.

Yours  sincerely

---------------------
Santiago Alvarez Rodr?guez

Henrik Smith Hostel (room 620)
Disponentgatan 6
211 57 Malm?
Sweden

E-mail s99002 at wmu3.wmu.se


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Wed Jul  1 06:47:16 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 17:47:16 +0700
Subject: Thank's for The Artificial Reef
Message-ID: <01bda4dd$9cd25680$LocalHost@default>

Dear Dr, Collins

I have received your Artificial Reef Litteratur at July 1, 1998. I am very
happy and greatfull of your kindness and attentions.

In fact there are some positives (support) and negatives (avoid) our plan to
sink 1,200 tyres (39 pyramides/tetrahedron) in to the sea. But from your
article and e-mail we had big motivation and confident to continue this
project. We hope You will give us suggestions and guidance.

For the second, from your paper refferences I need some informations about
spiny lobster (Panulirus sp), please let me know where I can get it.

Please help if we were wrong to decide this.

Keep in touch

Best regards,


Fadil Nandila
Coremap Bappeda Tk I Riau
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id




From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Wed Jul  1 06:46:41 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 17:46:41 +0700
Subject: Bactery in Coral Reef
Message-ID: <01bda4dd$884394e0$LocalHost@default>

Dear Coral Listers,

I'm a graduate of Fishery Faculty of Riau University, Riau, Indonesia. Right
now I've been preparing some research proposal about "Present Bacteria at
Coral Reef".
I wish someone can help me to provide some information litteratures and
related study.

Thank you very much for your respons and help.

Cheers,

M. Taufik Hidayat, BSc
KSL Laksana Samudera
(Marine Environmental Study Club)
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id

Mailing Address : Jln. Kuantan VII No. 46 E Pekanbaru (28000)
                               Riau, INDONESIA.




From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Wed Jul  1 07:30:24 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Health and Monitoring Program)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 07:30:24 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Executive Order from President Clinton
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.92.980701072433.21200A-100000@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


FYI...

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

THE WHITE HOUSE

Office of the Press Secretary


For Immediate Release			June 11, 1998



EXECUTIVE ORDER

CORAL REEF PROTECTION


	By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and
the laws of the United States of America and in furtherance of the
purposes of the Clean Water Act of 1977, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251, et
seq.), Coastal Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1451, et seq.),
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801,
et seq.), National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42 U.S.C.
4321, et seq.), National Marine Sanctuaries Act, (16 U.S.C. 1431, et
seq.), National Park Service Organic Act (16 U.S.C. 1, et seq.), National
Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act (16 U.S.C. 668dd-ee), and other
pertinent statutes, to preserve and protect the biodiversity, health,
heritage, and social and economic value of U.S. coral reef ecosystems and
the marine environment, it is hereby ordered as follows:


	Section 1.  Definitions.  (a) "U.S. coral reef ecosystems" means
those species, habitats, and other natural resources associated with coral
reefs in all maritime areas and zones subject to the jurisdiction or
control of the United States (e.g., Federal, State, territorial, or
commonwealth waters), including reef systems in the south Atlantic,
Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean.  (b) "U.S. Coral Reef
Initiative" is an existing partnership between Federal agencies and State,
territorial, commonwealth, and local governments, nongovernmental
organizations, and commercial interests to design and implement additional
management, education, monitoring, research, and restoration efforts to
conserve coral reef ecosystems for the use and enjoyment of future
generations.  The existing U.S. Islands Coral Reef Initiative strategy
covers approximately 95 percent of U.S. coral reef ecosystems and is a key
element of the overall U.S. Coral Reef Initiative.  (c) "International
Coral Reef Initiative" is an existing partnership, founded by the United
States in 1994, of governments, intergovernmental organizations,
multilateral development banks, nongovernmental organizations, scientists,
and the private sector whose purpose is to mobilize governments and other
interested parties whose coordinated, vigorous, and effective actions are
required to address the threats to the world's coral reefs.


	Sec. 2.  Policy.  (a) All Federal agencies whose actions may
affect U.S. coral reef ecosystems shall:  (a) identify their actions that
may affect U.S. coral reef ecosystems; (b) utilize their programs and
authorities to protect and enhance the conditions of such ecosystems;  and
(c) to the extent permitted by law, ensure that any actions they
authorize, fund, or carry out will not degrade the conditions of such
ecosystems.


	(b) Exceptions to this section may be allowed under terms
prescribed by the heads of Federal agencies:


		(1) during time of war or national emergency;


		(2) when necessary for reasons of national security, as
determined by the President;


		(3) during emergencies posing an unacceptable threat to human
health or safety or to the marine environment and admitting of no other
feasible solution; or


		(4) in any case that constitutes a danger to human life
or a real threat to vessels, aircraft, platforms, or other man-made
structures at sea, such as cases of force majeure caused by stress of
weather or other
act of God.


	Sec. 3.  Federal Agency Responsibilities.  In furtherance of
section 2 of this order, Federal agencies whose actions affect U.S. coral
reef ecosystems, shall, subject to the availability of appropriations,
provide for implementation of measures needed to research, monitor,
manage, and restore affected ecosystems, including, but not limited to,
measures reducing impacts from pollution, sedimentation, and fishing. To
the extent not inconsistent with statutory responsibilities and
procedures, these measures shall be developed in cooperation with the U.S.
Coral Reef Task Force and fishery management councils and in consultation
with affected States, territorial, commonwealth, tribal, and local
government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific
community, and commercial interests.


	Sec. 4.  U.S. Coral Reef Task Force.  The Secretary of the
Interior and the Secretary of Commerce, through the Administrator of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall co-chair a U.S.
Coral Reef Task Force ("Task Force"), whose members shall include, but not
be limited to, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency,
the Attorney General, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of
Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Defense, the
Secretary of State, the Secretary of Transportation, the Director of the
National Science Foundation, the Administrator of the Agency for
International Development, and the Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration.  The Task Force shall oversee
implementation of the policy and Federal agency responsibilities set forth
in this order, and shall guide and support activities under the U.S. Coral
Reef Initiative ("CRI").  All Federal agencies whose actions may affect
U.S. coral reef ecosystems shall review their participation in the CRI and
the strategies developed under it, including strategies and plans of
State, territorial, commonwealth, and local governments, and, to the
extent feasible, shall enhance Federal participation and support of such
strategies and plans.  The Task Force shall work in cooperation with
State, territorial, commonwealth, and local government agencies,
nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community, and commercial
interests.


	Sec. 5.  Duties of the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force.  (a) Coral Reef
Mapping and Monitoring.  The Task Force, in cooperation with State,
territory, commonwealth, and local government partners, shall coordinate a
comprehensive program to map and monitor U.S. coral reefs.
 Such programs shall include, but not be limited to, territories and
commonwealths, special marine protected areas such as National Marine
Sanctuaries, National Estuarine Research Reserves, National Parks,
National Wildlife Refuges, and other entities having significant coral
reef resources.  To the extent feasible, remote sensing capabilities
shall be developed and applied to this program and local communities
should be engaged in the design and conduct of programs.


(b) Research.  The Task Force shall develop and implement, with the
scientific community, research aimed at identifying the major causes and
consequences of degradation of coral reef ecosystems.  This research shall
include fundamental scientific research to provide a sound framework for
the restoration and conservation of coral reef ecosystems worldwide.  To
the extent feasible, existing and planned environmental monitoring and
mapping programs should be linked with scientific research activities.
This Executive order shall not interfere with the normal conduct of
scientific studies on coral reef ecosystems.


(c) Conservation, Mitigation, and Restoration.  The Task Force, in
cooperation with State, territorial, commonwealth, and local government
agencies, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community and
commercial interests, shall develop, recommend, and seek or secure
implementation of measures necessary to reduce and mitigate coral reef
ecosystem degradation and to restore damaged coral reefs.  These measures
shall include solutions to problems such as land-based sources of water
pollution, sedimentation, detrimental alteration of salinity or
temperature, over-fishing, over-use, collection of coral reef species, and
direct destruction caused by activities such as recreational and
commercial vessel traffic and treasure salvage.  In developing these
measures, the Task Force shall review existing legislation to determine
whether additional legislation is necessary to complement the policy
objectives of this order and shall recommend such legislation if
appropriate.  The Task Force shall further evaluate existing navigational
aids, including charts, maps, day markers, and beacons to determine if the
designation of the location of specific coral reefs should be enhanced
through the use, revision, or improvement of such aids.


(d) International Cooperation.  The Secretary of State and the
Administrator of the Agency for International Development, in cooperation
with other members of the Coral Reef Task Force and drawing upon their
expertise, shall assess the U.S. role in international trade and
protection of coral reef species and implement appropriate strategies and
actions to promote conservation and sustainable use of coral reef
resources worldwide.  Such actions shall include expanded collaboration
with other International Coral Reef Initiative ("ICRI")  partners,
especially governments, to implement the ICRI through its Framework for
Action and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network at regional, national,
and local levels.


	Sec. 6.  This order does not create any right or benefit,
substantive or procedural, enforceable in law or equity by a party against
the United States, its agencies, its officers, or any person.



                                   WILLIAM J. CLINTON


                                   THE WHITE HOUSE,

                                   June 11, 1998.



From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Wed Jul  1 07:17:19 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 18:17:19 +0700
Subject: spiny lobster reference
Message-ID: <01bda4e1$d26e9020$LocalHost@default>

Dear Coral lister

I have been interested about spiny lobster (Panulirus spp), but in my
college (Fisheries of Riau University, Riau-Indonesia) I never get the
references about it.
I'm 26th old, I'm a U/W photographer specialist and an environmental
journalist. At now I'm active on Coral reef Rehabilitation and management
program of Riau Province, Indonesia.
I will study about spiny lobster in Indonesia. I hope some body help me with
kindness.
please send me a refference and the name/E-mail of spiny lobster expert.
thanks.....


coremap-bappeda tk-I Riau, Indonesia


Fadil Nandila
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id

mailing addres:
COREMAP-BAPPEDA TK-I RIAU
JL. CUT NYAK DHIEN, PEKANBARU (28000)
 RIAU-INDONESIA
FAKS. 62-761-36035




From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Wed Jul  1 08:20:54 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Health and Monitoring Program)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 12:20:54 GMT
Subject: coral-list-digest reminder
Message-ID: <199807011220.MAA21470@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


As a reminder, those of you who prefer not to receive coral-list postings
as they occur, rather receive one message approximately once a week (but
this depends upon message traffic), you may subscribe to coral-list-digest
instead of coral-list.  If you wish to do this, send the following text in
the body of a message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov :

subscribe coral-list-digest
unsubscribe coral-list

~~~~~~

Here is what the latest header looks like for the most recent
coral-list-digest (minus the text that would follow):


Subject: coral-list-digest V1 #23


coral-list-digest          Wednesday, 1 July 1998       Volume 01 : Number 023

In this issue:

		Coral demise
		Reefs at Risk.
		Re: Reefs at Risk.
		Reefs at Risk
		Re: Reefs at Risk.
		Re: Reefs at Risk
		Qatar reefs
		Re: Reefs at Risk--nutrients
		Bill Precht's reply
		Re:Reefs at Risk.
		Re: Reefs at Risk
		hi
		RE: Bill Precht's reply
		RE: Reefs at Risk.
		unsuscribe
		RE: Reefs at Risk
		threats to tropical coastal environment
		spiny lobster reference
		Thank's for The Artificial Reef

----------------------------------------------------------------------


If you have any problems, please let me know.

	Cheers,

	Jim Hendee
	coral-list administrator
	Jim.Hendee at NOAA.Gov



From edcolijn at bart.nl  Wed Jul  1 12:57:13 1998
From: edcolijn at bart.nl (Ed Colijn)
Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 18:57:13 +0200
Subject: Coral bleaching Thailand
Message-ID: <359A6A69.35AF37C@bart.nl>

Bangkok Post                    [Two Articles]
June 29, 1998 

 Worst ever coral bleaching in Thai seas

 Sea temperature rise puts coral at risk

 Kanittha Inchukul

The warming of sea water has caused widespread coral bleaching in  the
Gulf of Thailand from Trat province in the eastern coast down to
Singapore, according to Chulalongkorn University's marine science expert
Suraphol Sudara.

He described the phenomenon as the worst ever to occur but stopped short
of putting the blame on El Nino.

Dr Suraphol said coral bleaching was detected in April in almost every
part of the gulf especially tourist attractions such as Chang, Tao and
Pha-ngan islands. Fortunately however, he said this had not yet occurred
in the Andaman Sea.

Coincidentally, he noted that the same phenomenon was also detected in
the Great Barrier Reefs in Australia and in Singaporean waters.

He disclosed that the temperature of water in the gulf had increased
significantly from an average of 28-29 degrees Celsius to 32 degrees. He
said it could be possible that the warming of the sea water was caused
by the El Nino weather phenomenon.

The bleaching is caused by the escape of a kind of algae called
zooxanthellae from the coral structure as a result of sea water warming.
Eventually, this can lead to the death of the coral. Also affected by
sea water warming is giant clam or hoi mue sua.

Dr Suraphol said it was as yet too soon to predict whether the affected
corals would survive or not. Normally, he said it would take at least
2-3 years for the bleached corals to start to recover slowly unless the
problem is further compounded by sea pollution.

The immediate impact of coral bleaching is a drop in the number of
tourists who are interested in diving or snorkelling with the long-term
impacts yet to be determined, said the scientist, adding that the death
of corals would result in more serious shore erosion as corals serve as
a natural barrier to waves.

Dr Suraphol's concern about coral bleaching confirms the alarm raised by
some diving instructors who earlier observed the phenomenon in the sea
off Pattaya, near Samaesan and Koh Samet island.

Dave Chandler, in his letter to the Bangkok Post, said he suspected sea
water warming as the culprit but did not rule out pollution from
industrial sites and discharges from tankers and vessels.

The Pattaya-based diving instructor said both soft and hard corals had
died, leaving only bleached white limestone. Nevertheless, he said other
corals look healthy and unaffected.

Mr Chandler said his diving computer measured sea temperature at 33
degrees Celsius in shallow water and 32 degrees at depths below 6-8
metres. Normally, the temperature would be no more than 30 degrees, he
noted.

He expressed concern that if the corals were wiped out, it would deal a
tremendous blow to the ecology of the gulf and would seriously threaten
Thailand's badly-needed income from tourists who come here to dive.



===================================================
 More than a little off  colour

 MARINE LIFE:  Scientists have  discovered many of  Thailand's coral
reefs are not  looking very  healthy. In some  places 100 percent of the
most common  Acropora coral has been bleached white Dr Suraphol Sudara
and Dr Thammasak Yeemin  of the Coral and Seagrass Research Unit,
Chulalongkorn University

A healthy coral reef is a dynamic world of vivid colour thanks to the
single-cell algae called zooxanthellae. This algae, which lives in the
cells of the coral, shares a symbiotic - or mutually advantageous -
relationship with the coral.

The zooxanthellae provides the coral not just with colour, but also
extra food through the process of photosynthesis. In return, the coral
gives the algae a home and protection inside its skeletal structure.

Things normally go well between the two partners until something
disrupts their symbiotic relationship, resulting in the coral host
kicking out its algal roommate.

The sad fact is in most cases, coral cannot survive on its own - without
zooxanthellae it bleaches white and gradually dies. The even sadder fact
is, this is happening now in the Gulf of Thailand.

Since the 1980s marine biologists around the world have been concerned
about coral bleaching, and although they could see it happening in many
places, scientists were having a hard time confirming what was actually
causing this disastrous phenomenon.

Even today, there is no conclusive evidence about why bleaching actually
happens.

Coral bleaching has occurred in the Caribbean, the Pacific and Indian
Oceans, and in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea.

Bleaching was first noticed in Thai waters in 1979 on a few patches of
coral off Phuket. By 1991 the problem was widely recognised on the
Andaman side of the kingdom. It was not really observed in the Gulf of
Thailand until recently.

Then in late April, the bleaching of coral in the Gulf was widely
noticed at islands off the coast of Chumpon and Surat Thani.

Then it was discovered areas on the east coast such as Rayong, Trat and
the inner part of the Gulf around Ko Sichang and Pattaya were also
affected.

But the phenomenon was quite strange. While some species in the coral
colonies were affected by bleaching, others were maintaining their
normal colour.

A preliminary survey at Ko Rum Ra offshore from Bangsapan, Prachuab Kiri
khan province, where bleaching was noticed at the end of April is
continuing to this day.

The situation there seems serious as the reef appears in parts to be
completely white. About 10 species of the Acropora group - which
includes staghorn coral and table coral - had suffered almost 100
percent bleaching; Pocillopora damicornis is about 80 percent bleached
and the other 20 percent is pale in colour; about 60-70
 percent of massive coral in the Porites group were found to be
bleached, especially the coral lying in shallow flat parts of the reef.

Coral in the shallower water appears to have been more effected by the
bleaching than that in deeper water, and the sea water temperature in
shallower areas was found to be rather high, around 32-33 degrees
Celsius.

The reefs around Koh Tao, a popular island for divers and snorkelers has
also fallen victim to bleaching which was observed there in early May,
when the recorded sea water temperature also proved to be high - about
31-32 degrees Celsius.

The most significant impact appears to be on the Acropora group of hard
corals - the most commonly found coral in this region - which was
completely bleached white. More than 80 percent of another hard coral
Pocillopa damicornis was found to be bleached.

Fungia were also all found to be bleached and even some species of
colourful soft coral had turned white. It appears the bleached soft
coral might not be able recover.

Similar bleaching incidents were recognised at coral communities on the
inner part of the Gulf starting from Ko Sichang through to Pattaya to
Sathaheep. A survey also showed bleaching extended further along the
east coast of the Gulf of Thailand to Trat.

The extent of the bleaching and the long-term damage it causes to the
reef remains to be seen. The death of particular species - particularly
the Acropora group - appears to be extensive.

While it might be possible for the coral to recover from the effects of
bleaching, the problems it faces do not end there.

If the coral is overrun by filamentous algae, or if other alien
invertibrates make their homes on its skeleton, rejuvenation of the
coral might be hampered or indeed made impossible.

Some groups of coral might recover, such as Galaxea, Platygyra and
Lobophyllia, but the question of how long the recovery process could
take remains a mystery. As is understanding how great the impact will be
on the reproductive cycle or fecundity of the effected reef organisms.

Neither is it known what the long term impact of bleaching will be on
other reef organisms such as sea urchins and reef fish. Or whether the
bleaching will increase the rates of bio-erosion on the reef. All these
issues still need to be studied.

The cause of the unusually high sea water temperatures all over the Gulf
of Thailand remains to be proved by physical oceanographers, however it
has been suggested it is linked to the El Nino weather phenomenon. Even
though El Nino is more or less over, this bleaching might be part of its
legacy. 


 ? Copyright The Post Publishing Public Co., Ltd. 1998

-- 
Ed Colijn
edcolijn at bart.nl

The Indonesian Nature Conservation Database
http://www.bart.nl/~edcolijn/


From nolan at cyberlearn.com  Wed Jul  1 21:08:51 1998
From: nolan at cyberlearn.com (Ron S. Nolan)
Date: Wed, 1 Jul 1998 18:08:51 -0700
Subject: zooxanthellae picture
Message-ID: <v01520d00b1c08d054c35@[207.167.86.37]>

Greetings,

Does anyone have a slide or print of symbiotic zooxanthellae (from
hermatypic corals) which we might use in a new CD-ROM series on ecosystems
and communities for college-level biology and ecology courses?

Regards,

"Nolan"

Ron S. Nolan, Ph.D.
Digital Studios?/CyberLearning Collection?/Electric Biology?
http://www.cyberlearn.com
nolan at cyberlearn.com
(800) 499-3322
(408) 688-3158 outside of US
FAX (408) 688-5738



From cnidaria at earthlink.net  Thu Jul  2 11:04:15 1998
From: cnidaria at earthlink.net (James M. Cervino)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 08:04:15 -0700 (PDT)
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <l03130300b1c119991755@[38.26.12.107]>

Reefs At Risk

My students and myself have been reading the debate on the coral list
server regarding the problems reefs are facing, and we had some questions:

1) I have been diving the Caribbean since 1979, and the Pacific since 1990.
We have seen the exponentially expanding human populations and tourist
hotels grow in numbers in the past 15 years, and along with this growth we
have seen the steady growth of macro-algae smothering the corals leading to
coastal eutrophication . None of these islands have sewage treatment
plants, and the islands that don't have septic tank overflows, dump sewage
directly into the water. I don't even think there is a debate as to whether
this direct dumping of sewage is causing such high nutrient loads along
these coasts and shallow lagoons, or is there?

2) Are we saying in situations such as this, up-welling of nutrients from
the deep oceans, and sewage from anthropogenic  sources are equally causing
the demise of coral cover?

3)Can someone honestly say that fertilizers and anthropogenic waste,
whether it be direct or from leaky septic is not part of the major problem
on these islands and southern Florida??

4) Regarding Fl. :  What about the river of sand, a geological formation
called the Long Key Formation, that was deposited along the Florida
peninsula 3-5 million yrs ago. Larry Brand has claimed that this is an
ideal way for phosphate laden water to move through unchanged, thus leaking
under the Florida Bay, is this not true?? It makes sense! Is this not
causing the demise of coral cover from coastal eutrophication??

5)Studies by Lapointe and Tomasko have shown that increased water column
nutrient availability typically results in greater epiphyte levels on
seagrass blades. Nutrient-induced increases in epiphyte coverage decrease
the amount of light that seagrass blades and corals tissue receives. Is
this not a stress causing a major problem??

6) CAN WE ALL AGREE THAT NUTRIENTS FROM ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES  ARE CAUSING
THE DEMISE IN CORAL  AND SEA GRASS  COVER IN FL. AND CARIBBEAN ISLANDS?
WILL THIS NOT LOWER THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE CORALS THUS MAKING THEM
MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASES?

Excess  nutrients  can cause the proliferation of macro-algal blooms, and
cyanobacteria in and around these oligotrophic systems.  Example: Sipadan
Island, Indo-Pacific. In 1988 Sipadan Island had 15 rooms (huts on stilts,)
on this 600 yard circle coral cay. In 1990 there were 2 more dive operators
on this cay adding 30 more rooms. In 1992 another 2 dive operators added 30
more rooms, and as of 1998 I heard there were 7 dive operators on this tiny
coral cay. So this small island  now has 200 to 300 humans whose waste is
deposited in the porous limestone substrate each day. We have photo graphed
the decline in corals due to excess sediment, and proliferation of
macrophytes growing all over the Acroporids and soft coral species. Gardens
of hard and soft corals that once thrived on this 400meter wall in front of
the island, are now 80% gone.  The corals 1/2 km. out from shore are
smothered with bluegreens and weedy types. The nutrient thresholds noted by
Bell PRF (1992)  Water Research 26:553-560,  for inorganic nitrogen and
soluble reactive phosphorus must be at level. This is a protected reserve,
with no HCN or dynamite fishing. Therefore herbivores should be controlling
the macrophytes. AND THIS IS NOT SO!

7)There are plenty of sea urchins and parrotfish, and yet still we see the
smothering of algae on corals?? Why is this so??

8) LAST QUESTION: LETS SAY WE SEE AN INCREASE HUMAN GROWTH AND IN DIADEMA
ANTILLARUM IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS.  WILL THE URCHINS START TAKING CARE OF THE
MACROPHYTES THAT ARE SMOTHERING THE CORALS? AND WHAT ABOUT THE GREEN PEA
SOUP ON THE SURFACE WATERS COMING FROM PLANKTON BLOOMS? I GUESS THE WATER
BELOW WILL BE CLEAR, HOWEVER, WE STILL HAVE A PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROBLEM. WILL
THIS NOT SLOW THE GROWTH RATE IN CORALS?

 I GUESS WITH THE GROWING CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS WE MIGHT HAVE ANOTHER
PROBLEM, INCREASE TEMPS. AND BLEACHING, I DON'T THINK THESE LITTLE CRITTERS
CAN SOLVE THIS PROBLEM!

THANKS, JAMES AND STUDENTS  FROM AP SCIENCE AT ST. FRANCIS IN NY.

************************************
James M. Cervino
Marine Biologist
Global Coral Reef Alliance
124-19 9th ave. College Point
New York, N.Y. 11356
Phone/Fax-(718) 539-8155
************************************



From Ouida.Meier at wku.edu  Thu Jul  2 15:01:33 1998
From: Ouida.Meier at wku.edu (Ouida Meier)
Date: Thu, 02 Jul 98 14:01:33 CDT
Subject: Reefs at Risk
Message-ID: <9806028994.AA899413844@WKU.EDU>

     After being out of town, then reading the debate about the source 
     and degree of threat to reefs in Florida in one lump, I forwarded 
     the discussion to a student currently away at a field station and 
     sent the following note along with it.


     Dear Paulette,

     ...

     The neat thing about the coral-list discussion I sent you is that 
     the people who wrote in are some of the major players in the 
     region. Reading between the lines, you also begin to get an idea 
     of how nasty some of the interactions can be among scientists 
     there - people in this field, for some reason, tend to take a 
     position and then make it a very personal thing, maybe because 
     one survival strategy is to become increasingly 
     competitive/aggressive/defensive as "territories" become smaller. 
     One would think this problem is big enough to engender 
     cooperation instead.

     You know my own take on the whole situation in Florida: most of 
     the rigorous studies that have taken place over reasonable time 
     periods have shown declines in Florida's reefs (Dustan and Halas 
     1987, Porter and Meier 1992). Our current large-scale monitoring 
     project is also showing declines; since we're still collecting 
     and analyzing data from that study I will mention only those 
     facets that have been completed and publicly released so far. 

     The scary thing is that the data from these 3 studies show 
     several different kinds of reef decline over time: percent cover 
     of reef-building corals is decreasing, percent cover of fire 
     corals (milleporids) and macroalgae is increasing, local species 
     diversity is declining (rare corals becoming more rare), spatial 
     complexity of the habitat is declining as branching corals die 
     out, and incidences of disease are becoming more frequent, more 
     widespread geographically, and more diseases are being found in 
     more species of coral. 

     While in some parts of the world declines in reefs can be clearly 
     attributed to one particular source of impact (e.g., severe 
     overfishing, or sedimentation from coastal development), this is 
     not the case in the Florida Keys. Instead, I would argue that 
     Floridian reefs should be considered severely threatened because 
     they are exposed to multiple environmental impacts. You know from 
     the pollution and toxicology work you're doing now that 
     synergistic effects on organisms from multiple pollutants are 
     frequently greater than the summed effects from each of the 
     individual pollutants. I think the same principal of complexity 
     of interaction applies to communities, ecosystems, and probably 
     to the global system as well.

     I think the best clue we have that multiple sources of 
     environmental impact are at work IS the fact that we have 
     measured multiple kinds of reef decline, without even looking 
     very far beyond the coral components. People get frustrated when 
     they can't trace a specific, measurably changing parameter back 
     up its causal chain to a single measurable cause, but we're 
     dealing with genuine ecosystem networks of interaction here, not 
     threads or chains, with system properties like contribution of 
     indirect effects on top of that, and with multiple sources of 
     environmental impact on top of THAT. 

     This is not to say that identifying the most damaging sources of 
     impact is an intractable problem, but effects propagate 
     differently through network systems than they do along threads. 
     Acknowledging and dealing with complexity is really very 
     different from the linear ways we normally try to understand 
     things and solve problems in science. But at this point in time, 
     making progress with problems in complex systems like coral reefs 
     will require biting that bullet - finding ways to deal with 
     complexity of interaction in a rigorous fashion.

     Ouida

     *****************************
     Dr. Ouida W. Meier
     Department of Biology
     Western Kentucky University
     Bowling Green, KY 42101
     ouida.meier at wku.edu
     *****************************


From bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu  Thu Jul  2 17:59:25 1998
From: bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu (Robert Miller)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 11:59:25 -1000 (HST)
Subject: all apologies
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.95.980702113301.23722F-100000@iniki>


Dear list,

Recently I made a comment to the list implying that Bill Precht, as an
environmental consultant, might have some ties to the sugar industry in
Florida.  I got this idea from the web page of Precht's former employer,
Consul-Tech, which touts its experience in dealing with development and
agricultural projects.  Precht quickly corrected me, and I
apologize for any misunderstanding.  The comment was not intended as a
personal attack, but as a call for general questioning of the motives of
enviromental consultants.  I think that the inherent conflict of interest
that may be involved always bears scrutiny.  

I am only a graduate student, and my specialty has been deep-sea biology,
rather than coral reef biology.  Thus I was unaware of the severity of
judgement placed on such comments, as Bill Precht wittily expressed 
in the following note.    

Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 16:59:55 -0400
From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.

Bob:

Just a personal note for your eyes only.

One of the rules of the game for being on the coral list - "NO PERSONAL
SLAMS"

It's not the proper forum.  Next time you pull a stunt like that I'll
ask you to be removed from the list and I'm sure I'll have grassroots
support.

I don't know who you think you are, but your comments regarding my so
called "underlying message" border on being libelous.

I took the time to look for any significant contributions you have made
in the field of coral reef science... As I expected.. you are an
academic dud. 

See you in the funny papers

With Sweetest regards (another reference to big sugar just in case you
didn't get the metaphor),

Bill


Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 17:09:06 -0400
From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.

By the way...

precautionary principal  is spelled PRINCIPLE




From BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com  Thu Jul  2 17:54:49 1998
From: BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com (Precht,Bill)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 17:54:49 -0400 
Subject: underwater GPS?
Message-ID: <831C92FC9CDFD1118B3B00A0C9AB304F02AB9C@miami-1.wins.lawco.com>

			In response to the GPS querry -

> 		Presently Trimble Navigation makes a GPS unit for the US
> Military (Navy Seals). This system known as the MUGR (Miniature
> Underwater GPS Receiver) is a 6-channel, P(Y) code, SA/AS performance
> hand held unit.  It is waterproof up to 2 atmospheres (66 feet) and
> weighs 1.2 pounds.  It is designed "to be very easy to use even under
> duress".  The P(Y) code indicates a military code. Users licences  for
> commercial/scientific use are available. However, with the recent and
> ongoing declassification of military technology I understand this
> equipment may be readily available to the scientific community sooner
> than later and with non-military codes.
> 
> 		Since this equipment has been heretofore unavailable to
> general users, and because of the need for accurate underwater surveys
> in the case of ship groundings etc...,  We  have  also  adapted a
> survey-grade, Trimble RTK - GPS rover unit for U/W data collection.
> We float the receiver directly above the diver doing the survey.  The
> diver has the antenna mounted on a pole with a waterproof coaxial
> cable connecting the antenna with the receiver.  With teams of as
> little as three field personnel we are able to cover a large area with
> excellent precision and accuracy (cm scale).  Limitations include
> water depth and sea state.  The calmer the conditions and the
> shallower the depth - the better the results.  It is difficult to near
> impossible to use this technique in rough seas.  If you have any
> additional questions on this technique...  please don't hesitate to
> drop me a line. In addition, our firm has a working (partnering)
> relationship with the firm SSR (Search, Survey & Recovery) out of
> Jupiter FL.  They have a system entitled the IVMS (Integrated Video
> Mapping System) that incorporates a constant GPS location on their U/W
> video surveys.  This system is further being refined with the advent
> of digital video cameras. 
> 
> 		I hope this clarifies any questions as to the present
> State-of-the-Art with U/W GPS. 
> 
> 
> 		Cheers,
> 
> 		Bill Precht
> 
> 		LAW Engineering & Environmental Services Inc.
> 		5845 NW 158th Street
> 		Miami Lakes, FL  33014
> 		ph (305) 826-5588
> 		fax (305) 826-1799
> 
> 			-----Original Message-----
> 			From:	eric roach [SMTP:ericroach at hotmail.com]
> 			Sent:	Tuesday, June 23, 1998 5:33 PM
> 			To:	coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> 			Subject:	underwater GPS?
> 
> 			Does anyone possess product information for any
> sort of underwater GPS 
> 			or any ideas of how to make one?
> 
> 			Eric Roach
> 
> 	
> ______________________________________________________
> 			Get Your Private, Free Email at
> http://www.hotmail.com


From BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com  Thu Jul  2 17:51:01 1998
From: BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com (Precht,Bill)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 17:51:01 -0400 
Subject: underwater GPS?
Message-ID: <831C92FC9CDFD1118B3B00A0C9AB304F02AB9A@miami-1.wins.lawco.com>



> -----Original Message-----
> From:	Precht,Bill 
> Sent:	Thursday, July 02, 1998 5:51 PM
> To:	Precht,Bill
> Subject:	RE: underwater GPS?
> 
> 
> 
> 	-----Original Message-----
> 		From:	Precht,Bill 
> 		Sent:	Monday, June 29, 1998 3:36 PM
> 		To:	'eric roach'
> 		Subject:	RE: underwater GPS?
> 
> 		In response to the GPS querry -
> 
> 		Presently Trimble Navigation makes a GPS unit for the US
> Military (Navy Seals). This system known as the MUGR (Miniature
> Underwater GPS Receiver) is a 6-channel, P(Y) code, SA/AS performance
> hand held unit.  It is waterproof up to 2 atmospheres (66 feet) and
> weighs 1.2 pounds.  It is designed "to be very easy to use even under
> duress".  The P(Y) code indicates a military code. Users licences  for
> commercial/scientific use are available. However, with the recent and
> ongoing declassification of military technology I understand this
> equipment may be readily available to the scientific community sooner
> than later and with non-military codes.
> 
> 		Since this equipment has been heretofore unavailable to
> general users, and because of the need for accurate underwater surveys
> in the case of ship groundings etc...,  We  have  also  adapted a
> survey-grade, Trimble RTK - GPS rover unit for U/W data collection.
> We float the receiver directly above the diver doing the survey.  The
> diver has the antenna mounted on a pole with a waterproof coaxial
