From KorrubelJ at science.unp.ac.za  Mon Nov  2 09:04:28 1998
From: KorrubelJ at science.unp.ac.za (Jan Korrubel)
Date: Mon, 02 Nov 1998 16:04:28 +0200
Subject: "Pinkline disease" -Reply
Message-ID: <s63dd826.088@smtp.unp.ac.za>

Dear Coral-Listers,

>>> Prasanna Weerakkody <firefish at sltnet.lk> wrote:

We are presently trying to come to terms with the aftermath of the 98
bleaching catastrophe here in Sri Lanka.......While most of the large
Porites domes survived; the partially pigmented colonies seem to be
fast succumbing to an epidemic of a coral disease which was identified
as the "pink line disease" (pers. com. Dr. Thomas Goreau ).  The coral
tissue is softened and killed by a thin (1-2mm.thick) pink line
advancing as a spreading ring.

>> This sounds very much like something we have seen here earlier this
year on _Porites_ mounds in the Sodwana Bay reef complex.

 We are looking for ways in containing this infection. I would be most
grateful if anyone could enlighten me as to any information or
experience with controlling such infections.

>> If Prasanna Weerakkody or anybody else has anymore information on
this, please forward the necessary to me - I'd certainly like to hear
more about this.

Regards,

Jan Korrubel
University of Natal
South Africa.



From msbb at acd.ufrj.br  Wed Nov  4 13:21:23 1998
From: msbb at acd.ufrj.br (Marcos Soares Barbeitos)
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 1998 15:21:23 -0300
Subject: Looking for a new method to measure hidrodynamics
Message-ID: <9811041821.AA14406@acd.ufrj.br>

        Dear coral-listers,

        Thanks a lot for all the answers I've got for my former message
(there were so many answers that it's not possible to thank each of you
individually). Your contributions surely will help a lot in the development
of my lab's research. Please let me know if you want to know more about
Brazilian reefs. Looking forward to hearing from you, kind regards. 


From jenlash at bcwild.org  Thu Nov  5 09:48:12 1998
From: jenlash at bcwild.org (Jennifer Lash)
Date: Thu, 05 Nov 1998 06:48:12 -0800
Subject: Please sign on
Message-ID: <3.0.6.32.19981105064812.00796400@mail.imag.net>

> 
> PLEASE SIGN ON...PLEASE SIGN ON...PLEASE SIGN ON
> 
>  (apologies for duplication)
> 
> I am writing to you on behalf of BC Wild and the Living Oceans Society.
Both of these organizations work on a wide range of marine conservation issues
> including sustainable fisheries and marine protected areas in British
> Columbia. 
> 
> As you are probably aware, the provincial government of BC and the
federal government of Canada recently released  The MPA Strategy For The
Pacific
> Coast. This document is now out for public review and can be found on the
> internet at: www.luco.gov.bc.ca
> 
> It is our view that this document fails in two ways:
> 
> 1. It does not recommend a core of no-take marine protected areas.
> 2. The minimum standards of no dumping, no dredging, no extraction of
> non-renewable resources are indaquate.
> 
> In response BC Wild and Living Oceans has written Seas the Day: A Call
for
> Action (included in this email). We believe that regional, national and
> international endorsements of Seas the Day will encourage our governments
to
> strengthen this document. Please email me at jenlash at bcwild.org and let
me
> know if you endorse Seas the Day: A Call for Action. I look forward to
> hearing from you.
> 
> Sincerely,
> 
> Jennifer Lash
> Marine Campaign Cordinator              Executive Director
> BC Wild                                 Living Oceans Society
> 
> ph) 250-973-6580,  fax) 250-973-6581,  email) jenlash at bcwild.org
> 
> 
> SEAS THE DAY:
> A CALL FOR ACTION
> 
> We the undersigned marine scientists, conservation biologists, and
> conservation organizations call upon the provincial government of British
> Columbia and the federal government of Canada to establish a system of
> marine protected areas built around a core network of no-take areas by
the
> year 2010.
> 
> The biodiversity in these waters is spectacular. The Pacific Ocean that
> falls within the 200 mile limit of British Columbia and Canada is rich in
> marine life with several hundred species of fish, thousands of species of
> invertebrates, 26 species of marine mammals, and a myriad of seabirds. In
> fact these waters are home to the largest species of octopus, fastest
> growing plant, and greatest number of sea stars in the world. These
waters
> have provided sustenance for the First Nations for centuries as well as
> playing and integral part of the native culture. Presently the ocean is
of
> great economic and
> cultural importance for all coastal communities.
> 
> These special waters are currently threatened. Decreased catches in all
> commercial and recreational fisheries, complete closure of the abalone
> fishery, closure of the commercial lingcod fishery in the Strait of
Georgia,
> drastic decline in rockfish populations, and the threat of losing genetic
> variability in all salmon stocks indicates that current fisheries
management
> policies are inadequate. In addition, the finfish aquaculture industry
has
> introduced Atlantic salmon to these waters and which are suspected of
> spreading disease to wild salmon. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry
in
> BC and the subsequent increase in kayaking, cruise ships, whale watching
> vessels, and
> recreational boating is impacting the environment. We must take action
> immediately if we are to conserve marine biodiversity and ensure a
healthy
> ocean for the future.
> 
> One underutilized tool in the conservation of marine biodiversity and the
> management of fisheries are marine protected areas (MPAs). The
governments
> of BC and Canada have recognized this and recently produced a joint
> discussion paper titled Marine Protected Areas: A Strategy for Canada's
> Pacific Coast. Although it is admirable for these governments to embark
on
> this initiative, in its current form this MPA Strategy is too weak to
> effectively preserve marine biodiversity and develop
> sustainable fisheries.
> 
> Therefore the undersigned urge the provincial government of British
Columbia
> and the federal government of Canada to commit, in their joint MAP
Strategy,
> to establish a network of marine protected areas within the 200 mile
limit
> of Canada's pacific coast by the year 2010 that:
> 
> 1. Has as its core a  network of no-take marine protected areas covering
all
> habitat types.
> 2. All MPAs  have  minimum standards that prohibit:
> 	finfish aquaculture
> 	bottom trawling
> 	ocean dumping
> 	dredging
> 	exploration for, or development of, non renewable resources
> 	ballast water dumping
> 	intentional introduction of alien species
> 	discharge of waste from outfalls
> 	recreational artificial reefs
> 	log booming or log dumping
> 
> We have mismanaged our ocean in the past and now we have the opportunity
to
> start correcting our past actions. Let's act now to develop a network of
> marine protected areas that will truly protect marine biodiversity and
> ensure a healthy ocean for the future
> 
> 
> 
> SOME PROMINENET ENDORSERS OF
> SEAS THE DAY
> 
> Dr. Jon Lien
> Dr. Bill Ballantine
> Dr. Don McAllister
> Dr. Richard Haedrich
Dr. Michael Soule
Dr. Jim Estes
Dr. Daniel Pauly
> Georgia Strait Alliance
> Sierra Club of BC
> Canadain Marine Environmental Protection Society
> Living Oceans Society
> BC Wild
> The Wildlands Project
> The David Suzuki Foundation
> 
> 
>
____________________________________________________________________________

> 
> 
> Marine Campaign Coordinator        Executive Director
> BC Wild                            Living Oceans Society
> 
> ph) 250-973-6580  fax) 250-973-6581  email) jenlash at bcwild.org

I think we already are signed on? International Year of the Tiger
Foundation.


Cecilie Davidson, President, IYTF




> 



Jennifer Lash
Marine Campaign Coordinator
BC Wild
ph) 250-973-6580
fax) 250-973-6581


From msbb at acd.ufrj.br  Fri Nov  6 12:30:50 1998
From: msbb at acd.ufrj.br (Marcos Soares Barbeitos)
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 1998 14:30:50 -0300
Subject: Looking for a new method to measure hidrodynamics (summary of
  answers)
Message-ID: <9811061730.AA40406@acd.ufrj.br>

        Dear coral-listers,

        Here goes a summary of the answers I received about my mail
searching for hidrodynamics measuring methods:

        I received 15 answers. Eight of them recomended plaster of Paris,
gypsum or chalk clods, cubes or spheres as the most appropriate way to
measure water movement. Greg Boland also suggested alabaster. The references
I received are listed below:

        Shashar, N., S. Kinane, P.L. Jokiel, and M.R. Patterson. 1996.
        Hydromechanical boundary layers over a coral reef. Journal of
Experimental
        Marine Biology and Ecology. 199:17-28. 

        Doty, JE, and MS Doty.  1973.  Abrasion in the measurement of water
motion
        with the clod-card technique: Bull. of S. Cal. Acad. of Sci. v.27, pp
        40-41.