> cable connecting the antenna with the receiver.  With teams of as
> little as three field personnel we are able to cover a large area with
> excellent precision and accuracy (cm scale).  Limitations include
> water depth and sea state.  The calmer the conditions and the
> shallower the depth - the better the results.  It is difficult to near
> impossible to use this technique in rough seas.  If you have any
> additional questions on this technique...  please don't hesitate to
> drop me a line. In addition, our firm has a working (partnering)
> relationship with the firm SSR (Search, Survey & Recovery) out of
> Jupiter FL.  They have a system entitled the IVMS (Integrated Video
> Mapping System) that incorporates a constant GPS location on their U/W
> video surveys.  This system is further being refined with the advent
> of digital video cameras. 
> 
> 		I hope this clarifies any questions as to the present
> State-of-the-Art with U/W GPS. 
> 
> 
> 		Cheers,
> 
> 		Bill Precht
> 
> 		LAW Engineering & Environmental Services Inc.
> 		5845 NW 158th Street
> 		Miami Lakes, FL  33014
> 		ph (305) 826-5588
> 		fax (305) 826-1799
> 
> 			-----Original Message-----
> 			From:	eric roach [SMTP:ericroach at hotmail.com]
> 			Sent:	Tuesday, June 23, 1998 5:33 PM
> 			To:	coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> 			Subject:	underwater GPS?
> 
> 			Does anyone possess product information for any
> sort of underwater GPS 
> 			or any ideas of how to make one?
> 
> 			Eric Roach
> 
> 	
> ______________________________________________________
> 			Get Your Private, Free Email at
> http://www.hotmail.com


From d.fenner at aims.gov.au  Thu Jul  2 18:27:01 1998
From: d.fenner at aims.gov.au (Doug Fenner)
Date: Fri, 03 Jul 1998 08:27:01 +1000
Subject: coral bleaching
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980703082701.007054d8@email.aims.gov.au>

                                                               NOAA 98-
     CONTACT:   Patricia Viets, NOAA             FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
        (301) 457-5005                          xxxxxxx


     1998 Coral Reef Bleaching in Indian Ocean Unprecedented, 
     NOAA Announces

        An episode of extremely high ocean temperatures migrated from south 
     to 
     north throughout the Indian Ocean during the first six months of 1998 
     causing considerable coral reef bleaching in its wake, the National 
     Oceanic 
     and Atmospheric Administration reports.   

        Sea surface temperatures, exceeding the maximum values expected for 
     any time during the year, were observed by NOAA's satellites to have 
     exceeded levels critical to cause beaching where these waters overlay 
     Indian Ocean coral reefs. 

        A somewhat similar episode occurred following the 1987 El Nino in 
     the 
     Indian Ocean; however, in 1988 the extreme sea surface temperature 
     anomalies, toxic to corals, moderated sufficiently as the sun moved 
     into 
     the Northern Hemisphere.  In that year, reefs in the Indian Ocean 
     north of 
     the equator were spared heavy bleaching.  

        In 1998, this has not been the case.  Bleaching, earlier projected 
     by 
     NOAA, has been reported from the field on the following reefs: 
     Seychelles; 
     Kenya; Reunion; Mauritius; Somalia; Madagascar; Maldives; Indonesia; 
     Sri 
     Lanka; Gulf of Thailand [Siam]; Andaman Islands; Malaysia; Oman; 
     India; and 
     Cambodia. 

        This unprecedented round of bleaching in coral reefs throughout the 
     Indian Ocean follows El Nino-related bleaching events during late-1997 
     and 
     early-1998 both projected by NOAA's satellite HotSpot charts and 
     documented 
     by reef scientists in Mexico (Pacific), Panama (Pacific); Galapagos; 
     Australia's Great Barrier Reef; Papua New Guinea; and American Samoa.

        In the Indian Ocean, sea surface temperature anomalies appear to be 
     coming less severe toward the end of June.  The total area covered by 
     "HotSpots" is now only in the northernmost fringes of the Indian 
     Ocean.  
     However, during June the Philippines and the Florida Keys regions have 
     been 
     seeing temperature anomalies sufficiently high that bleaching has been 
     reported and biologists are concerned for reefs there.  

        Coral reefs -- the "rainforests of the oceans" -- support a variety 
     of 
     sea life and provide resources of significant economic importance such 
     as 
     fishing and recreation.  Coral bleaching, induced by high water 
     temperatures, has raised concerns about these fragile ecosystems.  
     Coral 
     bleaching occurs as coral tissue expels zooxanthellae, a type of algae 
     that 
     resides in the structure of the coral, and is essential to the coral's 
     survival.  Corals normally recover, unless high ocean temperatures 
     persist 
     for too long a period or become too warm.

        Coral Reef "HotSpots"  depicted as regions of yellow/orange in the 
     NOAA/NESDIS charts 
     (http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/climohot.html) 
     highlight  
     those anomalies that are equal to or above the annual maximum sea 
     surface 
     temperatures by +1 deg C or more.

        HotSpot animations are available at the Oceanic Research & 
     Applications Division's  WebSite:

        http://http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad/sub/noaarsrc.html  

(please send any replies to addresses found in these web sites, not the
forwarder of this message, as I have no further information on this.)
Douglas Fenner, Ph.D.
Coral Taxonomist
Australian Institute of Marine Science
PMB No 3
Townsville MC
Queensland 4810
Australia
phone 07 4753 4241
e-mail: d.fenner at aims.gov.au


From cbingman at netcom.com  Thu Jul  2 23:54:16 1998
From: cbingman at netcom.com (Craig Bingman)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 20:54:16 -0700 (PDT)
Subject: all apologies
In-Reply-To: <Pine.GSO.3.95.980702113301.23722F-100000@iniki>
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9807022054.A26485-0100000@netcom13>



On Thu, 2 Jul 1998, Robert Miller wrote:

> 
> Dear list,
> 
> Recently I made a comment to the list implying that Bill Precht, as an
> environmental consultant, might have some ties to the sugar industry in
> Florida.  I got this idea from the web page of Precht's former employer,
> Consul-Tech, which touts its experience in dealing with development and
> agricultural projects.  Precht quickly corrected me, and I
> apologize for any misunderstanding.  

It matters less when it goes away quickly.  This whole thing could have 
been concluded in one or two terse sentences.

> The comment was not intended as a
> personal attack, but as a call for general questioning of the motives of
> enviromental consultants.  

If your axiom is that environmental consultants for a given industry are 
less than completely ethical when they weigh facts, then that is going to 
a legitimate problem.

> I think that the inherent conflict of interest
> that may be involved always bears scrutiny.  
> 
> I am only a graduate student, and my specialty has been deep-sea biology,
> rather than coral reef biology.  Thus I was unaware of the severity of
> judgement placed on such comments, as Bill Precht wittily expressed 
> in the following note.    

Surely the study of deep sea biu=ology ghas attracted it shares of 
prickly customoers.

> Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 16:59:55 -0400
> From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
> To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
> Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.
> 
> Bob:
> 
> Just a personal note for your eyes only.
> 
> One of the rules of the game for being on the coral list - "NO PERSONAL
> SLAMS"
> 
> It's not the proper forum.  Next time you pull a stunt like that I'll
> ask you to be removed from the list and I'm sure I'll have grassroots
> support.
> 
> I don't know who you think you are, but your comments regarding my so
> called "underlying message" border on being libelous.
> 
> I took the time to look for any significant contributions you have made
> in the field of coral reef science... As I expected.. you are an
> academic dud. 
> 
> See you in the funny papers
> 
> With Sweetest regards (another reference to big sugar just in case you
> didn't get the metaphor),
> 
> Bill
> 
> 
> Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 17:09:06 -0400
> From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
> To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
> Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.
> 
> By the way...
> 
> precautionary principal  is spelled PRINCIPLE
> 
> 
> 
> 


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Fri Jul  3 03:49:36 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 14:49:36 +0700
Subject: spiny lobster reference
Message-ID: <01bda657$20406aa0$LocalHost@default>

Dear Albert Thiel and Coral listers

Would you like to inform an E-Mail of Martin Moe, Please.....

-----Original Message-----
From: Albert Thiel <albert at athiel.com>
To: Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau <crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id>
Date: 01 Juli 1998 23:14
Subject: RE: spiny lobster reference


>Martin Moe (Green Turtle Press) wrong an exhaustive book called Lobsters
>
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
>[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov] On Behalf Of Coremap BAPPEDA
>Tk.I Riau
>Sent: Wednesday, July 01, 1998 7:17 AM
>To: Coral Health Monitoring Program
>Subject: spiny lobster reference
>
>Dear Coral lister
>
>I have been interested about spiny lobster (Panulirus spp), but in my
>college (Fisheries of Riau University, Riau-Indonesia) I never get the
>references about it.
>I'm 26th old, I'm a U/W photographer specialist and an environmental
>journalist. At now I'm active on Coral reef Rehabilitation and management
>program of Riau Province, Indonesia.
>I will study about spiny lobster in Indonesia. I hope some body help me
with
>kindness.
>please send me a refference and the name/E-mail of spiny lobster expert.
>thanks.....
>
>
>coremap-bappeda tk-I Riau, Indonesia
>
>
>Fadil Nandila
>crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id
>
>mailing addres:
>COREMAP-BAPPEDA TK-I RIAU
>JL. CUT NYAK DHIEN, PEKANBARU (28000)
> RIAU-INDONESIA
>FAKS. 62-761-36035
>
>
>
>


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Fri Jul  3 06:09:27 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 17:09:27 +0700
Subject: tyre reef wrong ?
Message-ID: <01bda66a$a9a8d440$LocalHost@default>

Dear Mr. Michael and Mr. King
I try to clear this issue
I, m realy sorry if this make you mad
The coral lister where  answered me (about 80 % or up) said, Tyre is not
good to be Artificial reef.
But they not reply me the reason with scientific. Just Mr Collin done.
Am I wrong?......

Mr. King, in this case Riau Coremap Tim just helping some Diving club in
Riau University to got  a reason from "coral divender of the earth" about
Tyre reef, before they done the wrong one. If they know that are wrong, so
thay will not to do (I hope....)
They just want to helping the "poor Fisherman" at Riau Archipilago where
they didn't have alternative job. The tyre can give them a site for fishing.
Fishing are they cultural job. No fish, no rice and then they son no school.

We save coral reef that for save a fishes stoking of the area. Isn't it?
So why we do all of this if we shall have been catcing a fish?
(That they respon for any C-lister whom not agree the Tyre reef for
agregating fish).

I tell you some (bad ide?): one day at juni 1998 my frend told me that he
was listening  from a radio,  reporting about; our goverment give a
permition and agree to use Tyre for articial reef it mean to saving beach
and to "grow up" a poor fisherman at 24 province in
Indonesia............bla...bla...bla....
What we act now?????

Ok .....I shall cancel it if you send me the article or published  where
can't destroy the collin scientific Tyre.


Cheers
Fadil Nandila
Coremap-Bappeda TK I Riau
Jl. Cut Nyak Dhien, Pekanbaru - Riau
Indonesia
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id







-----Original Message-----
From: Peter N. King <peking at mail.AsianDevBank.org>
To: COREMAP Bappeda Riau Fadil Nandila <crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id>;
Michael Risk <riskmj at mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>
Cc: Evan Edinger <edinger at mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>; Ken Collins
<Kenneth.J.Collins at soc.soton.ac.uk>; Ghislaine Llewellyn
<mcmast at idola.net.id>
Date: 02 Juli 1998 5:29
Subject: Re: Artificial reefs


>Mike and the Riau COREMAP Team
>
>I completely agree with Mike on this issue.  There are many other
interesting
>and useful ways to recycle tires rather than dumping them in the sea.  If
you
>need some information on recycling tires let me know.  On artificial reefs,
I
>believe the best use is close to where an existing reef has been damaged by
>blast fishing, coral mining or some other degradation.  If the reef has
died due
>to sedimentation or excessive nutrient loading, then there is little point
>trying to replace the original reef with an artificial one, unless the
original
>cause of the reef loss is solved.  Peter King
>
>Dear Riau COREMAP:
>
>I was very surprised to read your response to Dr. Collins, of the UK, re
>the use of tires for artificial reefs. It seems that you received many
>responses from the Coral-list that were negative about this, but you got
>the one response you needed, one that would allow you to make the reefs
>from tires.
>
>It may very well be that tires make useful fish-aggregation devices in
>temperate waters, for at least a short period of time. I should be very
>clear, however: there is no scientific doubt that tires are one of the
>worst possible materials for use in tropical environments. There are
>several reasons for this:
> 1. tires bleed toxic substances (metals,plasticisers)
> 2. corals will not settle on them, hence your artificial reef will never
>become a "real" reef
> 3. over time, tires "exfoliate" (especially true of steel-belted tires)
>
>There are a number of good references to appropriate materials to use for
>artificial reefs. Some of my own include Atoll Res. Bulletin #255
>(1981-almost 20 years ago!), and a followup in 1988, Mar. Poll. Bull. 19:
>219-222. I would be glad to send you reprints, if you wish. In short, by
>properly arranging the concrete and coral rock of a reef, you can control
>the size of the fish and lobsters attracted to that reef. In a relatively
>short period of time, corals and other invertebrates settle on the reefs,
>converting them to "real" reefs. (In many cases, the lower parts of the
>water column are so sediment-laden that corals cannot settle-but give them
>a concrete block, elevated 30 cm, and settlement occurs. For more on this,
>see Cortes and Risk, 1985.)
>
>Our project in Semarang just finished, and published, an experiment
>ranking several materials that have been used in SE Asia for artificial
>reefs. Only sheet metal was worse than tires! The best, of course, were
>concrete structures.
>
>I recognise that you are under pressure to solve a terrestrial waste
>problem by dumping tires in the sea. I think this is a bad solution, and
>that is what I, as Team Leader, wrote in the COREMAP Final Report, which
>is supposed to guide your actions. This is a bad solution, not only for
>the reasons given above (which should be sufficient), but also because you
>give up further opportunities. In the COREMAP Report, I consulted with Dr.
>Peter Sale, and I pointed out that concrete artificial reefs can be
>constructed in such a way (textures, shapes) as to attract the larvae of
>ornamental and economically-important fish species.
>
>Cukup. The evidence is quite clear. If you want, I will send you all the
>materials to which I refer above. Or you could read the COREMAP report.
>
>Dr. Michael Risk
>Professor of Biology and Geology
>McMaster Univ.
>
>


From athiel at bellsouth.net  Thu Jul  2 19:23:41 1998
From: athiel at bellsouth.net (Albert Thiel)
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 19:23:41 -0400
Subject: all apologies
In-Reply-To: <Pine.GSO.3.95.980702113301.23722F-100000@iniki>
Message-ID: <000301bda610$73153860$6b519fcf@albert.atlcon.net>

Posting private email to a list is considered an absolute no no and lack of
etiquette and netiquette

Albert

-----Original Message-----
From:	owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
[mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov] On Behalf Of Robert Miller
Sent:	Thursday, July 02, 1998 5:59 PM
To:	Coral-List
Subject:	all apologies


Dear list,

Recently I made a comment to the list implying that Bill Precht, as an
environmental consultant, might have some ties to the sugar industry in
Florida.  I got this idea from the web page of Precht's former employer,
Consul-Tech, which touts its experience in dealing with development and
agricultural projects.  Precht quickly corrected me, and I
apologize for any misunderstanding.  The comment was not intended as a
personal attack, but as a call for general questioning of the motives of
enviromental consultants.  I think that the inherent conflict of interest
that may be involved always bears scrutiny.

I am only a graduate student, and my specialty has been deep-sea biology,
rather than coral reef biology.  Thus I was unaware of the severity of
judgement placed on such comments, as Bill Precht wittily expressed
in the following note.

Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 16:59:55 -0400
From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.

Bob:

Just a personal note for your eyes only.

One of the rules of the game for being on the coral list - "NO PERSONAL
SLAMS"

It's not the proper forum.  Next time you pull a stunt like that I'll
ask you to be removed from the list and I'm sure I'll have grassroots
support.

I don't know who you think you are, but your comments regarding my so
called "underlying message" border on being libelous.

I took the time to look for any significant contributions you have made
in the field of coral reef science... As I expected.. you are an
academic dud.

See you in the funny papers

With Sweetest regards (another reference to big sugar just in case you
didn't get the metaphor),

Bill


Date: Thu, 2 Jul 1998 17:09:06 -0400
From: "Precht,Bill" <BPrecht at kennesaw.Lawco.com>
To: Robert Miller <bmiller at soest.hawaii.edu>
Subject: RE: Reefs at Risk.

By the way...

precautionary principal  is spelled PRINCIPLE





From astrong at orbit1i.nesdis.noaa.gov  Fri Jul  3 11:31:55 1998
From: astrong at orbit1i.nesdis.noaa.gov (Alan Strong)
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 15:31:55 GMT
Subject: coral bleaching
Message-ID: <199807031531.PAA03291@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

This NOAA Press Release that went out 1 July based on our
research/collaborations has an image that can be viewed at our WebSite:

WHAT'S NEW --- http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad/new.html

This effort has been a genuine collaborative effort! -- thanks to Doug
Fenner at AIMS in Australia for posting this to the "coral-list"! [I had
forgotten to post it today before our 4-th of July holiday!!].  It can be
viewed at NOAA's:

http://www.noaa.gov/public-affairs/pr98/jul98/noaa98-42.html

Cheers,
AES


On Fri, 3 Jul 1998, Doug Fenner wrote:

>                                                                NOAA 98-
>      CONTACT:   Patricia Viets, NOAA             FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
>         (301) 457-5005                          xxxxxxx
>
>
>      1998 Coral Reef Bleaching in Indian Ocean Unprecedented,
>      NOAA Announces
>
>         An episode of extremely high ocean temperatures migrated from south
>      to
>      north throughout the Indian Ocean during the first six months of 1998
>      causing considerable coral reef bleaching in its wake, the National
>      Oceanic
>      and Atmospheric Administration reports.
>
>         Sea surface temperatures, exceeding the maximum values expected for
>      any time during the year, were observed by NOAA's satellites to have
>      exceeded levels critical to cause beaching where these waters overlay
>      Indian Ocean coral reefs.
>
>         A somewhat similar episode occurred following the 1987 El Nino in
>      the
>      Indian Ocean; however, in 1988 the extreme sea surface temperature
>      anomalies, toxic to corals, moderated sufficiently as the sun moved
>      into
>      the Northern Hemisphere.  In that year, reefs in the Indian Ocean
>      north of
>      the equator were spared heavy bleaching.
>
>         In 1998, this has not been the case.  Bleaching, earlier projected
>      by
>      NOAA, has been reported from the field on the following reefs:
>      Seychelles;
>      Kenya; Reunion; Mauritius; Somalia; Madagascar; Maldives; Indonesia;
>      Sri
>      Lanka; Gulf of Thailand [Siam]; Andaman Islands; Malaysia; Oman;
>      India; and
>      Cambodia.
>
>         This unprecedented round of bleaching in coral reefs throughout the
>      Indian Ocean follows El Nino-related bleaching events during late-1997
>      and
>      early-1998 both projected by NOAA's satellite HotSpot charts and
>      documented
>      by reef scientists in Mexico (Pacific), Panama (Pacific); Galapagos;
>      Australia's Great Barrier Reef; Papua New Guinea; and American Samoa.
>
>         In the Indian Ocean, sea surface temperature anomalies appear to be
>      coming less severe toward the end of June.  The total area covered by
>      "HotSpots" is now only in the northernmost fringes of the Indian
>      Ocean.
>      However, during June the Philippines and the Florida Keys regions have
>      been
>      seeing temperature anomalies sufficiently high that bleaching has been
>      reported and biologists are concerned for reefs there.
>
>         Coral reefs -- the "rainforests of the oceans" -- support a variety
>      of
>      sea life and provide resources of significant economic importance such
>      as
>      fishing and recreation.  Coral bleaching, induced by high water
>      temperatures, has raised concerns about these fragile ecosystems.
>      Coral
>      bleaching occurs as coral tissue expels zooxanthellae, a type of algae
>      that
>      resides in the structure of the coral, and is essential to the coral's
>      survival.  Corals normally recover, unless high ocean temperatures
>      persist
>      for too long a period or become too warm.
>
>         Coral Reef "HotSpots"  depicted as regions of yellow/orange in the
>      NOAA/NESDIS charts
>      (http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/climohot.html)
>      highlight
>      those anomalies that are equal to or above the annual maximum sea
>      surface
>      temperatures by +1 deg C or more.
>
>         HotSpot animations are available at the Oceanic Research &
>      Applications Division's  WebSite:
>
>         http://http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad/sub/noaarsrc.html
>
> (please send any replies to addresses found in these web sites, not the
> forwarder of this message, as I have no further information on this.)
> Douglas Fenner, Ph.D.
> Coral Taxonomist
> Australian Institute of Marine Science
> PMB No 3
> Townsville MC
> Queensland 4810
> Australia
> phone 07 4753 4241
> e-mail: d.fenner at aims.gov.au
>


From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca  Fri Jul  3 10:58:55 1998
From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Michael Risk)
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:58:55 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: tyre reef wrong ?
Message-ID: <199807031533.PAA03311@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Thank you for your reply. My reply may have been a bit strong, but it was
nonetheless correct. (I have since received feedback from my good friend
Tom Tomascik as to Dr. Collins' reputation-maybe you should not listen too
closely to what he tells you.)

I understand that there are enormous problems in Riau. In fact, everywhere
in Indonesia. The pressure for a "quick fix" is enormous, because people
have to eat. So let me suggest some things that might help:

1. first, Evan and I will send you the information/papers we have. They
will convince you that tires are bad. (Gila sekali: "tyres" in Britain,
"tires" in North america.)

2. *IF* there are unexploited fish stocks in an area where corals would
never grow normally, for example deep sand flats, then tires are OK as
FADs. (Fish Aggregation Devices.) If there is coral anywhere near, even
200 m, then make your reefs out of rock/concrete: use some of the designs
in my Atoll Res Bull paper. You will then find baby corals growing on your
"reefs" within a few months, beginning the process of converting the reef
to a real reef.

3. My marine project in Semarang is working to try to solve some of the
problems you mention. We are trying to get the Canadian development agency
that funds us to agree to a reorientation of the project, to value-added
sustainable marine exports, such as coral and fish farms. There will
shortly be pilot projects underway in the Karimunjawa Islands, involving
artificial reefs, cultivation of "jamur", etc: you are very welcome to
visit, just contact Dr. Llewellyn (Gilly).

4. Gilly and one of my students plan to come to Riau soon (August?). We
have a project under way to evaluate the effect of the "haze/smoke"
problem on the metabolism of corals. It should be possible for you to meet
with them in Riau, to discuss some of these matters. Their plans aren't
set yet: they want to sample corals that were worst hit by the smoke, and
(if I remember correctly) Gilly was planning to fly into Bintan, take a
ferry down to Lingga or Sengkep...

Sampai nanti.


From jch at aoml.noaa.gov  Fri Jul  3 11:29:09 1998
From: jch at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral-List Administrator)
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 11:29:09 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Diatribes, protocol, etc. (fwd)
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.92.980703112759.3265A-200000@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Approved: zooid511

From: Coral Health and Monitoring Program <coral at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