        Thompson T, and E Glenn.  1994.  Plaster standards to measure water
        motion: L&O 39:7 pp. 1768-1770.

        Jokiel, P. L. and J. I. Morrissey. 1993. Water motion on coral
        reefs: evaluation of the "clod card" technique. Mar Ecol Prog
        Ser 93:175-1993.

        Komatsu, T., and Kawai, H. (1992). Measurements of time-averaged
intensity
        of water motion with plaster balls. Journal of Oceanography 48, 353-365.

        Komatsu, T., and Murakami, S. (1994). Influence of a Sargassum
forest on the
        spatial diatribution of water flow. Fisheries Oceanography 3,
256-266.        

        Craig Bingman suggested this site, where I could find some more
references about this subject, and a description of the method:

        http://www.aquariumfrontiers.com/1998/aug/features/1/default.asp

        Three alternative and interesting suggestions came from Hugh
Sweatman, David Obura and Ron Hill. Their answers were:

        Hugh Sweatman <hsweatma at email.aims.gov.au>

"It seems to me that a device that relies on venturi effects to draw dye
from a container through a standard aperture might be better.  I envisaged
using small vials [film containers?] filled with ink and having two
hypodermic needles sticking out of the top, one long one to allow the
currents to draw the ink out and one short to let the water in.  Then you
could use a colorimeter to measure dilution."

        David Obura <dobura at AfricaOnline.co.ke>

"I did see an interesting method used for released larval fish from cages
- they used doughnut shaped candies/sweets (lifesavers) to hold a door
closed so that after some time (not so long) the candy was dissolved,
releasing the door.  Maybe there is some hard and resistant (and cheap)
Brazilian candy that would work!!"

        Ron Hill <Ron.Hill at noaa.gov>

"Dr. Angie McGeehee tested a device that paired copper and zinc metals (to
measure galvanic corrosion) in reef areas.  The test units need to be calibrated
for your area and temperatures but the results were pretty good, and the overall
materials are relatively easy to put together.  I think she has a publication
out on the method, I can probably get a copy to send you or I can track down her
address for you to contact her directly.  Let me know if you are interested in
further information."

        Thanks a lot for your help, and I hope that this summary may help
you in your work

        Sincerely,

        Marcos Soares Barbeitos



From angeltri at pty.com  Fri Nov  6 15:59:45 1998
From: angeltri at pty.com (Angel Tribaldos T.)
Date: Fri, 06 Nov 1998 15:59:45 -0500
Subject: Video Transects
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19981106155945.006c6764@mail.pty.com>

Dear coral-listers

I am a student in the master of ecology and conservancy in The Universidad
Santa Maria La Antigua. I am making my thesis in video recording evaluation
of the coral in Potobelo National Park.  I am intersted in references or
papers in recently publications about video or photo evaluation, in benthic
organisms or ecological studies.
Thanks your help, please send information to:

Angel Tribaldos T.
e-mail:  angeltri at pty.com 

or Mail:
P.O. Box 6-8591 El Dorado.
Panama, Rep. de Panama.



From paine at nsu.acast.nova.edu  Mon Nov  9 07:41:50 1998
From: paine at nsu.acast.nova.edu (Amy Paine)
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 1998 12:41:50 GMT
Subject: Conference Notice: CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT, MONITORING, AND RESTORATION,
Message-ID: <199811091241.MAA15307@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

April 14-16, 1999, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 1998 16:40:39 -0500
Sender: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Precedence: bulk


Dear Coral Reef Colleagues,

Here is an announcement and call for papers for what we feel will be a very
interesting April 14-16, 1999 Conference. Please check the indicated web
site or write for more info.

**************************************************************************
ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS:
International Conference on:
SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT, MONITORING, AND RESTORATION

14-16 April 1999 Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA
Organized by the National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI)

Purpose: To develop a scientific synthesis of assessment, monitoring, and
restoration designed for enhanced understanding and management of all
aspects of coral reefs. This conference seeks to also identify emerging
concepts and to describe new and innovative scientific and technological
approaches.

Format: The conference will include invited keynote and plenary talks,
contributed papers in three concurrent sessions, a poster session, and
workshops.

Abstracts:  Abstract submission information is available on the web or will
be mailed upon request. A special peer-reviewed publication of Plenary
Talks and selected Contributed Papers is planned.

Registration: Early registration fees apply before 1 January 1999. There is
a significant student discount. Registration includes the Conference
program of invited Keynote, Plenary Talks, Contributed Papers, Poster
Session, Abstract Book, opening reception, closing banquet, poster
reception, continental breakfast and break refreshments for each of the
three days.

Venue: The Radisson Bahia Mar Beach Resort is located in the heart of Ft.
Lauderdale, Florida. Special conference rates are available.

For more information on the conference and for registration please check
the web at:
http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/confinfo_1.html

or contact:
National Coral Reef Institute
Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center
8000 N. Ocean Dr.
Dania, FL 33004 USA
ncriconfinfo at mako.ocean.nova.edu
PHONE: 954-923-3390
Fax: 954-921-7764

**************************************************************************

Thank you.

Amy Paine, Assistant, Administrative Operations
National Coral Reef Institute
Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center
8000 N. Ocean Dr.; Dania, FL 33004
voice (954) 923-3390; fax (954)-921-7764
NSU OC web page: http://www.nova.edu/ocean/

NOTICE: International Conference on:
SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT, MONITORING, AND RESTORATION
National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI)
April 14-16, 1999, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ncri/confinfo_1.html






From caricomp at invemar.org.co  Mon Nov  9 10:58:00 1998
From: caricomp at invemar.org.co (caricomp at invemar.org.co)
Date: Mon, 09 Nov 1998 15:58:00 GMT
Subject: Genets and Ramets
Message-ID: <199811091603.LAA16223@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

An embedded and charset-unspecified text was scrubbed...
Name: not available
Url: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19981109/14af67ab/attachment.pl 

From owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov  Tue Nov 10 12:56:54 1998
From: owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov (owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov)
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1998 17:56:54 GMT
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <199811101756.RAA21508@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1998 14:59:45 -0100
From: Aqua-Fact <aquafact at iol.ie>
To: coral-list
Subject: References to reef restoration
Sender: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Precedence: bulk

Dear All,

Many thanks to those who sent references and as promised I'm broadcasting
what I was sent. I'd be happy to keep collating and updating you all if
others care to forward references, sources, email address etc to me.

Just had the end of Mitch pass over us here - I can't imaging what it was
like down in Central America.

Regards to all.


Brendan O'Connor

REEF REFERENCES

van Treeck, P. and Schuhmacher, B. 1997. Initial survival of coral nubbins
using electrochemical methods to fix small fragments to new substrate.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 150 : 287 - 292.

Jaap, W.C. and Morelock, J. 1997. Soto's reef restoration project.

Munoz Chagin, R. 1997. Transplantation program in Cozumel, Mexico.
Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Congress, Vol. II : 2075 -
2078.

Hudson, H. and Goodwin, W. 1997. Restoration and growth rate of hurricane
damaged pillar coral (Dendrogyra cylindrus ) in the Key Largo National
Marine sanctuary, Florida. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef
Symposium, Vol. 1, 567 - 570.

Hudson, H. and Diaz, R. 1988. Damage survey and restoration of M/V Wellwood
grounding site, Molasses Reef, Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary,
Florida. Proc 6th Int Coral Reef Symp 2:231-236.

Rinkevich, B 1995. Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by
recreational activities: the use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restoration
Ecology,  3 : 241-251.

Gittings S. R., Bright ,  T.J. and  Hagman , D.K. 1993 The M/V Wellwood and
other
large vessel groundings: coral reef damage and recovery. Proc. Coll. on
Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History. Miami, FL. pp.
174-180.

Hudson, H., Robbin, D., Tilmant, J. and Wheaton, J. 1989. Building a coral
reef in southeast Florida : combining technology and aesthetics. Bulletin
of Marine Science, Vol. 44 : 1067 - 1068.

Clark, S. and Edwards, A. 1994. The use of artificial reef structures to
rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives. Bulletin
of Marine Science, 55 : 714 - 744.

Clark, S. and Edwards, A. 1995. Coral transplantation as an aid to reef
rehabilitation : evaluation of a case study in the Maldives Islands. Coral
Reefs 14 : 201 - 213.

Sakai, K., Nishihiri, M., Kakinuma, Y. and Song, J. 1989. A short-term
field experiment on the effect of siltation on survival and growth of
transplanted Pocillopora damicornis   branchlets. Galexea, 8 : 143 - 156.

Yap, W. and Gomex, E. 1985. Growth of Acropora pulchra . III. Preliminary
observations on the effects of transplantation and sediment on the growth
and survival of transplants. Marine Biology, 87 : 203 - 209.