To: coral-list
Subject: Diatribes, protocol, etc.


Dear Coral-Listers,

	Please find attached the protocol for posting messages,
protocol, etc. for coral-list, in case you forgot.

	I know it is tempting, when someone flames you in front of others,
to flame back to the same wide audience so you can defend yourseld, and I
am probably more guilty than anybody else for this (and have thoroughly
embarassed myself in the process), but please try to limit public
diatribes, flaming, etc. as best you see fit.  Whenever possible, flame
back via personal email to that person, then maybe if that person sees
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now he/she sees the light.

	Posting to a listserver messages that were sent to you in
confidence is definitely not cool.  Please do not do that, because if you
do, your karma is likely to catch up to you, and the same thing will
happen to you!

	One other thing, if I may...If you have very lengthy text that you
feel would be of benefit to the list, I will volunteer our server as a
home for the text via anonymous FTP, but please try not send a whole book
via the listserver (okay, that's a little exagerated), as it bogs down the
server and budens people who have to PAY for each email message they
receive on a per character basis.

	Hey, this has been a very informative, lively debate of late, and
I think some very valuable discussions have come out of this.  This really
makes this listserver of real good use to coral health researchers and
laypeople alike, and I think it furthers our cause.

	Take care, and keep up the good work!

	Cheers,
	Jim Hendee
	coral-list administrator
-------------- next part --------------

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From eakin at ogp.noaa.gov  Fri Jul  3 15:16:45 1998
From: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov (Mark Eakin)
Date: 3 Jul 1998 15:16:45 U
Subject: tyre reef wrong ?
Message-ID: <n1312643133.56350@ogp.noaa.gov>

                           Subject:                         Time:   10:05 AM
                           RE>tyre reef wrong ?             Date:   7/3/98

I don't have scientific papers to share with you.  What I have is a real world experience and a location where I could take you where the beach still has tires embedded within the rocks and a reef that still has tires embedded in the framework almost 20 years after a very small hurricane destroyed a tire-based artificial reef.  The artificial reef was over 1 km from shore.

Any artificial reef should use component parts that are large enough to not be moved by the highest wind-forced waves that might be encountered in the area.  This means that you must assume that:
1) reefs constructed of small parts WILL come apart
2) the size of component parts, not the size of a final structure, is the determining factor
3) tires are too small and light in water to have sufficient stability.

All of this assumes that you actually want an artificial reef in the first place.  Most research supports the hypothesis that reefs do not increase biomass or productivity.  Instead, they simply serve as fish attractors that make it easier to remove the fish from the reef ecosystem.  A graduate student of John McManus has recently done some fine work supporting this in the Phillipines.

Cheers,
Mark



--------------------------------------
Date: 7/3/98 7:07 AM
To: Mark Eakin
From: Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau
Dear Mr. Michael and Mr. King
I try to clear this issue
I, m realy sorry if this make you mad
The coral lister where  answered me (about 80 % or up) said, Tyre is not
good to be Artificial reef.
But they not reply me the reason with scientific. Just Mr Collin done.
Am I wrong?......

Mr. King, in this case Riau Coremap Tim just helping some Diving club in
Riau University to got  a reason from "coral divender of the earth" about
Tyre reef, before they done the wrong one. If they know that are wrong, so
thay will not to do (I hope....)
They just want to helping the "poor Fisherman" at Riau Archipilago where
they didn't have alternative job. The tyre can give them a site for fishing.
Fishing are they cultural job. No fish, no rice and then they son no school.

We save coral reef that for save a fishes stoking of the area. Isn't it?
So why we do all of this if we shall have been catcing a fish?
(That they respon for any C-lister whom not agree the Tyre reef for
agregating fish).

I tell you some (bad ide?): one day at juni 1998 my frend told me that he
was listening  from a radio,  reporting about; our goverment give a
permition and agree to use Tyre for articial reef it mean to saving beach
and to "grow up" a poor fisherman at 24 province in
Indonesia............bla...bla...bla....
What we act now?????

Ok .....I shall cancel it if you send me the article or published  where
can't destroy the collin scientific Tyre.


Cheers
Fadil Nandila
Coremap-Bappeda TK I Riau
Jl. Cut Nyak Dhien, Pekanbaru - Riau
Indonesia
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id







-----Original Message-----
From: Peter N. King <peking at mail.AsianDevBank.org>
To: COREMAP Bappeda Riau Fadil Nandila <crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id>;
Michael Risk <riskmj at mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>
Cc: Evan Edinger <edinger at mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>; Ken Collins
<Kenneth.J.Collins at soc.soton.ac.uk>; Ghislaine Llewellyn
<mcmast at idola.net.id>
Date: 02 Juli 1998 5:29
Subject: Re: Artificial reefs


>Mike and the Riau COREMAP Team
>
>I completely agree with Mike on this issue.  There are many other
interesting
>and useful ways to recycle tires rather than dumping them in the sea.  If
you
>need some information on recycling tires let me know.  On artificial reefs,
I
>believe the best use is close to where an existing reef has been damaged by
>blast fishing, coral mining or some other degradation.  If the reef has
died due
>to sedimentation or excessive nutrient loading, then there is little point
>trying to replace the original reef with an artificial one, unless the
original
>cause of the reef loss is solved.  Peter King
>
>Dear Riau COREMAP:
>
>I was very surprised to read your response to Dr. Collins, of the UK, re
>the use of tires for artificial reefs. It seems that you received many
>responses from the Coral-list that were negative about this, but you got
>the one response you needed, one that would allow you to make the reefs
>from tires.
>
>It may very well be that tires make useful fish-aggregation devices in
>temperate waters, for at least a short period of time. I should be very
>clear, however: there is no scientific doubt that tires are one of the
>worst possible materials for use in tropical environments. There are
>several reasons for this:
> 1. tires bleed toxic substances (metals,plasticisers)
> 2. corals will not settle on them, hence your artificial reef will never
>become a "real" reef
> 3. over time, tires "exfoliate" (especially true of steel-belted tires)
>
>There are a number of good references to appropriate materials to use for
>artificial reefs. Some of my own include Atoll Res. Bulletin #255
>(1981-almost 20 years ago!), and a followup in 1988, Mar. Poll. Bull. 19:
>219-222. I would be glad to send you reprints, if you wish. In short, by
>properly arranging the concrete and coral rock of a reef, you can control
>the size of the fish and lobsters attracted to that reef. In a relatively
>short period of time, corals and other invertebrates settle on the reefs,
>converting them to "real" reefs. (In many cases, the lower parts of the
>water column are so sediment-laden that corals cannot settle-but give them
>a concrete block, elevated 30 cm, and settlement occurs. For more on this,
>see Cortes and Risk, 1985.)
>
>Our project in Semarang just finished, and published, an experiment
>ranking several materials that have been used in SE Asia for artificial
>reefs. Only sheet metal was worse than tires! The best, of course, were
>concrete structures.
>
>I recognise that you are under pressure to solve a terrestrial waste
>problem by dumping tires in the sea. I think this is a bad solution, and
>that is what I, as Team Leader, wrote in the COREMAP Final Report, which
>is supposed to guide your actions. This is a bad solution, not only for
>the reasons given above (which should be sufficient), but also because you
>give up further opportunities. In the COREMAP Report, I consulted with Dr.
>Peter Sale, and I pointed out that concrete artificial reefs can be
>constructed in such a way (textures, shapes) as to attract the larvae of
>ornamental and economically-important fish species.
>
>Cukup. The evidence is quite clear. If you want, I will send you all the
>materials to which I refer above. Or you could read the COREMAP report.
>
>Dr. Michael Risk
>Professor of Biology and Geology
>McMaster Univ.
>
>


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From: "Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau" <crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id>
To: "Peter N. King" <peking at mail.AsianDevBank.org>,
        "Michael Risk" <riskmj at mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>
Cc: "Coral Health Monitoring Program" <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Subject: tyre reef wrong ?
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 17:09:27 +0700
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From c.wilkinson at aims.gov.au  Mon Jul  6 01:05:22 1998
From: c.wilkinson at aims.gov.au (Clive Wilkinson)
Date: Mon, 06 Jul 1998 15:05:22 +1000
Subject: Reefs at Risk.
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980706150522.006bbe84@email.aims.gov.au>

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From lizard at amsg.austmus.gov.au  Sun Jul  5 19:39:10 1998
From: lizard at amsg.austmus.gov.au (lizard at amsg.austmus.gov.au)
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 1998 10:39:10 +1100
Subject: 1999 Lizard Island Doctoral Fellowship
Message-ID: <199807061140.LAA15969@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

                    LIZARD ISLAND RESEARCH STATION
                    GREAT BARRIER REEF, AUSTRALIA

    Applications are now invited for the 1999 Lizard Island Doctoral
    Fellowship.  The Fellowship provides funding for field work and
    equipment for a PhD student whose thesis research is based on
    coral reefs, of which a significant portion will be based at the
    Lizard Island Research Station.  It is worth up to A$6,000 per
    year for up to three years.  Funds for the first year of the 1999
    Fellowship will be available in March 1999.  For detailed
    information and application guidelines, see:

        www.austmus.gov.au/science/projects/lizard/lizfello.htm

                Applications close on 1 October 1998

    __________________________________________________________________
    Dr Anne Hoggett and Dr Lyle Vail, Directors
    Lizard Island Research Station
    PMB 37
    Cairns QLD 4871
    Australia

    Phone and fax: + 61 (0)7 4060-3977
    lizard at amsg.austmus.gov.au
    http://www.austmus.gov.au/science/projects/lizard/
    _________________________________________________________________


From reefcare at cura.net  Mon Jul  6 10:52:26 1998
From: reefcare at cura.net (Paul Hoetjes)
Date: Mon, 06 Jul 1998 10:52:26 -0400
Subject: Trididemnum solidum
Message-ID: <35A0E4AA.1D08A230@cura.net>

Dear all,

Does anyone know whether *Trididemnum solidum*, a compound encrusting
ascidian, is native to the Caribbean or whether it is an exotic species
brought in accidentally from the Pacific? *Trididemnum* is very common
on the island of Curacao which is a major port (in the sixties and
seventies it was in a league with New York and Rotterdam) just north of
the coast of Venezuela, but I understand it is not very common elsewhere
in the Caribbean.

Because it can overgrow and kill corals it is a source of some concern
here on the island. A survey on the island in 1993 by Reef Care Curacao
(a non-profit volunteer organisation striving to protect the reefs)
found an increase in number of *Trididemnum* colonies of up to 725 %
compared to a survey done in 1978 in the same localities (631 colonies
along one of the 45 line transects from 10-120 ft, a distance of about
100 meters). In our quarterly reef monitoring program we find 1 % cover
for *Trididemnum* in some localities.

I'd appreciate any information about this organism, please e-mail me
direct at
reefcare at cura.net

Paul C. Hoetjes
Scientific Coordinator, Reef Care Curacao




From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca  Mon Jul  6 11:27:52 1998
From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Michael Risk)
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 1998 11:27:52 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: tyre reef wrong ?
Message-ID: <199807061929.TAA18030@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Much to my dismay, it appears that my message to the Riau COREMAP Team
(copied to Peter King, ADB, and Dr. G. Llewellyn, Resident Advisor of our
Indonesia Project) regarding the use of discarded tires for making
artificial reefs has been inadvertently posted to the general Coral-List.
Perhaps the Administration at my university is right, and I should retire
on the grounds of general infirmity and stupidity.

I apologise to subscribers to the List, for burdening them with yet
another trivial matter. I especially regret any embarrassment I have
caused to Tom Tomascik, a man of boundless energy and impeccable
professional credentials, and one who would never knowingly offend others.
The message was my doing only

I remain firm in my original opinion, however, that tires are an
unsuitable material for constructing reefs. Those who would advocate their
use in coral reef habitats can only be doing so out of ignorance of the
basic research in this area, or from some other agenda.

Mike Risk


From zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il  Mon Jul  6 17:14:47 1998
From: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il (zakai david)
Date: Tue, 07 Jul 1998 00:14:47 +0300
Subject: Introduction of exotic marine animals
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.19980707001447.007ad3f0@popeye.cc.biu.ac.il>

Dear All,

Does anyone know of any examples or papers which demonstrate an
introduction of exotic marine animals as a result of release to the near by
sea or lake after keeping the exotic animal as a pet??

Many Thanks, David.

=====================================================================
   David Zakai,
   Red Sea marine biologist                Department of Life Science
   Nature Reserves Authority of Israel     Bar-Ilan University
   Eilat district, P.O.Box 667             Ramat-Gan
   Israel, 88105                           Israel, 52100

   Ph:+972-7-6373988                       +972-7-6360117
   Fax:+972-7-6375047                      +972-7-6375329
   Home:+972-7-6330373
                  Email: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il
=====================================================================


From dbaker at tm.net.my  Mon Jul  6 19:16:13 1998
From: dbaker at tm.net.my (DBaker)
Date: Tue, 07 Jul 1998 07:16:13 +0800
Subject: High Nutrients & Red Tide
Message-ID: <35A15ABD.7D4F@tm.net.my>

Dear Coral-L,

As many List members have asked for any/all info that I recvd on this
issue, I have so posted this reply.

Don

***********************************************************************

Subject: 
        Re: Red Tide Syndrome
  Date: 
        Mon, 6 Jul 1998 13:56:35 -0600
  From: 
        "Paul Sammarco" <psammarco at lumcon.edu>
    To: 
        dbaker at tm.net.my


Dear Don,

My reply follows:


>Can anyone point me to data/pubs about any aspects of red tide
>correlating with high nutrient coastal waters..and coral bleaching?

These are two issues which are documented separately.  See Slobodkin's
early work on Red Tides from the '50's and beyond.

Slobodkin, L.  1952. J. Mar. Res. 12a:  148-155.

Slobodin, L.  1989.  The null case of the paradox of the plankton.  In:
Novel Phytoplankton Blooms:  Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides
and other Unusual Blooms, ed. by E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, and E.J.
Carpenter, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Slobodin, L.  1998.  Akira Okubo and the theory of blooms.  Oceanography
(in press).

With respect to the effects of nutrient increases on corals, see Bassim
(and Sammarco's) recent work.

Bassim, K.M.  1997.  Effects of temperature and ammonium on the early
developmental stagesof a scleractinian coral:  Implications for global
warming and nutrient enrichment.  M.Sc. thesis, Biology, University of
Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, 51 p.

Bassim and Sammarco (2 ms.'s - one submitted, one in prep.).

>Is there any type of correlation?  High nutrient loads => weaker
>coral/zoxx relationship?

The bottom line here is - yes - there is a relationship - or so we
believe.
This is what our experiments suggest.
>
Best Wishes,

Paul W. Sammarco

-------------------------------------------------
Paul W. Sammarco, Ph.D.
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON)
8124 Hwy. 56
Chauvin, LA  70344
USA

Tel:    (504) 851-2876
FAX:    (504) 851-2874
email:   psammarco at lumcon.edu
www:    http://www.lumcon.edu


From zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il  Wed Jul  8 01:54:41 1998
From: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il (zakai david)
Date: Wed, 08 Jul 1998 08:54:41 +0300
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.19980708085441.007b5e60@popeye.cc.biu.ac.il>

The question was:

Dear All,

Does anyone know of any examples or papers which demonstrate an
introduction of exotic marine animals as a result of release to the near by
sea or lake after keeping the exotic animal as a pet??

Many Thanks, David.


One of the answers is:


Dear David,

The closest I can get to an introduction of a marine organism used as a pet
is the famous Caulerpa taxifolia released from an aquarium into the waters
of southern France.

Meinesz, A. et al.  1993.  Spread of the introduced tropical green alga
Caulerpa taxifolia in northern Mediterranian waters. Journal of Applied
Phycology 5: 141-147

Could you post the replies you recieve on the coral list ?

Simon Wilson
OMAN


=====================================================================
   David Zakai,
   Red Sea marine biologist                Department of Life Science
   Nature Reserves Authority of Israel     Bar-Ilan University
   Eilat district, P.O.Box 667             Ramat-Gan
   Israel, 88105                           Israel, 52100

   Ph:+972-7-6373988                       +972-7-6360117
   Fax:+972-7-6375047                      +972-7-6375329
   Home:+972-7-6330373
                  Email: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il
=====================================================================


From edg at wcmc.org.uk  Wed Jul  8 06:28:36 1998
From: edg at wcmc.org.uk (Ed Green)
Date: Wed, 08 Jul 1998 11:28:36 +0100
Subject: Coral growth rates
Message-ID: <s5a357ed.000@wcmc.org.uk>

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From sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com  Wed Jul  8 15:36:29 1998
From: sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com (sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com)
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 1998 15:36:29 -0400
Subject: Caulerpa taxifolia
In-Reply-To: <A37AA33501BD2576@smtp.cenmarine.com>
Message-ID: <AB7AA33501BD2576@smtp.cenmarine.com>

In response to David Zakai's earlier message below:

The Caulerpa taxifolia introduction to the French Mediterranean was 
featured in a U.S. National Public Radio piece yesterday and from that 
piece it sounds like a very significant exotic species introducation 
doing extensive damage.

The question was:

Dear All,

Does anyone know of any examples or papers which demonstrate an
introduction of exotic marine animals as a result of release to the near 
by
sea or lake after keeping the exotic animal as a pet??

Many Thanks, David.


One of the answers is:


Dear David,

The closest I can get to an introduction of a marine organism used as a 
pet
is the famous Caulerpa taxifolia released from an aquarium into the 
waters
of southern France.

Meinesz, A. et al.  1993.  Spread of the introduced tropical green alga
Caulerpa taxifolia in northern Mediterranian waters. Journal of Applied
Phycology 5: 141-147

Could you post the replies you recieve on the coral list ?

Simon Wilson
OMAN


=====================================================================
   David Zakai,
   Red Sea marine biologist                Department of Life Science
   Nature Reserves Authority of Israel     Bar-Ilan University
   Eilat district, P.O.Box 667             Ramat-Gan
   Israel, 88105                           Israel, 52100

   Ph:+972-7-6373988                       +972-7-6360117
   Fax:+972-7-6375047                      +972-7-6375329
   Home:+972-7-6330373
                  Email: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il
=====================================================================



**************************************************************************
*******************************************
Jack Sobel, Director
Ecosystem Protection
Center for Marine Conservation
Washington, DC  20036
(202)429-5609 or (202)857-5552
Fax: (202)872-0619
Email:  jsobel @cenmarine.com

"The last word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: 
'What good is it?'.  If the land mechanismas a whol is good, then every 
part is good, whether we understand it or not. If the biota, in the 
course of eons, has built something we like, but do not understand, then 
who but a fool would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog 
and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering."
Aldo Leopold, Round River, 1953.
**************************************************************************
******************************************


From zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il  Thu Jul  9 03:36:02 1998
From: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il (zakai david)
Date: Thu, 09 Jul 1998 10:36:02 +0300
Subject: Volunteers wanted
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.19980709103602.0079e7a0@popeye.cc.biu.ac.il>

Dear All,

The Nature Reserves Authority of Israel is seeking for volunteers to work
on projects of marine biology and coastal management.

Qualifications: SCUBA diving license, B ac. or currently attending school,
in marine related science or coastal management.

Period: immediate start, we need you for at least 3 mounts.

We give: accommodation, and transportation at working hours only.

Academic credit: can be arrange

CV + letter of recommendation and field of interest is need to be send my
Email to David Zakai zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il or by mail to the Steinitz
Marine Biology Laboratory,  P.O.Box 469, Eilat, Israel. or to fax No.
+972-7-6374329





=====================================================================
   David Zakai,
   Red Sea marine biologist                Department of Life Science
   Nature Reserves Authority of Israel     Bar-Ilan University
   Eilat district, P.O.Box 667             Ramat-Gan
   Israel, 88105                           Israel, 52100

   Ph:+972-7-6373988                       +972-7-6360117
   Fax:+972-7-6375047                      +972-7-6375329
   Home:+972-7-6330373
                  Email: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il
=====================================================================


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Thu Jul  9 04:27:00 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Thu, 9 Jul 1998 15:27:00 +0700
Subject: Bacterial Plaque at Coral Reef
Message-ID: <01bdab13$5aa2f800$LocalHost@default>

Dear Coral Lister,

My name is M. Taufik Hidayat, I was graduated from Fishery and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University, Riau-Indonesia. I'm interesting in Bacteriology and coral reef study. 

I just read an article about a disease of coral reef  caused by marine bacteria in Science News June 1998. And I'm very interesting on it. So I need more information, articles, literature or any kind of journal about that. Could you help me, please.

Thank you very much. 


M. Taufik Hidayat
Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Programme (COREMAP) Riau
Bappeda TK.I Riau, Pekanbaru-Indonesia
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From cmurray at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu  Thu Jul  9 09:25:04 1998
From: cmurray at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu (Cynthia Murray)
Date: Thu, 09 Jul 1998 09:25:04 -0400
Subject: The National Sea Grant Depository
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980709092504.00696e54@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu>

Hello,

We would like to introduce you to the National Sea Grant Depository (NSGD),
which serves as the archive and lending library for the National Sea Grant
College Program.  Our web site http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu will further
introduce you to our services.  The collection is comprised of
approximately 30,000 books, journal reprints, conference proceedings,
advisory and technical reports, handbooks, maps and many other types of
information not readily available from other sources.  Publications cover a
wide variety of marine subjects, including oceanography, marine education,
aquaculture, fisheries, coastal zone management, marine recreation and law.

You can access this wealth of information through the publications
database, which is searchable online from our site, as well as through the
quarterly "Sea Grant Abstracts" which announces the availability of new Sea
Grant documents. From the NSGD web site you may also link to any of the 29
Sea Grant programs across the country to see what exciting things are
happening in your geographic location.  

Once you've located the information you'd like to use, we can assist by
sending loan copies of publications or referring you to the appropriate
source.  There is also a project underway to provide many of the documents
in the collection as full-text pdf files over the internet.  Thank you.

If you'd like additional information please contact us at:

    National Sea Grant Depository
    Pell Library Building
    University of Rhode Island
    Narragansett Bay Campus
    Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 
    USA
    (401) 874-6114
    (401) 874-6160 (fax)
    nsgd at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu
    http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu




From smiller at gate.net  Thu Jul  9 15:53:24 1998
From: smiller at gate.net (Steven Miller)
Date: Thu, 09 Jul 1998 12:53:24 -0700
Subject: Reefs at Risk continued
Message-ID: <35A51FB4.12FC@gate.net>

Recent discussions about what can be done to ?help? coral reefs
produced, in my view, many interesting and helpful suggestions.  

I think that it is relevant to post NURC/UNCW's research priorities (see
below) for
1999 (proposals are due mid-August) and to make a funding plea to those
people in power at NGOs, foundations, or other philanthropic
organizations.   What can you do to help "reefs at risk?"  Support a
world-class coral reef research program - the largest in the U.S.  All
projects are independently peer reviewed using nationally recognized,
NSF-style, procedures.  

It may be unorthodox to use the list-server in this
manner, but we seek outside funding to get more money directly into the
hands of the best scientists to conduct nationally relevant research. 
For your
information, scientists working with our program receive, at no cost,
access to our shore-based facility (accommodations and laboratories) and
complete diving support; including boats, divemaster/captain, and air
and nitrox.  Additionally, we provide funding support that averages
about $15,000 per project, which means the overall scope of projects
remains
limited.

I apologize if this "advertisement" or "request" is offensive to anyone
on
the list.  Our research priorities follow.


Regional research priorities, as part of the annual research
announcement by NOAA's National Undersea Research Center at the
University
of North Carolina at Wilmington, in Florida for 1999 include, but are
not limited to, the following areas:

1.  Marine Reserves and other protected areas in the Florida Keys
National Marine Sanctuary:  Research and innovative monitoring programs
are sought to help identify natural and human-caused changes to coral
reefs and nearshore ecosystems in Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs)
and the Ecological Reserve (ER).  SPAs and the ER are managed as
?no-take? zones, and changes over time and comparisons with reference
areas will be evaluated in the year 2002, when the Sanctuary?s entire
management plan is formally reviewed by State and Federal officials. 
Traditional monitoring programs are underway for coral community
structure, fishes, and some large invertebrate species (specifically;
conch and lobster).

2.  Nutrient enrichment in the coastal ocean: This initiative addresses
how nutrients (natural and especially sewage- and stormwater-derived)
reach coastal waters and seafloor habitats, and their subsequent impacts
on coastal ecosystems relative to natural sources of nutrient supply
(such as tidal exchange and upwelling).  Questions about water quality
are among the most controversial topics related to evaluating the
condition of coral reefs in Florida, and elsewhere.  Large-scale
(spatially throughout the Keys on a quarterly basis, and more frequently
for Florida Bay) water quality monitoring on a quarterly basis is
underway as part of the Sanctuary and EPA water quality protection
program.

3.  Recruitment processes: Programs are sought that emphasize
economically valuable fisheries, factors that control the survival and
growth of early life stages (especially for corals), and evaluation of
management options (for example, placement and size of reserves) that
rely on recruitment success.  Under this topic two specific initiatives
exist:

     a.  Determination and documentation of spawning events within the
sanctuary.
     b.  Identification of factors that affect recruitment of conch,
lobster and corals within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary;
including, limits to spawning, reproductive behavior, larval supply,
habitat limitation, post-settlement processes and sources of recruits. 
Interventions that facilitate and accelerate regeneration or restoration
are high priority (as are experiments to advance knowledge leading to
methodologies for regeneration or restoration).

Additional information is available at:

http://www.uncwil.edu/nurc

Or contact:

Dr. Steven Miller
Associate Director, Florida Program
NURC/UNC at Wilmington

SMiller at gate.net
305-451-0233


From reefcare at cura.net  Thu Jul  9 18:43:40 1998
From: reefcare at cura.net (Paul Hoetjes)
Date: Thu, 09 Jul 1998 18:43:40 -0400
Subject: Reefs at Risk
Message-ID: <35A5479C.1ABFE73B@cura.net>

Dear all,

During the recent discussion of the state of the reefs, several
references were made to the die off of Acropora cervicornis and A.
palmata due to white-band disease. In the whole discussion however, no
mention was made of Montastrea annularis/faveolata. Yet here on the
island of Curacao in the Southern Caribbean (supposedly not getting any
polluted water from the rest of the Caribbean as may be the case in the
Florida region)  we are seeing a frightening amount of dead/partly dead
Montastreas.

During a quarterly reef monitoring program employing triplicate point
intersect line transects, that we (Reef Care Curacao, a volunteer ngo)
have been doing since May 1997, we have found that between 30 and 40 %
and in some cases close to 50 % of Montastrea colonies show recently
dead patches (more than 10 % of colony area). Some of this may be due to
the 1995 bleaching which was very serious here. However we also found
close to 20 % of colonies diseased (in addition to the partly dead
colonies), mostly with  yellow-band/blotch disease, but also rapid
wasting syndrome. Whatever the cause, reefs that were healthy and
unmarked in 1993, look like a disaster area now.

This is the case not only in areas where human impact might be the/a
cause but also in an area far removed upstream and upwind from any
coastal development or pollution sources.

Is Montastrea showing signs of die off elsewhere in the Caribbean or are
we unique in this respect? If so, is our island perhaps in the vanguard
of a new wave of destruction about to sweep through the Caribbean? It
may sound dramatic, but who suspected that most Acroporas in the
Caribbean would disappear when White-band disease first started. By the
way, has any epidemiological analysis ever been made of how white-band
spread and whether that might indicate its origins or vector(s)?

Regards,

Paul C. Hoetjes
Scientific Coordinator, Reef Care Curacao


From reefkeeper at earthlink.net  Fri Jul 10 07:40:23 1998
From: reefkeeper at earthlink.net (Alexander Stone)
Date: Fri, 10 Jul 1998 11:40:23 +0000
Subject: Science Assoc/Intern Position
Message-ID: <35A5FDA8.2D86@earthlink.net>

SCIENCE ASSOCIATE / INTERN
half-time position
Miami, Florida

POSITION DESCRIPTION
			You will work for the Director in our Brickell area office,
			tabulating and analyzing reef survey data, and preparing
			reef survey reports.
HOURS AND COMPENSATION
			20 hours a week, $8.50-$9.50 @ hour.  Monday - Friday, 
			schedule to be set according to your needs.
COLLEGE CREDIT
			May be arranged with your professor
ABOUT REEFKEEPER INTERNATIONAL
			We are a non-profit science-based conservation organization 
			exclusively dedicated to the protection of coral reefs and 
			their marine life.  Our projects include a Caribbean-wide 
			reef monitoring program, and ReefCheck survey facilitation.
			For more info, visit our website (http://www.reefkeeper.org)
ASSIGNMENT COMPONENTS
			o review submitted reef survey data sheets
			o tabulate & analyze results from reef survey data sheets
			o conduct library searches for documentation
			o outline and write reef monitoring survey reports  							o
communicate with ReefMonitor Affiliate Groups
			  regarding  survey progress & procedures
REQUIRED SKILLS
			o SUPERIOR written communication skills
			o ability to interpret technical information
			o attention to detail & organizational skills
			o familiarity with coral reef biology and ecology
			o familiarity with Excel

APPLY BY JULY 27 TO:
ReefKeeper International
(305) 358-4600 / fax (305) 358-3030
reefkeeper at earthlink.net



From Ouida.Meier at wku.edu  Fri Jul 10 13:06:00 1998
From: Ouida.Meier at wku.edu (Ouida Meier)
Date: Fri, 10 Jul 98 12:06:00 CDT
Subject: Reefs at Risk
Message-ID: <9806109000.AA900097844@WKU.EDU>

I appreciated Clive Wilkinson's post of  6 June and wanted to respond.  He stated, among other things:
<<Neither of the 2 parallel strategies (multiple reductionist, or few holistic reef assessments), are wrong, just different ways to obtain information and understanding.  Reefs at Risk is a holistic approach, which must contain errors, but provides testable predictions.  We should work to improve these, not criticise attempts to provide simpler messages for decision makers and the public, thereby smearing over some of the inherent complexity of coral reefs.>>

My earlier remark about network complexity and rigorous thinking (with regard to the Florida discussion) was not intended to imply that we can't leap unless we know the names of all the streets we are flying over - frequently we don't have that luxury or even the necessary tools to trace all the complexities underlying a "big picture." On the other hand, the holistic leaps we take needn't be fatally flawed because of "mushy thinking", of which holistic approaches are often (and often unfairly) accused.  For example, as Clive Wilkinson points out, one mark of a scientifically useful holistic leap is that it leaves behind testable predictions - potential road maps for how two points are connected. 

His posting stimulated me to take a closer look at the Reefs at Risk report (http://www.wri.org/indictrs/reefrisk.htm), and it seems to me that the report is in fact appropriately synthetic without being the product of mushy thinking.  The authors are clear ("Technical Notes") about their data sources, decisions they made to reconcile scales, and criteria used for risk categories for each data set, and they should be congratulated for careful and conscientious completion of a very ambitious task. They also make it clear that their report is a large-scale effort to produce indicators of threats to reefs, not a summary of reef condition. As a first approximation of threats to reefs, and given the kinds of data sets appropriate to the scale they were building up to (e.g., more detailed terrestrial than marine information sometimes available), they've done a superb job, and met their stated goals and claims. 

Given this information, the next step is to test predictions against observations. Areas where actual reef conditions are better than or worse than the predicted threats can be examined closely to find second order factors, or practices that overwhelm the level of threat predicted either positively or negatively. I think perhaps the Florida/Caribbean discussion could be considered in that light, not as an attempt to criticize a well-done and very useful piece of work.

Since the whole idea of reductionism vs. holism was specifically raised, I'd like to offer the following metaphor in the event that it may contribute something to our efforts to understand, appreciate, and make use of work that others do at scales of resolution that may be outside of one's usual "workspace."  The structure of the metaphor implies ways of making room for cooperation, multiple perspectives, and multiple approaches in the work we do - which we need and people seem inclined to continue to develop. [If this is becoming too off-topic for you, please accept my apology and delete now.]

A couple of months ago I came to a realization of one way to resolve apparent dichotomies of reductionism and holism, analysis and synthesis, differentiation and integration. I've begun seeing these as positions along a continuum - points or regions along ongoing cycles of exploration, discovery, analysis, synthesis, and integration.  My best simple picture at the moment is that we acquire knowledge and understanding in our discipline, both as individuals and as a group developing a body of knowledge over time, in repeated cycles.  I made an image about it at the time, posted at: http://bioweb.wku.edu/faculty/omeier/ana_syn.htm

The metaphor is basically that of a circulatory system, with paths of flow going from a major vessel, splitting up into branches, then into smaller and smaller vessels, making a finely divided capillary bed, then moving by anastamosis into larger and larger vessels again.  The whole thing resembles a directional network with variation in path width, length, and connection. (There are obvious shortcomings in the drawing, e.g. represents only the surface of the structure. Different advantages to "vessel" and "path" language . . . ) 

There are some processes and situations that are embraced usefully by this metaphor. For example, people who think of themselves as reductionists work more to develop the finely divided "capillary" regions of detail, precision, and specificity of process and theory.  People who think of themselves as "holists" may spend more time constructing and connecting broader, more aggregated pathways.  Our discipline (any discipline) as a whole accumulates knowledge over time by incorporating discoveries at all levels of resolution, or at all regions of the cycle, repeatedly.  As a collective, we build the body of knowledge - the directional network of information that is the circulating structure - as we go; we hope and believe by our testing that the paths we discover or lay down are firmly supported by reality. 

 If we are lucky, in our individual careers we knowingly move through complete cycles of analysis and synthesis. We try to avoid "stagnating" - experiencing no flow, and "getting into a rut" -  traveling one narrow pathway over and over again until it becomes unnecessarily entrenched and rigid. (Without habitually recognizing, examining and integrating "new stuff", we lose our joy and openness to new connections in our work.)  Through time some areas of a discipline become highly vascularized with more work and more able work, while other regions experience decreasing flow as interest, funding or relevance wanes.  Sometimes we work to build depth, connection, and precise detail along partially known pathways (reductionism), and sometimes our efforts are focused on syntheses, broad connections, and generalizations (holism), but clearly these efforts don't just coexist, they feed and depend upon each other. 

I wouldn't want to push this metaphor much farther, though there is the heart (driving forces and motivation), and organs (the larger structures we serve -  I'm convinced the world tolerates scientists only because once in a while we are more useful than not). Anyway, for what it's worth . . . .

Ouida


***************************
Dr. Ouida W. Meier
Department of Biology
Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, KY 42101
ouida.meier at wku.edu
***************************


From smiller at gate.net  Thu Jul  9 13:19:52 1998
From: smiller at gate.net (Steven Miller)
Date: Thu, 09 Jul 1998 10:19:52 -0700
Subject: ISRS Homepage
Message-ID: <35A4FBB8.2AD7@gate.net>

A homepage is now available for the International Society for Reef
Studies (ISRS):  

http://www.uncwil.edu/isrs

The Society was formed in 1980 and membership stands at over 800, from
over 50 countries world-wide.  According to its constitution the
principal objective of the Society is to "promote the production and
dissemination of scientific knowledge and understanding of coral reefs,
both living and fossil."  To achieve its objective the Society holds
annual meetings and co-sponsors other gatherings, prints and distributes
the journal Coral Reefs and an newsletter Reef Encounter; and raises
funds and receives contributions by way of subscriptions and donations. 
Information about these activities and more is available on the
homepage.

We look forward to comments, suggestions, and participation.  Please
consider joining the society.

Sincerely,

Steven Miller, Ph.D.


From glover at btl.net  Mon Jul 13 00:40:47 1998
From: glover at btl.net (Glovers Reef Marine Research Station)
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 1998 22:40:47 -0600
Subject: Glovers Reef Marine Research Station
Message-ID: <199807131332.NAA22424@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

GLOVER'S REEF MARINE RESEARCH STATION
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY
P.O. Box 2310
Belize City, Belize
<glover at btl.net>

Glover's Reef atoll and marine reserve is a major component of a general
comprehensive program for coastal zone management for Belize, Central
America.  In a broad sense the reserve was established to maintain
ecological processes, preserve genetic diversity, achieve sustainable yields
of its resources through wise management of species and their habitats,
maintain natural areas for education and research and provide social, and
economic benefits through ecologically sensitive recreation and tourism.
Keenly aware of the need to protect this world class resource, the Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS) purchased the island of Middle Caye, situated at
the southern end of the atoll, for the purposes of  providing  a marine park
headquarters for the Government of Belize and to establish a marine research
field station. This facility and now provides a base of operations for park
rangers and scientists alike.

WCS's over-arching mission is to provide for the long-term conservation and
protection of Glover's Reef atoll. To accomplish this goal, WCS is working
in close collaboration with the government of Belize to develop a
coordinated research and management program for the atoll. WCS's primary
responsibility in this partnership is scientific research. In the coming
years, we hope that the research on Glover's Reef atoll will lead to a
better understanding and management of this coral reef.

The Comparative Investigations of Tropical Reef Ecosystems (CITRE) program
identified  Glover's Reef as the most preferred site  in the Caribbean for
"long-term, multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional investigation of coral
reef ecosystems" (Dahl, MacIntyre & Antonius. 1974. A  comparative survey of
coral reef research sites. In:  Marie-Helene Sachet and Arthur Dahl. Atoll
Research Bulletin. 172: 37-75.). The authors reported, "In contrast to the
other reefs surveyed in the Caribbean area, Glover's Reef atoll appears to
offer the greatest variety of reef types, and the optimum reef development
in terms of population density and species diversity of reef corals and
associated organisms". In addition to Glover's Reef, Belize's extensive
barrier reef is 30 km away.

The WCS research station on Glover's Reef atoll is located on Middle Caye.
The present facility includes a ranger station, a laboratory and work area,
dining and cooking facilities (meals are provided), and housing for eight
scientists and/or students (with tents, we can handle a few more if
necessary). There are  boats, aquaria and dive air for the use of
researchers.  The station is completely self-sufficient with electricity
(110 vac) provided by a complementary system of solar power and diesel
generator. Fresh water is available through a desalination plant and
rain-water catchment. Toilet facilities are state-of-the-art pollution-free,
containment composition type.

GLOVER'S REEF MARINE RESEARCH STATION is dedicated to support of marine
research and education activities of other non-profit organizations. It
seeks to provide cost-effective facilities and services for field projects
related to these activities. Listed below is a schedule of research projects
scheduled for 1998-99, so far:

SCHEDULED 1998-99 GLOVER'S REEF MARINE RESEARCH STATION PROJECTS
(updated July 12, 1998)

Dr. Charles Acosta (party of 4)-June 10 to June 30 (Lobster & Conch biology)
Dr. Liz Graham (party of 5)-----June 17 to June 24 (Insular Archaeology)
Mr. James Azueta (party of 8)--July 4 to July 6 (Reserve Boundary Bouys)
Dr. John Godwin (party of 4)---July 8 to Aug. 12 (Reef Fish Behavior)
Mr. Peter Mumby (party of 2)---July 8 to Aug. 5 (Coral & Algal populations)
Dr Chuck Carr III (party of 5)---Aug. 5 to 9 (Research & Management Seminar)
Mr. Dllan Gomez (party of 4)---Aug. (to be det'd.)(Coral Reef Monitoring)
Dr. Tim McClanahan (party of 8)-Sept. 23 to Oct. 14(Coral & Algal Pop. Dynam.)
Dr. Dennis Thoney (party of 6)-Nov. 4 to Nov. 18 (GIS Database for Algae,
Fish & Coral)
Dr. Tim McClanahan (party of 4)-Dec. 1 to Dec 15 (Coral & Algal Pop. Dynam.)
Dr. Chris Tanner (party of 8)---Jan. 4 to Jan 18 (Chemical Ecology, Sponges
& Plants)
Dr. Dennis Thoney (party of 7)-Jan. 18 to March 15 (GIS Database for Algae,
Fish & Coral)
Dr. David Campbell (party of 10)-March 27 to Apr 2 (Field Course,
Phytosociology studies)

*****************************************************

The Wildlife Conservation Society invites any scientists or students
interested in using the GLOVER'S REEF MARINE RESEARCH STATION  to please
contact Tom Bright (see below) and visit our web site at
<www.une.edu/glover/glovindx.html>.

We look forward to assisting you in your research efforts on Glover's Reef.
Please submit as soon as possible, a project proposal (maximum 5 pages, see
attached format) to:

	Dr. Thomas J. Bright, Station Manager
	Glover's Reef Marine Research Station
	Wildlife Conservation Society
	P.O. Box 2310
	Belize City, Belize, C.A.

	Tel/Fax: 501-2-33855 in Belize City
	501-5-22153 at Middle Caye
	E-mail:  glover at btl.net

Use of the Station is solely on approval by the Wildlife Conservation
Society. Your proposal will be reviewed quickly. It is strongly recommended
that the project proposal be submitted first by E-mail, and followed up by
regular mail. We use WORD.

Researchers must also apply to the Belize Fisheries Administrator for a
research permit. The Administrator can be contacted at the following address
for details on how to apply for a research permit, and what the required
fees will be (usually about $250, plus or minus):

	Fisheries Administrator
	Department of Fisheries
	Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
	P.O. Box 148
	Belize City, Belize, C.A.

	Tel: 501-2-44552, or 501-2-32623, or 501-2-32187
	Fax: 501-2-32982
	Attention Mr. James Azueta, <species at btl.net>

Assuming approval of your project proposal, and acquisition of any required
research permits, we will accommodate your party during the time specified.
Charges will be as follows, in U. S. Dollars:

FOOD and LODGING (per person per day)
  Belize students			$10
  Other students			$30
	over one month		        $25
  Non students
     up to one month, single room	$60
       shared room			$40
     over one month,  single room	$50
       shared room			$30

BOAT USE (prices are plus fuel, gas=$3.00/gal, Diesel=$2.50)
  28 FOOT DIESEL SKIPPERED INBOARD BOAT, WITH CABIN,
    Per Hour			$40
    Half Day			$125
    Full Day			$200
    Overnight			$325
  25 FOOT SKIPPERED SKIFF, TWIN 60 HP GASOLINE OUTBOARDS
    Per Hour			$20
    Half Day			$40
    Full Day			$60

  20 FOOT SKIPPERED SKIFF, 55 HP GASOLINE OUTBOARD
    Per Hour			$15
    Half Day			$25
    Full Day			$50

ONE WAY TRANSPORT (up to 8 + gear), including fuel, between:
  BELIZE CITY and MIDDLE Caye		$325
  DANGRIGA and MIDDLE Caye		$180

DIVING
  Air fills			$4
  Tanks & weights		no charge
  Snorkeling gear		$5
	(we will rent the following only
	if your own gear breaks down):
   Regulator			$5
   BC Vest			$5

BEVERAGES
   Beer				$2.00
   Soda				$1

INTERNET (per hour)		$3
PHONE (use your calling card for long distance)

Upon approval of your project proposal, you will be billed for one fourth of
the total anticipated charges for your group's food and lodging.  When this
is paid, your reservation will be confirmed (the latest you can pay the
deposit is 30 days prior to your project starting date). Prepayment of all
or part of your anticipated fees is acceptable at any time. Fees may be
deposited in a WCS bank account in the U. S., paid by check to WCS in the U.
S. through the mail, or by cash (US or Belize Dollars) or check on the
island. We will transport your party and gear by boat, at the above cost,
from the town of Dangriga or Belize City to Middle Caye and back. Or you may
make arrangements with one of the commercial boat charterers at a rather
higher cost. We can assist you in acquiring commercial charters for the purpose.

All SCUBA divers MUST be CERTIFIED for the type of diving anticipated.
Divers must have a buddy. You cannot depend on one of the island staff for
this.  Divers must bring their own regulators, dive computers, and BC vests.
All divers new to the Station will be checked out by the Station Dive Master
before being allowed to dive. Bring your Dive Log and certification card.

We look forward to a safe and productive field excursion for you at Glover's
Reef.

			Sincerely,
			TOM BRIGHT, Station Manager
******************************************************
FORMAT FOR PROJECT PROPOSAL (5 pages maximum)

TITLE:
PROJECT LEADER, Organization, phone, fax, E-mail
ABSTRACT: One or two paragraphs.
OBJECTIVE(S):
DATES REQUESTED:
METHODS: This is a very important section and should describe your intended
activities in enough detail to allow the Station Manager to determine if
your expectations can be met.
ANTICIPATED PRODUCTS OF PROJECT: Contributions to theses, research papers,
articles, published abstracts, application to management and conservation,
classroom credit, etc.?
PROJECT PERSONNEL OTHER THAN LEADER: list all other persons in your party
who will accompany you as participants in the project. Include their
functions  (co-project leader, student, technician, volunteer, etc.) and
affiliations.



From rfgo1 at york.ac.uk  Tue Jul 14 15:05:52 1998
From: rfgo1 at york.ac.uk (Rupert Ormond)
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 1998 15:05:52 BST
Subject: coral bleaching in Indian Ocean
Message-ID: <ECS9807141552A@york.ac.uk>

INCREASED CORAL BLEACHING IN THE RED SEA AND INDIAN OCEAN 1997-8

Joyce Hsieh and I would like to thank all coral-listers who responded with 
information about recent bleaching in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea to our request 
posted on the coral-list earlier this year.  We have been shocked by the extent of 
the bleaching revealed from this and other survey work.  We have prepared a 