Auberson, B. (1982), Coral transplantation: an approach to re-establishment
of damaged reefs. Kalikasan 11: 158-172.

Carlton, J.H., Sammarco, P.W. (1987), Effects of substratum irregularity on
success of coral settlement: quantification by comparative geomorphological
techniques. Bull. Mar. Sci. 40: 85-98.

Craik, W., Kenchington, R., Kelleher, G. (1990), Coral reef management. In
Dubinsky Z (ed) Coral Reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 453-467.

Goreau, T.J., Hilbertz, W. (1997), Reef restoration using seawater
electrolysis in Jamaica. Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp.

Harriott, V.J., Fisk, D.A. (1988), Coral transplantation as a reef
management option. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 375-379.

Plucer-Rosario, G.P., Randall, R.H. (1987), Preservation of reef coral
species by transplantation: an examination of their recruitment and growth.
Bull. Mar. Sci. 41: 585-593.

Yates, K., Carleson, B.A. (1992), Corals in aquariums: how to use selective
collecting and innovative husbandry to promote reef conservation. Proc. 7th
Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 1091-1095.





From gerbocepa at yahoo.com  Tue Nov 10 13:22:43 1998
From: gerbocepa at yahoo.com (Gerardo Bonilla)
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1998 10:22:43 -0800 (PST)
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <19981110182243.9820.rocketmail@send1b.yahoomail.com>



Dear coral-listers

I am making my thesis whit 3D reef?s maps in Mexico and I would like
to know about more techniques or software for make the 3D reef?s maps.
I am interested in references or papers in recently publications about
this,

Thanks your help, please send information to:

e-mail:  gerbocepa at yahoo.com


Gerardo Bonilla



_________________________________________________________
DO YOU YAHOO!?
Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com


From KorrubelJ at science.unp.ac.za  Wed Nov 11 05:49:58 1998
From: KorrubelJ at science.unp.ac.za (Jan Korrubel)
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1998 12:49:58 +0200
Subject: Malicious virus - CAUGHT AGAIN?!?!?
Message-ID: <s6498800.024@smtp.unp.ac.za>

>>> David Zakai <zakaid at rocketmail.com> wrote:

If you receive an e-mail titled Win A. Holiday DO NOT open it.It will
erase everything on your hard drive.  Forward this letter out to as
many people as you can.  This is a new, very malicious virus and not
many people know about it. This information was announced yesterday
morning from Microsoft, please share it again pass this along to
everyone in your address book so that this may be stopped.

>> I am afraid that you (and now also the rest of us due to you
forwarding the email) are indeed victims of a malaise - that of a HOAX
virus.

>> Why is it that so many intelligent? people fall for all these
hoaxes
that are perpetrated on the Internet?? I presume there must be some
mass Gullibility Virus contaminating the Internet community.

>> Before spreading any of this around further the Internet, check the
FAQs.

      *  Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory
         Capability at
              <http://ciac.llnl.gov/ciac/CIACHoaxes.html>

      *  Symantec Anti Virus Research Center at
              <http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/index.html>

      *  McAfee Associates Virus Hoax List at
              <http://www.mcafee.com/support/hoax.html>

      *  Dr. Solomons Hoax Page at
              <http://www.drsolomons.com/vircen/hoax.html>

      *  The Urban Legends Web Site at
              <http://www.urbanlegends.com>

      *  Datafellows Hoax Warnings at
              <http://www.Europe.Datafellows.com/news/hoax.htm>

>> Courses in critical thinking are also widely available online. 
People can help inoculate themselves against the Gullibility Virus by
reading some good material on evaluating sources, such as:

      *  Evaluating Internet Research Sources at
              <http://www.sccu.edu/faculty/R_Harris/evalu8it.htm>

      *  Evaluation of Information Sources at
              <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/ agsmith/evaln/evaln.htm>

      *  Bibliography on Evaluating Internet Resources at
              <http://refserver.lib.vt.edu/libinst/critTHINK.HTM>


Jan Korrubel
University of Natal
South Africa.



From msbb at acd.ufrj.br  Wed Nov 11 12:37:01 1998
From: msbb at acd.ufrj.br (Marcos Soares Barbeitos)
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1998 14:37:01 -0300
Subject: Looking for a new method to measure hidrodynamics (summary of 
  answers)
Message-ID: <9811111737.AA53834@acd.ufrj.br>

        Dear coral-listers,

        Here goes a summary of the answers I received about my mail
searching for hidrodynamics measuring methods:

        I received 15 answers. Eight of them recomended plaster of Paris,
gypsum or chalk clods, cubes or spheres as the most appropriate way to
measure water movement. Greg Boland also suggested alabaster. The references
I received are listed below:

        Shashar, N., S. Kinane, P.L. Jokiel, and M.R. Patterson. 1996.
        Hydromechanical boundary layers over a coral reef. Journal of
        Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 199:17-28. 

        Doty, JE, and MS Doty.  1973.  Abrasion in the measurement of water
        motion with the clod-card technique: Bull. of S. Cal. Acad. of Sci.
v.27, pp
        40-41.

        Thompson T, and E Glenn.  1994.  Plaster standards to measure water
        motion: L&O 39:7 pp. 1768-1770.

        Jokiel, P. L. and J. I. Morrissey. 1993. Water motion on coral
        reefs: evaluation of the "clod card" technique. Mar Ecol Prog
        Ser 93:175-1993.

        Komatsu, T., and Kawai, H. (1992). Measurements of time-averaged
        intensity of water motion with plaster balls. Journal of
Oceanography 48,         353-365.

        Komatsu, T., and Murakami, S. (1994). Influence of a Sargassum
        forest on the spatial diatribution of water flow. Fisheries
Oceanography 3,
        256-266.        

Craig Bingman suggested this site, where I could find some more
references about this subject, and a description of the method:

        http://www.aquariumfrontiers.com/1998/aug/features/1/default.asp

Three alternative and interesting suggestions came from Hugh
Sweatman, David Obura and Ron Hill. Their answers were:

        Hugh Sweatman <hsweatma at email.aims.gov.au>

"It seems to me that a device that relies on venturi effects to draw dye
from a container through a standard aperture might be better.  I envisaged
using small vials [film containers?] filled with ink and having two
hypodermic needles sticking out of the top, one long one to allow the
currents to draw the ink out and one short to let the water in.  Then you
could use a colorimeter to measure dilution."

        David Obura <dobura at AfricaOnline.co.ke>

"I did see an interesting method used for released larval fish from cages
- they used doughnut shaped candies/sweets (lifesavers) to hold a door
closed so that after some time (not so long) the candy was dissolved,
releasing the door.  Maybe there is some hard and resistant (and cheap)
Brazilian candy that would work!!"

        Ron Hill <Ron.Hill at noaa.gov>

"Dr. Angie McGeehee tested a device that paired copper and zinc metals (to
measure galvanic corrosion) in reef areas.  The test units need to be calibrated
for your area and temperatures but the results were pretty good, and the overall
materials are relatively easy to put together.  I think she has a publication
out on the method, I can probably get a copy to send you or I can track down her
address for you to contact her directly.  Let me know if you are interested in
further information."

        Thanks a lot for your help, and I hope that this summary may help
you in your work

        Sincerely,

        Marcos Soares Barbeitos





From msbb at acd.ufrj.br  Wed Nov 11 12:36:58 1998
From: msbb at acd.ufrj.br (Marcos Soares Barbeitos)
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1998 14:36:58 -0300
Subject: Looking for a new method to measure hidrodynamics (summary of 
  answers)
Message-ID: <9811111736.AA53794@acd.ufrj.br>

        Dear coral-listers,

        Here goes a summary of the answers I received about my mail
searching for hidrodynamics measuring methods:

        I received 15 answers. Eight of them recomended plaster of Paris,
gypsum or chalk clods, cubes or spheres as the most appropriate way to
measure water movement. Greg Boland also suggested alabaster. The references
I received are listed below:

        Shashar, N., S. Kinane, P.L. Jokiel, and M.R. Patterson. 1996.
        Hydromechanical boundary layers over a coral reef. Journal of
Experimental
        Marine Biology and Ecology. 199:17-28. 

        Doty, JE, and MS Doty.  1973.  Abrasion in the measurement of water
motion
        with the clod-card technique: Bull. of S. Cal. Acad. of Sci. v.27, pp
        40-41.

        Thompson T, and E Glenn.  1994.  Plaster standards to measure water
        motion: L&O 39:7 pp. 1768-1770.

        Jokiel, P. L. and J. I. Morrissey. 1993. Water motion on coral
        reefs: evaluation of the "clod card" technique. Mar Ecol Prog
        Ser 93:175-1993.