report based on these data, and for those interested a copy is attached (minus 
figures) as a Word 6 file.  An abstract of the report is given below.

We would welcome comment and further information prior to publication. 
regards

Dr. Rupert Ormond
Senior Lecturer & Director,
Tropical Marine Research Unit,
Biology Department,
University of York,
YORK YO1 5DD  U.K.
----------------------------------
tel: 44-1904-432930
fax: 44-1904-432860
e-mail: rfgo1 at york.ac.uk

Abstract. Coral bleaching) resulting in extensive coral mortality  has been reported 
with increasing frequency over the last 15-20 years mainly from Caribbean and 
Pacific Oceans.  This bleaching has been found to be associated with above 
normal maximum surface seawater temperatures (SSTs) typically linked to El Ni?o 
/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Until now significant bleaching has rarely 
been reported from Indian Ocean or Red Sea, but during 1997-8 we received 
word-of-mouth reports from divers that bleaching might be occurring on an 
unprecedented scale in this region.  We therefore circulated government agencies, 
dive centres etc. with an information leaflet and request for information. Over 20 
positive reports were received of bleaching in 12 different countries.  These 
indicate that significant bleaching occurred in the central Arabian Gulf during 1995 
and 1996, and in the central and southern Red Sea in the summer of 1997.  
Bleaching also occurred in the Maldives in mid-1997, and again in early 1998, 
since when bleaching has also occurred over a large part of the Western Indian 
Ocean, including the Seychelles, La Reunion, Comoros and East Africa.  We found 
that in almost all cases bleaching was associated with SSTs, as recorded either in 
situ and / or derived from satellite data, that were significantly above the normal 
maxima for each area. The higher than normal SSTs during 1997/8 appear linked to 
the recent El Ni?o (ENSO) event which has recently been confirmed to influence 
Indian as well as Pacific Oceans.



From brichards at hampshire.edu  Tue Jul 14 11:47:25 1998
From: brichards at hampshire.edu (Ben Richards)
Date: Tue, 14 Jul 1998 11:47:25 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Censusing of reef invertebrates
Message-ID: <v03007800b1d0f59e2ac3@[140.90.116.101]>

Dear coral-listers -
	Does anyone have information or references for books or papers
discussing surveying techniques for coral reef invertebrate species?  I am
a research assistant who has among his other tasks,  part of the
development of a rapid assessment protocol for a suite of heavily collected
reef invertebrate species (see species list).  Methods currently under
consideration are random belt transects (per AGRA protocols), timed roving
diver surveys, and stationary visual transects.  I have been unable to find
references to methods used specifically for the surveying of reef
invertebrates (there is much on fishes) in the books I have hear.  Any
information you can give would be most appreciated.  The preliminary
species list is as follows:

Giant anemone, Condylactis, gigantea
Sea biscut,
Basket star, Astrophyton spp.
Brittle stars, Ophiocoma spp.
Banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus
Nudibranchs
Coralimorphs, Discosoma spp.
Crinoids
Cyphomae snail, Cyphomae gibbosum
Tulip snail, Fasciolaria tulipa

Benjamin Richards
Research Assistant
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
http://hampshire.edu/~blrF94/index.html    email: brichards at ocean.nos.noaa.gov


"You cannot stay on the summit forever, you have to come down again.
So why bother in the first place?

Just this:

What is above knows what is below, but what is below does not know what is
above.
One climbs, one sees.
One descends, one sees no longer,

	but one has seen.

There is an art of conduscting oneself in the lower regions
by the memory ofwhat one saw higher up.

		What one can no longer see, one can still know."

					- Rene Dumal



From ibaums at rsmas.miami.edu  Thu Jul 16 15:59:07 1998
From: ibaums at rsmas.miami.edu (Iliana Baums)
Date: Thu, 16 Jul 1998 15:59:07 -0400
Subject: Field support in the Line Islands
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980716155907.00724d18@sammy.rsmas.miami.edu>

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From moconnor at aims.gov.au  Thu Jul 16 21:02:24 1998
From: moconnor at aims.gov.au (Mick O'Connor)
Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 11:02:24 +1000
Subject: BLEACHING DATA - REQUEST.
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19980717010224.006783f8@email.aims.gov.au>

HI ALL,

I'M CURRENTLY WORKING ( COLLATING DATA ) AT THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF
MARINE SCIENCE FOR 6 WEEKS LOOKING AT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CORAL
BLEACHING AND NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY - WITH SPECIAL REFERANCE TO THE
ENSO PHENOMENON.

I HAVE HAD GREAT  DIFFICULTY IN COLLATING BLEACHING INFO. I WAS HOPING TO
LOOK AT  RELATIONSHIPS SINCE THE '82 EN. EVENT TO PRESENT, BUT THE BLEACHING
DATA FOR THIS TIME-SPAN ON THE GBR IS SCARCE. HENCE I AM PROBABLY GOING TO
HAVE TO STUDY RELATIONS SINCE THE EARLY 1990'S INSTEAD.

HAS ANYONE.....


1. BLEACHING DATA FOR THE GBR ( OR ANY OTHER PACIFIC ISLAND ) STRETCHING
BACK TO THE EARLY 80's OR DATA FROM THE EARLY 90's???


2. ANY BLEACHING DATA, PERIOD. WHICH MIGHT BE USEFUL. (ANY WEST/CENTRAL
PACIFIC REGION) 



WIDE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DATA WOULD BE BEST - BUT ANY LEADS WOULD BE USEFUL!!!

NOTE: THE DATA IS FOR USE IN A DISSERTATION AND WILL BE UNPUBLISHED (REFS.
WILL BE MADE TO DATA SOURCES).

I HAVE HAD REAL PROBLEMS COLLATING DATA AND WOULD APPRECIATE ANY LEADS.

ANY ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE FROM ANY SITE WOULD BE APPRECIATED.


THANKING YOU IN ADVANCE,

MICK.    


P.S. - AGAIN THE DATA WILL BE UNPUBLISHED (BUT DATA WILL BE PROPERLY
ACKNOWLEGED).

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE,
TOWNSVILLE,
AUSTRALIA.

TEL: (00 61)(07)4753 4444. ext.230.


From mfine at ccsg.tau.ac.il  Fri Jul 17 01:14:29 1998
From: mfine at ccsg.tau.ac.il (Maoz Fine)
Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 08:14:29 +0300
Subject: [Fwd: bleaching of Oculina patagonica]
Message-ID: <35AEDDB5.67B5@ccsg.tau.ac.il>

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From: Maoz Fine <mfine at ccsg.tau.ac.il>
Subject: bleaching of Oculina patagonica
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From cnidaria at earthlink.net  Fri Jul 17 12:02:37 1998
From: cnidaria at earthlink.net (James M. Cervino)
Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 11:02:37 -0500
Subject: Response to Dr. Amoz
Message-ID: <l03130301b1d52497dcf8@[38.26.22.115]>

Dear Maoz,

Bacterial infection alone cannot account for the spatial or temporal
pattern of these mass bleaching events.  They have always been correlated
with HIGH sea surface temps. I have also seen, in vitro and in situ, corals
expel there symbioant ( zoox.) under temperature decrease.Steen and
Muscatine published a paper regarding "low temperature evokes rapid
exocytosis of symbiotic algae by sea anemone" 1987 in the Biological
Bulletin 172,246-263.

We have seen in countless lab experiments exposing corals to temp increase
and decrease, causing the corals expel the symbioant. Under high
temperature stress the mitotic division rate speeds up as the temperature
rises, and the host starts to expel there symbioant. There seems to be a
host influence on division rates of the cnidarian,  Len Muscatine has shown
us this during a lab experiments in Woods Hole a couple of years ago. He
and colleagues have published a few papers regarding this physiological
response:  One example, Suharsono & BE Brown, J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 158
(1992) 179-188.

Coral Reef Bleaching episodes between 1983 & 1991 followed positive
anomalies more than 1C above long term monthly averages "(hot spots)"
during the proceeding warm season  (Goreau, Hayes Ambio Vol. 23 no.3 May
94). Al Strong of NOAA has been watching SST closely. He is comparing the
rise above the norm for that region with EARLY SIGNS of bleaching in the
tropics.

We are seeing more and more bleaching events in the past 2 decades, this is
lowering the metabolic activity (DEFENSES!) of the corals. Areas that are
under stress from pollution, sewage (excess nutrients leading to
eutrophication) and sedimentation, will exhibit longer if no recovery rates
at all.

Deforestation causing the uplifting of the soil is unleashing a wide
variety of microbial communities into the oceans, from rivers.
Aspergillosis is a soil based fungi found in the soil in South American
rain forests, could it be that the microbial loads coming from land are
increasing at such high concentrations be responsible for wide scale
bleaching events? It is possible that  this can be linked to the seafan
mortality, and inducing other coral diseases,  but bleaching??


Yes if there is a high microbial population in the water during the time of
mass bleaching events, the mucus from the corals will be utilized as a food
source by bacteria or fungi. High numbers of gram negs (-) can become
pathogenic, especially if the metabolic activity of the corals is lowered
by stressful conditions like high temps. One of the triggering mechanisms
for zoox. expulsion are the result of: a reduced supply of nutrients
available to the algae from the stressed coral host (Muscatine,
1971;decreased space availability caused by atrophied host tissues, and
secretion of substances by the coral host that produce a hostile
environment around the algae (Jaap, W.C. 1979 Bull. Mar. Sci. 29:414-422.
Could the Vibro AK1 that was identified in that paper increase mitosis thus
causing expulsion as in increased temperature stress during bleaching
events? Reading the paper published in Nature makes no mention, or
comparison of division rates of the zooxanthellae observed in Oculina
patagonica. Vibrios will utilize the mucus that is produced as a definite
nutrient source during increased seas surface temperatures, however, the
responsibility for MASS BLEACHING??

The recovery rates of corals in areas where there is minimal stress from
anthropogenic sources are higher, much higher. After the 95 bleaching event
that hit New Britain (PNG), the corals were in full recovery 8 to 9 months
after the bleaching event. Kimbe Bay is under minimal stress from man.  Has
anyone published a paper comparing undisturbed areas to disturbed?

Good Luck with the experiments!


*******************************
James M. Cervino
Marine Biologist
Global Coral Reef Alliance
124-19 9th ave. College Point
New York, NY 11356
Phone/Fax (718) 539-8155
********************************



From nhorsman at samoa.net  Sat Jul 18 16:43:59 1998
From: nhorsman at samoa.net (Nicole Horsman)
Date: Sat, 18 Jul 1998 09:43:59 -1100
Subject: Searching  for Jan Henning Steffen
Message-ID: <19980718003529564.AAF152@default>


Dear coral-listers,

I am desperately trying to contact Jan Henning Steffen who was working on
the Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Project in Sumatra, Indonesia in
1997.  

Last I heard, he was based in the Bung Hatta University, Fakultas
Perikanan, Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia up till October 1997.  After that I
think he returned to Germany for a short time but was expected back in
Jakarta to take up a position with the Biodiversity Foundation late 1997
early 1998.

I would appreciate hearing from anyone who knows of his current location
and contact details.  Please use the coral-list address if responding
before the end of July.  If after July, please mail me personally at the
address below.


Thank you
Nichole Horsman
<turan at midwest.com.au>


From Maikea at aol.com  Mon Jul 20 00:31:18 1998
From: Maikea at aol.com (Maikea at aol.com)
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 00:31:18 EDT
Subject: No Subject
Message-ID: <fca7d8ee.35b2c818@aol.com>

Dear Researchers,
	My name is Chad Treatman.  I am looking to assist Researchers working on
Coral Reef Management, and any pertaining subject.  I have a resume to back my
abilities and hope that there are such positions available.  Please contact me
directly at Maikea at aol.com, (718)238-1825, or by snail-mail at :
Chad Treatman
6676 Sedgwick Place
Brooklyn, NY, 11220

Thank you all
Chad Treatman


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Mon Jul 20 05:17:07 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 16:17:07 +0700
Subject: Need some posters
Message-ID: <01bdb3bf$2b0adea0$0100007f@localhost>

Dear All,

I am looking for some posters of coralreef for my collection.
That's kind of you, who can help me on it.
Thank's for your kindness.


Romie
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id
Mailing address : 
Jln. Wijaya Gg. Wijaya No. 80/6
RT. 04 RW. 02 Kel. Kedung Sari (28123)
Riau - Indonesia





From mfine at ccsg.tau.ac.il  Sun Jul 19 13:17:02 1998
From: mfine at ccsg.tau.ac.il (Maoz Fine)
Date: Sun, 19 Jul 1998 20:17:02 +0300
Subject: Response to James Cervino (Bacterial Bleaching of O.patagonica)
Message-ID: <199807201128.LAA19280@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Dear James,

Thank you for your message.  your point of view is of graet intereste to
us, and I must say, to answer all your questions we need some more
research time.  Any way, we have tried to gather some of the information
we have so far in order to convince you and the other readers, that at
least in the case of O.patagonica a bacteria is the causetive agent for
bleaching.

	Coral bleaching is generally considered to be a phenomenon caused
by environmental stress, such as increased or decreased seawater
temperatures, increased solar radiation, including ultraviolet radiation,
pollution reduced salinity and combinations of these stresses. The
evidence supporting stress as the cause of coral bleaching is based both
on field studies and laboratory experiments. The field studies involve
correlations between environmental parameters and frequency of bleaching.
The most common factor believed to be responsible for extensive coral
bleaching is elevated sea temperature.  This is particularly important
because of the possible link between coral bleaching and global warming.
How does increased seawater temperature cause coral bleaching? In
principle, there are three possible targets: the coral animal, the
endosymbiotic algae and potential coral pathogenic microorganisms. There
are several reasons to assume that the coral animal is not the prime
target. If the increased temperature affected the coral physiology
directly, then one would expect that genetically identical coral species
exposed to the same temperature stress would all bleach. The possibility
that the endosymbiotic algae is the target of environmental stress,
resulting in coral bleaching, was implied in the adaptative bleaching
hypothesis of Buddemeir and Fautin (1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptive
mechanism. A testable hypothesis. BioScience 43: 320-325.). They suggested
that coral bleaching is a normal regulatory process by which genetic
variation among the zooxanthellae is allowed. Accordingly, increased sea
water temperature would lead to the loss of algae, allowing more
heat-resistant algae to form stable symbioses with the coral. Moreover,
the model of Ware et al (1996. Patterns of coral bleaching: modelling the
adaptivebleaching hypothesis. Ecological Modelling 84: 199-214.)  showed
how the adaptive bleaching hypothesis could explain some features of
bleaching events that are difficult to reconcile with mechanisms based on
invariant temperature tolerances of the two symbiotic partners.  Recently,
it has been shown that corals can host multi-species communities of
symbiotic algae (Rowan, R., N. Kowlton, A. Baker, and J.  Jara. 1997.
Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of
coral bleaching. Nature 338: 265-269.). The composition of these
communities followed a gradient of environmental parameters, and an
analyses of the symbionts before and after bleaching suggested that some
corals were protected from bleaching by hosting an additional symbiont
that was more tolerant to the stress condition. It should be pointed out
that the fact that different algae may make corals more resistant to
bleaching does not prove that the algae are the primary target of the
stress condition.

The third possible target for an environmental stress condition leading to
coral bleaching is potential pathogenic microorganisms. It is known that
stress conditions, especially temperature, can cause certain bacteria to
become pathogenic by "turning on" virulence genes (Colwell, R.R. 1996.
Global climate and infectious disease: The cholera paradigm.  Science 274:
2025-2031., Patz, J. A., R. Epstein, A. B. Thomas, and J.  M. Balbus.
1996. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases.  JAMA. 275:
217-223.,Toren, A., L. Landau, A. Kushmaro, Y. Loya, and E.  Rosenberg.
1998. Effect of temperature on the adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to Oculina
patagonica and coral bleaching. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:
1379-1384.).We suggest that altering the surface bacterial population by
even small changes in the environmental conditions can lead to coral
bleaching. In the bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica in the
Mediterranean Sea, the causative agent of the coral bleaching disease is
the bacterium Vibrio AK-1 (Kushmaro, A., Y. Loya, M. Fine, and E.
Rosenberg. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature.  380:
396., Kushmaro, A., E. Rosenberg, M. Fine, and Y. Loya. 1997. Bleaching of
the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.  147:
159-165.) and elevated seawater temperatures cause the bacterium to become
virulent (Toren, A., L. Landau, A. Kushmaro, Y. Loya, and E.  Rosenberg.
1998. Effect of temperature on the adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to Oculina
patagonica and coral bleaching. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:
1379-1384.).

Bleaching of Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea. Recent surveys
show that O. patagonica is abundant in wide areas along the Israeli coast
of the Mediterranean at a depth range of one to fifty meters. Most of the
bleaching colonies have been found in patchy formations at depths of one
to six meters. Bleaching of O. patagonica was first observed in 1993 and
since then has been continuously monitored. The number of bleached
colonies and the extent of bleaching increases rapidly in the summer
following rising sea temperatures. In each of the years, Mediterranean
seawater temperature off the coast of Israel increased from a minimum of
17=B1 0.2 C in February to a maximum of 29 =B1 0.2 C in August. The
percentage of colonies that showed bleaching increased from a minimum of
less than 10% in February/March to a maximum of 80% in August/September.
The frequency of bleaching began to increase in the Spring when the water
temperature reached 22-25 C and the corals began to recover in the late
Fall when the temperature again dropped below 25 C.

	Vibrio AK-1 is the causative agent of bleaching of O. patagonica.
Koch's postulates were applied to demonstrate that a particular Vibrio
strain, initially referred to as AK-1, was the causative agent of the
coral bleaching disease of O. patagonica (Kushmaro, A., Y. Loya, M.  Fine,
and E. Rosenberg. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching.  Nature.
380: 396., Kushmaro, A., E. Rosenberg, M. Fine, and Y. Loya.  1997.
Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK1. Mar.  Ecol. Prog.
Ser. 147: 159-165.). First, the microorganism was found to be present in
all 28 diseased (bleached) corals examined and absent in all 24 healthy
corals examined. Second, the bacterium was obtained in pure culture. The
bacterium was identified as a new species of Vibrio by classical
biochemical tests, fatty acid profile and 16S rDNA. Third,=20 pure
cultures of Vibrio AK-1 caused the bleaching disease in controlled aquaria
experiments. As few as 120 bacteria caused 83% of the corals to bleach in
20 days at 29 C. None of the corals that were not inoculated with bacteria
showed any signs of bleaching. Fourth, addition of antibiotics to the
aquaria completely blocked the Vibrio AK-1 induced bleaching.

	The effect of temperature of V. shiloi induced coral bleaching. As
mentioned above, bleaching of O. patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea is
correlated with increased seawater temperatures. To examine if Vibrio AK-1
infection of O. patagonica is also temperature regulated, a series of
aquaria experiments were performed at different temperatures. No bleaching
occurred at 16 C. At 20 C, bleaching was slow. At 25 C and 29 C, bleaching
was rapid and extensive, reaching 80% and 100%, respectively, after 45
days. No added bacteria controls showed no bleaching at all four
temperatures tested. Thus, a similar pattern of temperature dependence on
bleaching was observed in laboratory infection experiments and in field
observations.

	In the case of adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to O. patagonica, the
process is both bacteria-specific and host-specific (Toren, A., L. Landau,
A.  Kushmaro, Y. Loya, and E. Rosenberg. 1998. Effect of temperature on
the adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to Oculina patagonica and coral bleaching.
Appl.  Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1379-1384). Approximately 80% of the input
Vibrio AK-1 cells adhered to the O. patagonica in 6 h, whereas several
other marine bacteria failed to adhere to the coral. Several lines of
investigation indicated that adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to O. patagonica
involved a b-D-galactoside-containing receptor on the coral surface.
First, 50 =B5m methyl-b -D-g-alactopyranoside completely inhibited
adhesion, whereas several other sugars tested had no effect on the binding
of Vibrio AK-1 to O. patagonica. Second, addition of methyl-
b-D-galactopyranoside solutions to the coral, after the bacteria were
allowed to adhere for 6-12 h, resulted in desorption of the bacteria from
the coral surface. Addition of the inhibitor after 12 h did not release
the bacteria, indicating that Vibrio AK-1 had become irreversibly
associated with the coral.

	The discovery that the causative agent of the bleaching of the
coral O.  patagonica is the bacterium Vibrio AK-1 and that the infection
is temperature regulated, raised four major questions:

1. How general is the phenomenon? Are bacteria the causative agents of
coral bleaching in other parts of the world? If so, which bacteria are
involved?

2. How do environmental factors, such as changes in sea water temperature
and radiation trigger the infection?

3. How is the disease transmitted?

4. What are the mechanisms by which bacterial infection causes the loss of
the endosymbiotic algae?

Regarding the first question - there have been a few studies that show
changes in the bacterial population of corals following bleaching events
(Ritchie, K.B., J.H. Dennis, T. McGrath, and G.W. Smith. 1994. Bacteria
associated with bleached and nonbleached areas of Montastrea annularis.
In: Kass L. (ed) Bahamian field station. Prof. 5th Symp. Nat. Hist.
Bahamas, San Salvador, Bahamas, p. 75-79., Upton, S.J., and E.C. Peters.
1989. A new and unusual species of Coccidium (Apicomplexa,
Agamococcidiorida) from Caribbean scleractinian corals. J. Invert. Pat.
47: 184-193. However, except for the Vibrio AK-1 / O. patagonica
interaction, there have been no demonstrations that the bacteria
associated with the bleached corals are the causative agents of the
disease.

	The fact that bacteria are the causative agents of at least
certain coral diseases does not diminish the critical importance of
environmental factors and their effect on the disease process. Thus, it is
important both to discover the causative agents for coral diseases and to
study the effect of environmental factors on the pathogen/host
interaction.

Regards
Maoz Fine


From delbeek at hawaii.edu  Mon Jul 20 13:57:09 1998
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 07:57:09 -1000
Subject: Response to James Cervino (Bacterial Bleaching of O.patagonica)
In-Reply-To: <199807201128.LAA19280@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.95q.980720075555.18549A-100000@uhunix1>

Maoz: I am curious as to what the possibilities are to the fourth
question i.e. why/how do the bacteria cause the coral to bleach??


J. Charles Delbeek M.Sc.
Aquarium Biologist
Waikiki Aquarium

"The fact that my physiology differs from yours pleases me to no end." 
Mr. Spock



From Maikea at aol.com  Mon Jul 20 20:40:42 1998
From: Maikea at aol.com (Maikea at aol.com)
Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 20:40:42 EDT
Subject: No Subject
Message-ID: <3fad8eb3.35b3e38c@aol.com>

My apologies for my vagueness in my last posting.  I was posting looking for
research assistant positions, or assisting professors studying Coral Reef
Ecology and problems on Reefs.  I hold a BA in Biology from Oberlin College in
Ohio, and have been actively volunteering for a little over a year now at
several places in the United States.  I also have done several months of
research during summers in Coral Reef Managemeny, namely on bleaching effects,
reproduction, and growth. At this point, I am looking for a paying "job" in
the field, or to further my studies in Grad work.  As I asked in my previous
posting, is there anyone who needs a knowledgable assistant to assist in Coral
Reef Research.  Appreciation to those that did answer, but I realize that i
needed to be more specific, so i am reposting.  
Please Contact me with any information at 'Maikea at aol.com'
Thank You
Chad Treatman


From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Tue Jul 21 03:22:47 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 14:22:47 +0700
Subject: Information of International Fund
Message-ID: <01bdb478$5c984480$0100007f@localhost>

Dear all,

We are the NGO called "Laksana Samudera" in Pekanbaru, Riau - Indonesia.
and concern on marine science and ecosystem.

We would like to know about the information of international foundation
fund.
Any body can hel us ?

Thank for your information

Sincerelly yours


Romie Jhonnerie
crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id




From rfu at ifs.se  Tue Jul 21 05:51:09 1998
From: rfu at ifs.se (rfu at ifs.se)
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 10:51:09 +0100
Subject: IFS Research Grants
Message-ID: <199807211204.MAA24769@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE - CALL FOR RESEARCH GRANT
APPLICATIONS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRY SCIENTISTS WORKING IN THE FIELD
OF AQUATIC RESOURCES


The International Foundation for Science (IFS) provides support to
young scientists of merit in developing countries by awarding
research grants and providing grantees with additional services such
as travel grants and purchasing assistance=2E

Within the scope of Aquatic Resources, projects can relate to
research dealing with the ecology and sustainable management of
aquatic resources=2E Simple surveys should not be included=2E Project
proposals dealing with aquaculture research, ie site selection,
selection, breeding, rearing, and nutrition of cultivable organisms,
and disease control are invited=2E Relevant research in fisheries,
aquatic biology and ecology, environmental impact including coastal
zone management, and ecology of species and ecosystems can be
proposed in applications=2E =20

Research grants are awarded up to a maximum value of USD 12,000 for a
period of one to three years and may be renewed twice=2E They are
intended for the purchase of equipment, expendable supplies, and
literature=2E Applicants must be citizens of, and carry out the
research in, a developing country (countries in Europe, including
Turkey and Cyprus, or the former Soviet Union, do not qualify for
support)=2E They should also be employed at a university or national
research institution in a developing country=2E As well as being under
the age of 40 (under 30 for applicants from China) and at the start
of their research career, candidates must possess a higher academic
degree, which should be at least an MSc or equivalent=2E=20

The IFS supports projects dealing with the management, use, and
conservation of biological resources and their environment=2E The
Foundation organizes its activities into six Research Areas, viz
Animal Production, Aquatic Resources, Crop Science, Food Science,
Forestry/Agroforestry, and Natural Products=2E=20

For further information and application forms in English or French
write to:=20

IFS, Grev Turegatan 19, S-114 38 Stockholm, Sweden
Fax: +46-8-54581801     Email: info at ifs=2Ese  Website: www=2Eifs=2Ese


From browndr at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca  Tue Jul 21 12:37:41 1998
From: browndr at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (D.R. Browne)
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 12:37:41 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: shrimp pond wastes
Message-ID: <Pine.SOL.3.96.980721123328.9135A-100000@mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA>

I am having difficulty tracking down wastewater treatment methods and
technologies for the treatment of shrimp pond effluent and wastes.  In
particular we are interested in methods to degrade/treate chitin wastes
and were wondering if a fermentation process was possible.  This is with
respect to coastal tambaks in Indonesia.

Any information or references would be greatly appreciated.

David.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
David R. Browne				tel. 905-525-9140 x24513  
School of Geography and Geology		fax  905-522-3141
McMaster University 			email: browndr at mcmaster.ca
Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1                           
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


From astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov  Tue Jul 21 13:39:13 1998
From: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov (astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov)
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 13:39:13 -0400
Subject: Bleaching "Hotspots"
In-Reply-To: <Pine.SOL.3.96.980721123328.9135A-100000@mcmail.CIS.McMaster.CA
	>
Message-ID: <199807211739.NAA01544@orbit34i.nesdis.noaa.gov>

HotSpot Notes   July 21, 1998

NOAA satellite data shows "HotSpots" and related coral reef bleaching appears 
to be on the increase again, after a brief drop in intensity during the past 
month.  Ocean surface temperatures are becoming "near-critical" for potential 
bleaching in the following areas in the western hemisphere:

     - much of the Gulf of Mexico [Texas Flower Gardens?] 
     - northern Caribbean 
     - the Bahamas
     - south of Bermuda

Bleaching appears to be continuing at the following eastern hemisphere 
locations:

     - Cambodian coast -- central South China Sea -- N. Philippines
     - portions of the Red Sea 
     - areas in the southern Persian Gulf 
     - portions of eastern Mediterranean [bleaching reported off Israel]!

AES
**** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< *****
Alan E. Strong
  Phys Scientist/Oceanographer                    Adj Assoc Res Professor
  NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3                    US Naval Academy
  NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W                    Oceanography Department
  5200 Auth Road                                        Annapolis, MD 21402
  Camp Springs, MD 20746                              410-293-6550
        Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov
  301-763-8102 x170    FAX: 301-763-8108
          http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad


From SWells at wwfnet.org  Wed Jul 22 03:57:00 1998
From: SWells at wwfnet.org (Susan Wells)
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 1998 09:57:00 +0200
Subject: Bleaching in Vietnam
Message-ID: <s5b5b785.056@wwfnet.org>

This is a small observation to add to the depressing list of sites affected
by bleaching in Asia.  I have just come back from Vietnam where I saw
major bleaching on reefs in the Con Dao Islands, which lie about about
200 km south of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)  and 80 km off the Mekong
Delta.  I dived at 2 sites (to a maximum depth of about 15m) and
snorkelled at 3 other sites.  At all localities there was extensive bleaching
(I would estimate over 70% - considerably worse than my only other
experience of a major bleaching event which was Belize in 1995), at all
depths and in most species.  Some of the bleached colonies were
already being overgrown by algae.  The water was noticeably warm. 

The reefs had some of the most impressive coral growth that I have
seen for sometime, but had already been badly damaged by Typhoon
Linda in November 1997.  Con Dao National Park was established as an
MPA in 1991, and WWF-Indochina has been working on a turtle
conservation project there since 1995.  Currently WWF and HK
University of Science and Technology are collaborating on a
DANIDA-funded Marine Biodiversity Project to provide training and advice
to park staff on how to manage the park.

I also dived twice at Hon Mun Island (further north, off the coast at Nha
Trang), the site of a proposed marine protected area.  Here, I observed
no bleaching and the water was noticeably cold, apparently due to a
well documented adjacent upwelling.

I snorkelled very briefly in Halong Bay (right in the north of the country)
and did not observe any bleaching here, although I only saw a small area
of reef.  Much of Halong Bay is a World Heritage Site.

I would urge anyone going to Vietnam to contact the National Institute of
Oceanography (at Nha Trang), the WWF-Indochina office (in Hanoi) or
Con Dao National Park if they are able to help check the situation out in
more detail.

Sue Wells
Marine Programme Co-ordinator
WWF International
Switzerland


From hapalcan at hotmail.com  Tue Jul 21 17:09:55 1998
From: hapalcan at hotmail.com (Ana Marie Alcantara)
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 14:09:55 PDT
Subject: Dynamite fishing in Philippines
Message-ID: <199807221328.NAA00396@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Dear Sir/Madam:

We are a beach resort owner in the Philippines and we have a problem
with local community. They had been using dynamites for fishing and as
well as throw waste around the seashore. We tried to educate them (since
most of them are uneducated) with the consequences of dynamite fishing
and as well as gave them free toilet bowls for them to poop but
nevertheless they don't care. We tried so hard to help them improve
their lifestyle but couldn't figure out on how to tickle these people.
Do you have any suggestions on how will we prevent these people on using
these dynamites and reducing waste around our community? We need public
support and we cannot improve our  market in our resort if they don't
help us. I am very much aware of what is happening to our environment
now and concerned with the coral reefs. I want to prevent the coral reef
of an island near our resort too. Is there any group of people in the
Philippines who cares for the environment (coral reefs in general)?

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,
Ana Marie Alcantara



From t.flueck at nzz.ch  Wed Jul 22 18:44:06 1998
From: t.flueck at nzz.ch (Flueck Thomas)
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 00:44:06 +0200
Subject: Reef-status on Maldives
Message-ID: <01BDB5D3.29C5D5C0@p030rol0.nzz.ch>

>From July 3 to 18 we investigated  maldivian coral reefs in the north of the Ari atoll. When we arrived there, bleached corals could already be seen from the plane. When we left the archipelago two weeks later, bleached corals could hardly be observed from this  bird's-eye view.

In between we checked seven reefs, using 100 meter transect lines in 4 and 10 m depth. According the methods of  Reefcheck98 we recorded the substrate. The provisional results are sad: More than 95% of all hard corals (mostly Acropra sp.) were dead and covered with algae. Porites sp. colonies were bleached up to 100%. All Fungia and Herpolita were bleached. Leather corals e.g. Sinularia sp.  were bleached up to 100%. Sea-anemones were bleached as well... and so on.

Below a depth of 15 m living colonies were found here and there.

During the investigations the number of bleached corals decreased whereas the number of algae-covered colonies increased. The degree of filamentous algae- and siltation-covering increased rapidly.

The same situation is reported from 6 other teams working on North- and South-Male atoll in the same period.

Here are the questions we would like to post:

1.	Is it reasonable to assume that large scale  factors as global-warming and  CO2-increase brought these systems to a critical point and that local factors as eutrophication (probably  due to increasing number of tourist resorts) tilt them?
2.	How do you rate the chance for these reefs to recover?
3.	If there is a chance for recovery, how long does it take?
4.	Do you know references describing similar situations?

We look forward to hearing your comments.

Thomas Flueck
Dipl. phil. II
Editor NZZ Online (http://www.nzz.ch)
Neue Zuercher Zeitung
Switzerland




From dbaker at tm.net.my  Wed Jul 22 23:33:45 1998
From: dbaker at tm.net.my (DBaker)
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 11:33:45 +0800
Subject: Resorts & Blast Fishing
Message-ID: <35B6AF19.6A02@tm.net.my>

Subject: 
           Re: Dynamite fishing in Philippines
      Date: 
           Thu, 23 Jul 1998 11:31:54 +0800
      From: 
           DBaker <dbaker at tm.net.my>
        To: 
           Ana Marie Alcantara <hapalcan at hotmail.com>
References: 
           1


Ana Marie Alcantara wrote:
> 
> Dear Sir/Madam:
> 
> We are a beach resort owner in the Philippines and we have a problem
> with local community. They had been using dynamites for fishing and as
> well as throw waste around the seashore. We tried to educate them (since
> most of them are uneducated) with the consequences of dynamite fishing
> and as well as gave them free toilet bowls for them to poop but
> nevertheless they don't care. We tried so hard to help them improve
> their lifestyle but couldn't figure out on how to tickle these people.
> Do you have any suggestions on how will we prevent these people on using
> these dynamites and reducing waste around our community? We need public
> support and we cannot improve our  market in our resort if they don't
> help us. I am very much aware of what is happening to our environment
> now and concerned with the coral reefs. I want to prevent the coral reef
> of an island near our resort too. Is there any group of people in the
> Philippines who cares for the environment (coral reefs in general)?
> 
> Thank you very much.
> 
> Sincerely,
> Ana Marie Alcantara
*******************************************************************

Hello Ana Marie,

Though you may be receiving some interesting replies from Coral-L, I
would like to reply from my very own "hands-on experience", whereas, I
have been the resident ecologist/biologist/aquaculturist for Gayana
Resort Bay Sdn. Bhd. / Kota Kinabalu/ Sabah, Malaysia for some 3 years
now.

I have attained limited success in:

        *       The establishment of a 7sqkm marine life sanctuary that
                includes a 3sqkm mangrove area.
        *       Stopping the use of explosives & cyanide in this
                sanctuary and the nearby reefs by 1 km buffer from the
                sanctuary.
        *       Educating the local nearby villages as to why their
                fish catches are much better outside the sanctuary.

How did we attain this?    We have employed about 30% of the Resort
staff from these nearby villages. [Ladies as housekeepers, dishwashers,
and beach cleaners - men as maint. staff and also beach cleaners] We
have also under our hire one of the village elders as head of security.
This effort is to win their support & loyalty to the Resort and the
Sanctaury by their employ....and direct involvement with the Resort's
development.  Sort of like having them part & parcial of the facilities
operations in a more possessive manner to these villagers.  This
certainly may seem to be over simplifying it..but it has worked.

Initially, as an American, I was "ugly" to the villagers that would
bomb/blast the reefs 2 km away from the sanctuary...taking pictures and
then having a fishermen swinging a machete at me ..at the Resort.  He
was trying to feed his little children.  If I took the photo to the
police, he gets thrown in jail, beat up, and his children go hungry and
have to beg off other families.  Difficult to Deal with indeed. So, I
eventually chilled out. I only insisted, through the village elder
security chief at the Resort, that, "please, no bombs or cyanide in or
next to the Sanctaury.  You will catch more fish. Please be patient." 
They villages seem to respect this approach much better.  The fishermen
even bring the pretty aquarium fishes to the Project aquariums..... 

With the solid waste trash that floats onto our beach and from Resort
ops,  [90% plastics] we collect and compress into large gabion net cages
[used for construction, etc.], outer coat/line with concrete and sink in
70 ft of water off shore in the effort to establish an artificial reef
and further enhance local fisheries yields.

As this Resort is also an "education" for its Malaysian owners, one of
the most important waste features coming from the Resort is septic
graywater & blackwater discharge.  We are now installing a unique
hydroponic treatment system to address this waste.  Concurrent changes
will also be made with soap constiuents [sodium chg to potassium base]as
well.

For the villagers themselves, direct educational "correction" and even
police action will not work. It was initially tried at Gayana in
1994/95.  One of the first recommendations I made, when I came on board,
was to hire a few of the villagers as housemaids and restaurant
dishwashers.  It evolved thereafter into what we have today.

I also am the director of The Reef Project.  This facility and effort is
part of the theme that sustains the Resort.  We have a large public
building complete with a Hall/Forum [50pax seating] for evening video
movies about coral reefs, etc.  The other part of the Project [raceways,
labs, dive locker] is mariculture & rehabilitation research and
development of giant clams, corals, and high value marine aquarium
fishes. And, Yes, we employ two local villagers at this Project as well.

Please feel free to contact me direct with questions & recommendations
requests on any matters for your Resort.

Sincerely,
Don E Baker
Director & Founder
THE REEF PROJECT
Pulau Gaya / 88000 Kota Kinabalu
G16 Wisma Sabah
Sabah, Malaysia

[reefprj at hotmail.com & reefprj at tm.net.my]


From abemariko at wwf.or.jp  Thu Jul 23 01:26:07 1998
From: abemariko at wwf.or.jp (abemariko)
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 14:26:07 +0900
Subject: Dynamite fishing in Philippines
References: <199807221328.NAA00396@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <35B6C96F.54B900C1@wwf.or.jp>

Hi, Ana Marie Alcantara

> Is there any group of people in the
> Philippines who cares for the environment (coral reefs in general)? 

I am a staff of WWF Japan. I think you should make contact with WWF
Philippines at Quezon City.
Their contact numbers are;

tel: 632-921-2905/433 3220-22
fax:632-426-3927
e-mail: kkp at mozcom.com.

I hope above info helps.

Can I ask which resort/island is that ? The Philippines is one of my
favorite dive site.

Regards,

Mariko Abe
WWF Japan
-- 
****************************************************
WWF Japan ????????????????
?105-0014???????3-1-14??????????6F
Tel?03-3769-1713?Fax?03-3769-1717
e-mail?abemariko at wwf.or.jp
http://wwfjapan.aaapc.co.jp/
???????????????
****************************************************


From wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv  Thu Jul 23 12:44:18 1998
From: wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv (William Allison)
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 09:44:18 -0700
Subject: Maldives bleaching
Message-ID: <35B76862.3E56@dhivehinet.net.mv>

To put Maldives bleaching in perspective:

Thomas Flueck's recent posting on Maldives implies bleaching damage is
worse than it is. The surveys were mostly or all post-main event (April
May) so there is no way of discriminating between pre-bleaching and
bleaching period mortality. Mortality of Acroporas was very high, but it
was not as bad as implied.

Sincerely,
Bill


-- 
William (Bill) R. Allison (MSc, MBA)
Coral Reef Research and Management
Ma. Maadheli
Majeedhee Magu
Male 20-03
MALDIVES

ph 960 32 9667 (direct)
fx 960 32 6884 (voice, fax)
e-mail: wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv



From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Thu Jul 23 13:31:37 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Health and Monitoring Program)
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 13:31:37 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: The Great "Reefs At Risk" Debate
Message-ID: <199807231747.RAA06825@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


Because of the many valuable comments that were generated recently on
coral-list in response to the publication of the WRI publication, "Reefs
at Risk," I have compiled all those comments into one document which may
be accessed at the following URL:

	http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/themes/rr_thread.html

(The document does not include some of the acerbic comments near the end
of the thread, nor my misspelled "Diatribes" follow-up message!)

For more information on the book, please see:

	http://www.wri.org/indictrs/reefrisk.htm


	Cheers,
	Jim Hendee
	coral-list administrator


From rrresort at dhivehinet.net.mv  Thu Jul 23 15:13:53 1998
From: rrresort at dhivehinet.net.mv (Reethi Rah Resort)
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1998 00:13:53 +0500
Subject: Reef Check 98 Maldives Statement
Message-ID: <199807231908.TAA07282@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


Reef Check 98 Maldives

False information about the Maldivian Reef Check on the Internet

It has come to our attention, that you have received information about =
the findings of the Reef Check 98 Maldives going on at this moment. The =
source implies that all the coral reefs in the Maldives are to 95% dead =
and that coral bleaching is responsible for this situation. Also it =
implies, that this statement was issued by the project management =
responsible for the Reef Check 98 Maldives.=20

To this we state: The information you have received, is false and not =
authorized by the Reef Check 98 Maldives project management.=20

As there are still teams working in the Maldives, the scientific data =
collected has not yet been evaluated. Therefore there is no basis for =
speculations about the status of the reefs of the Maldives. Since the =
studies took or are taking place only in the North Male and the Ari =
Atoll there is also no basis for a general statement on the status of =
the Maldivian coral reefs.

The idea of the Reef Check Project as we perceive it is to collect as =
much data as possible to generate an overview of the status of coral =
reefs worldwide. The method allows a general overview but is not aimed =
at describing or explaining short-term dynamic processes.

The project management of the Maldivian Reef Check is aware of these =
facts and therefore cannot accept false and unauthorized statements of =
this kind. We advise you therefore, to ignore any information on the =
findings of the Reef Check 98 Maldives not issued by the project =
management.



From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id  Thu Jul 23 22:20:00 1998
From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau)
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1998 09:20:00 +0700
Subject: Dynamite fishing in Philippines
Message-ID: <01bdb6a9$8f7e76c0$0100007f@localhost>

Dear Ana Marie

I do not know who in Philippina representatif to help you.
But I reed Mariko Abe, that is good idea. WWF can be help you.
I will compose how to manage this problem and send you leter.
we have same problem. And that is our job to clear it.
at now we have a program: "community base management" to clear the "boom"
problem.
Ok, I Apologiza because just it I can help you for a while.
I promise to send you the management.


Fadil Nandila


-----Original Message-----
From: Ana Marie Alcantara <hapalcan at hotmail.com>
To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Date: 22 Juli 1998 20:50
Subject: Dynamite fishing in Philippines


>Dear Sir/Madam:
>
>We are a beach resort owner in the Philippines and we have a problem
>with local community. They had been using dynamites for fishing and as
>well as throw waste around the seashore. We tried to educate them (since
>most of them are uneducated) with the consequences of dynamite fishing
>and as well as gave them free toilet bowls for them to poop but
>nevertheless they don't care. We tried so hard to help them improve
>their lifestyle but couldn't figure out on how to tickle these people.
>Do you have any suggestions on how will we prevent these people on using
>these dynamites and reducing waste around our community? We need public
>support and we cannot improve our  market in our resort if they don't
>help us. I am very much aware of what is happening to our environment
>now and concerned with the coral reefs. I want to prevent the coral reef
>of an island near our resort too. Is there any group of people in the
>Philippines who cares for the environment (coral reefs in general)?
>
>Thank you very much.
>
>Sincerely,
>Ana Marie Alcantara
>
>



From sgittings at ocean.nos.noaa.gov  Fri Jul 24 11:30:27 1998
From: sgittings at ocean.nos.noaa.gov (Gittings, S.)
Date: 24 Jul 1998 11:30:27 -0400
Subject: Sustainable Sea Announcement
Message-ID: <199807241729.RAA12369@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


At http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/themes/sse.html, or at the anonymous FTP
site ftp://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pub/champ/fgbnms/, you will find an
announcement of an opportunity for collaboration with the National
Geographic Society's Sustainable Seas Expeditions, a five-year,
public-private effort to use manned submersibles to explore the coastal
waters of the United States, with emphasis on the nation's National Marine
Sanctuaries.  The project team is requesting proposals for collaboration,
but has tried to simplify the submission process as much as possible by
requesting completion of short forms that contain the information needed
to select collaborative projects.  All projects conducted during the
Sustainable Seas Expeditions, even those previously identified by the
sanctuaries as high priority projects, will be required to submit
completed forms.

To help us meet the deadline of the review process, please do not to wait
for the deadline to submit this information, if possible.  Also please
feel free to disseminate this announcement in electronic or hard copy
format.

Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
NOAA Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
SSMC-4, N/ORM2, Rm. 11535
Silver Spring, MD 20910



From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Tue Jul 28 09:54:05 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Health and Monitoring Program)
Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 09:54:05 -0400 (EDT)
Subject: Coral Reef Monitoring Protocols
Message-ID: <199807281356.NAA01261@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


For your convenience, a list of some coral reef assessment protocols has
been compiled at:

	http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/methods.html

We realize the list is not complete and would appreciate whatever feedback
you may have.  So far, this is what we have:


     The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network's
     Protocols for Coral Reef Monitoring

     The Atlantic and Gulf Reef Assessment's
     Rapid Assessment Protocol and RAP Data Template. (This is the
     preliminary protocol. The revised protocol will appear soon.)

     The Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP)
     Programme's
     Methods Manual for Coral Reef Communities

     The Reef Check 1998's
     1998 Reef Check Core Methods (including how to post results)

     A Manual for Monitoring Coral Reefs with Indicator Species:
     Butterflyfishes as Indicators of Change on Indo-Pacific Reefs, by
     Michael P. Crosby, Ph.D. and Ernst S. Reese, Ph.D. (You must
     have an Adobe Acrobat PDF reader to view this document.)

     Guidelines, Handbooks and Tools for Coral Reef Management,
     by Sue Wells.