        Komatsu, T., and Kawai, H. (1992). Measurements of time-averaged
intensity
        of water motion with plaster balls. Journal of Oceanography 48, 353-365.

        Komatsu, T., and Murakami, S. (1994). Influence of a Sargassum
forest on the
        spatial diatribution of water flow. Fisheries Oceanography 3,
256-266.        

        Craig Bingman suggested this site, where I could find some more
references about this subject, and a description of the method:

        http://www.aquariumfrontiers.com/1998/aug/features/1/default.asp

        Three alternative and interesting suggestions came from Hugh
Sweatman, David Obura and Ron Hill. Their answers were:

        Hugh Sweatman <hsweatma at email.aims.gov.au>

"It seems to me that a device that relies on venturi effects to draw dye
from a container through a standard aperture might be better.  I envisaged
using small vials [film containers?] filled with ink and having two
hypodermic needles sticking out of the top, one long one to allow the
currents to draw the ink out and one short to let the water in.  Then you
could use a colorimeter to measure dilution."

        David Obura <dobura at AfricaOnline.co.ke>

"I did see an interesting method used for released larval fish from cages
- they used doughnut shaped candies/sweets (lifesavers) to hold a door
closed so that after some time (not so long) the candy was dissolved,
releasing the door.  Maybe there is some hard and resistant (and cheap)
Brazilian candy that would work!!"

        Ron Hill <Ron.Hill at noaa.gov>

"Dr. Angie McGeehee tested a device that paired copper and zinc metals (to
measure galvanic corrosion) in reef areas.  The test units need to be calibrated
for your area and temperatures but the results were pretty good, and the overall
materials are relatively easy to put together.  I think she has a publication
out on the method, I can probably get a copy to send you or I can track down her
address for you to contact her directly.  Let me know if you are interested in
further information."

        Thanks a lot for your help, and I hope that this summary may help
you in your work

        Sincerely,

        Marcos Soares Barbeitos





From 4roy at socrates.berkeley.edu  Thu Nov 12 19:45:11 1998
From: 4roy at socrates.berkeley.edu (Roy Caldwell)
Date: Thu, 12 Nov 1998 16:45:11 -0800
Subject: Bleaching in Belize
Message-ID: <v04003a15b2713076c6ef@[128.32.110.143]>

One of my graduate students, Kate Schafer, just returned to her study site
at Spanish Bay Cay in Belize and reports massive bleaching in progress.
Things were fine a few weeks ago.   Are other sites in Belize reporting
bleaching?

Roy Caldwell


*****************************************
 Roy L. Caldwell
 Department of Integrative Biology
 University of California at Berkeley
*****************************************



From msbb at acd.ufrj.br  Wed Nov  4 13:21:23 1998
From: msbb at acd.ufrj.br (Marcos Soares Barbeitos)
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 1998 15:21:23 -0300
Subject: Looking for a new method to measure hidrodynamics
Message-ID: <9811041821.AA14406@acd.ufrj.br>

        Dear coral-listers,

        Thanks a lot for all the answers I've got for my former message
(there were so many answers that it's not possible to thank each of you
individually). Your contributions surely will help a lot in the development
of my lab's research. Please let me know if you want to know more about
Brazilian reefs. Looking forward to hearing from you, kind regards. 


From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Fri Nov 13 09:05:01 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Workstation at NOAA/AOML)
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 1998 09:05:01 -0500 (EST)
Subject: CHAMP back up
Message-ID: <199811131406.OAA07964@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


Dear Coral-Listers,

	Unfortunately, workstation coral.aoml.noaa.gov crashed a couple of
days ago and the CHAMP web page and coral-list listserver were down.
Because the CHAMP Page also hosts the GCRMN and AGRA Web Pages, these were
down, too.  Workstation coral has undergone quite a bit of growth and is
continuously working on the Web Page or the listserver, and I'm afraid a
major upgrade is in order, if we can obtain funding.  Your patience is
appreciated.

	I'm afraid some of the new coral-list subscribers were lost in the
crash.  If you know of any recent subscribers, you may may want to pass
this information on to them.

	Thanks again for your patience.