~~~~

If you have any comments or additions, please address them to the CHAMP
WebMaster, Gina Morisseau-Leroy at gmoriss at aoml.noaa.gov.

	Cheers...
	JCH


From otyack at intnet.mu  Wed Jul 29 03:40:57 1998
From: otyack at intnet.mu (Olivier Tyack)
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1998 11:40:57 +0400
Subject: Moorings
Message-ID: <199807291305.NAA06974@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Dear coral-list,

We are seeking technical informations about moorings.  These moorings are
to be implemented inside the lagoon in 2-5 meters.  We are seeking for
different type of solution, because some of them are to be on sand and
some directly in the reef.

If ever you can help us or orientate us please do so.


Regards,

Olivier TYACK
President
Mauritius Marine Conservation Society



From bma at interplanet.com.br  Wed Jul 29 17:19:35 1998
From: bma at interplanet.com.br (Biomonitoramento e Meio Ambiente Ltda.)
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1998 11:19:35 -1000
Subject: Information on coral reef transplantation
Message-ID: <35BF91E7.51E5@interplanet.com.br>

Dear all

Does anybody know about any information regarding transplantation of
corals from one place the other? If this was ever attempted, I would be
very interested in obtaining some information. 

Regards

Pablo Cotsifis
Biomonitoramento e Meio Ambiente
Salvador - Bahia
E-mail: bma at interplanet.com.br
Phone: 00 55 71 247 4993


From ccc at coralcay.demon.co.uk  Thu Jul 30 08:24:07 1998
From: ccc at coralcay.demon.co.uk (ccc at coralcay.demon.co.uk)
Date: Thu, 30 Jul 1998 12:24:07 +0000
Subject: Job opening with Coral Cay Conservation
Message-ID: <199807301112.MAA13336@coralcay.demon.co.uk>

Coral Cay Conservation (CCC)
Opening: Project Scientist 

An experienced postgraduate marine biologist is sought for the
position of a Project Scientist (PS) to oversee CCC's field research
programme in the Philippines.  CCC is a UK based non-profit
organisation which provides resources for the protection and
sustainable use of coastal environments.  

The main duties of the PS are to oversee and co-ordinate the ongoing
CCC coral reef research programme under basic expedition conditions. 
This includes supervision of other science staff, teaching marine
ecology and identification to diving non-biologist volunteers and
local counterparts and co-ordination of the survey work conducted. 
Other aspects of this position are data management, reporting on
scientific activities, developing institutional links and representing
CCC at meetings and conferences. 

The position of PS is a six month non-salaried post based in the
Philippines starting on the 15th September 1998.  

Candidates are required to have:
-a postgraduate qualification (preferable PhD level) in a relevant
subject,
-extensive coral reef research experience in the Indo-
Pacific region, 
-good working knowledge of Indo-Pacific fish, coral
and invertebrate families and species, 
-competence in computing, 
-good organisational skills, 
-excellent communication and presentation skills, 
-excellent interpersonal skills.

The selection process for this post is ongoing and there are also
positions available in 1999 in the Philippines (contact Maria Beger)
and in Belize (contact Shonagh Whithey).

Further information on CCC's work can be obtained from our website:
http://www.coralcay.org/

Please apply in writing or by e-mail to:
Maria Beger, Assistant Science Co-ordinator, Coral Cay Conservation,
154 Clapham Park Rd, London, SW4 7DE, UK, ccc at coralcay.demon.co.uk

--
Coral Cay Conservation Ltd.  154 Clapham Park Road, London, SW4 7DE, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)171 498 6248         Fax: +44 (0)171 498 8447
E-Mail: ccc at coralcay.demon.co.uk | "Providing resources for the protection and
WWW:    http://www.coralcay.org/ |  sustainable use of coastal environments."


From astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov  Thu Jul 30 08:57:39 1998
From: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov (astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov)
Date: Thu, 30 Jul 1998 08:57:39 -0400
Subject: Bleaching Notes -- Bermuda?
Message-ID: <199807301257.IAA22475@orbit34i.nesdis.noaa.gov>

"Comments" posted today at [repeated below]:
http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/climohot.html

Observations appreciated...
Al Strong


HotSpot Notes   July 29, 1998

NOAA satellite data show "HotSpots" and related coral reef bleaching appears 
to be moving into the reefs of Bermuda for the first time since 1994.  

SSTs over much of the Gulf of Mexico continue to hover close to critical levels, 
especially near the Texas Flower Gardens.

In the eastern hemisphere:

     SSTs have inched upward a bit further in the Arabian Gulf and bleaching 	
would now appear to be widespread, as was seen in 1996.  

     The large HotSpot around northern reefs of the Philippines still shows no 	
signs of shrinking.

AES
**** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< *****
Alan E. Strong
  Phys Scientist/Oceanographer                    Adj Assoc Res Professor
  NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3                    US Naval Academy
  NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W                    Oceanography Department
  5200 Auth Road                                        Annapolis, MD 21402
  Camp Springs, MD 20746                              410-293-6550
        Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov
  301-763-8102 x170    FAX: 301-763-8108
          http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad


From Greenforce.melissa at btinternet.com  Fri Jul 31 10:37:02 1998
From: Greenforce.melissa at btinternet.com (Melissa Jones)
Date: Fri, 31 Jul 1998 15:37:02 +0100
Subject: Reef Survey Team Available
Message-ID: <199807311528.PAA18544@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Are you aware of a coral reef survey project which could make use of a
fully equipped survey team free of charge?

Greenforce is a Registered Non-profit Making Organisation and a member of
the British Council for Voluntary Organisations. We arrange biodiversity
survey projects world-wide, including coral reef surveys. Greenforce is
self-financing and offers its services to host country institutions free of
charge. Our survey teams are led by qualified scientists and experienced
dive leaders, assisted by groups of research assistants. We provide all the
equipment necessary to conduct the survey, much of which is donated to the
host country on completion of the survey. All our diving operations are
conducted in accordance with UNESCO=92s Guidelines for Scientific Diving.

We are currently conducting a three year survey of the Yaduataba island
reefs on behalf the National trust for Fiji, who will use our data to
formulate a sustainable management plan for the area, and to support their
application to have Yaduataba island recognised as Fiji=92s first World
Heritage Site.

We intend to start another reef survey next July and are currently seeking
a suitable project. Our preference is to work on behalf of a host country
institution which lacks the recourses or manpower to conduct a survey
itself. All we ask in return for conducting the survey is help with
obtaining the necessary visas and research permits for our survey team.
Because of the capital cost of equipment, we prefer long-term projects of
three or more years.

I=92d be interested to hear any suggestions or proposals, and would be
pleased to answer any questions regarding Greenforce and our work. You can
learn more about us from our website www.btinternet/~greenforce.

Regards
Jonathon Tully
Marine Projects Co-ordinator