	Cheers,

	Jim Hendee
	CHAMP Administrator


From raronson at jaguar1.usouthal.edu  Fri Nov 13 11:30:13 1998
From: raronson at jaguar1.usouthal.edu (Richard B. Aronson)
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 1998 10:30:13 -0600 (CST)
Subject: Bleaching in Belize
In-Reply-To: <v04003a15b2713076c6ef@[128.32.110.143]>
Message-ID: <Pine.3.88.9811130650.A2745-0100000@jaguar1.usouthal.edu>

Bleaching in Belize

To answer Roy Caldwell's question about bleaching in Belize, Tom Bright, 
James Azueta, Greg Smith, Melanie McField, Tony Rath, and several others 
reported massive bleaching in Belize, and some of this information was 
broadcast over the coral list.

Bill Precht and I dove in the central lagoon (Channel Cay and the other 
rhomboid shoals) in Belize in late October, just a couple of days before 
Hurricane Mitch.  At that time virtually every living colony from 1-21 m 
depth was bleached completely white.  Species bleached included Acropora 
cervicornis, Agaricia tenuifolia (the dominant coral), Agaricia lamarcki, 
Colpophyllia natans, Manicina areolata, Montastraea franski (only 
partially bleached at some sites), Mussa angulosa, various Mycetophyllia 
species, Millepora alcicornis, Porites divaricata, Siderastrea siderea 
and Stephanocoenia intersepta (small-polyped form).  Porites astreoides 
and P. colonensis were pale yellow.  In some areas, many of the A. 
tenuifolia colonies appeared to be recently dead; they were still 
standing in place but overgrown by a fine algal turf.  Several species of 
gorgoinans, including Erythropodium and a Eunicea, were bleached white as 
well.  The corallimorph Ricordea florida was pale yellow to white.

On the fore reef at Curlew Bank, just south of Carrie Bow Cay, A. 
tenuifolia is the dominant coral on spurs in 3-6 m depth. The margins of 
the blades of A. tenuifolia colonies were bleached, but the central 
portions, which are less exposed to light, retained most of their normal 
brown color.  Larger Siderastrea siderea colonies were bleached to a blue 
color on their tops, but retained some brown color on their sides.  
Smaller S. siderea colonies appeared less affected.  The three species of 
the Montastraea annularis complex showed bleaching patterns typical of other 
bleaching events, with some regions of colonies white and other areas 
appearing normal. Colpophyllia natans and Diploria labrynthiformis showed
extensive bleaching, but D. strigosa and D. clivosa did not, nor did 
Isophyllia sinuosa or Isophyllastrea rigida.  Most surprising was that A. 
cervicornis and A. palmata were not at all bleached on the fore reef, 
considering what we saw in the lagoon.

Other species that were bleached on the fore reef: Agaricia agaricites, 
Porites porites, Mycetophyllia ferox, Siderastrea radians, Millepora 
alcicornis, Millepora complanata, and the zoanthid Palythoa caribbea.

Other species that were not bleached on the fore reef: Stephanocoenia 
intersepta (large-polyped form), Dendrogyra cylindrus, Dichocoenia 
stokesi, Monstastraea cavernosa (1 colony was partially bleached), and 
Porites astreoides.

Surface water temperatures were 28.5-29.8 C in the lagoon and 29.6 on the 
fore reef.  At 9 m depth the lagoon was 28.5-29.1 and the fore reef was 29.3.

I would appreciate other reports of bleaching in Belize, especially from 
anyone who has been in the southern lagoon recently.

Regards,

Rich Aronson

______________________________________________________________________________
Richard B. Aronson
Senior Marine Scientist
Dauphin Island Sea Lab
101 Bienville Boulevard
Dauphin Island, AL 36528

Voice: (334) 861-7567
Fax: (334) 861-7540
email: raronson at jaguar1.usouthal.edu


From rcgregor at ust.hk  Sun Nov 15 02:24:31 1998
From: rcgregor at ust.hk (Gregor Hodgson)
Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 15:24:31 +0800
Subject: Global Warming and Reefs: Statements at Buenos Aires Conference of Parties 14 Nov
Message-ID: <364E81AF.D3143051@ust.hk>

Dear listers,

Here are a couple of provocative statements picked up by Reuters at the
COP-4 (Global Warming) negotiations in Buenos Aires on reefs and global
warming. While many of us do not feel that the scientific data back up
this headline, the most recent climate model results from the Hadley
Climate Change Centre, UK, indicate a much faster warming trend than
previously expected. If true, this will be bad news for some reefs.

I would like to urge coral-listers to take the time to look into how our
government leaders are selling us and reefs for a bargain price by
playing games with "flexibility mechanisms" such as "emissions credits."
The U.S., with only 4% of the world's population, creates 25% of global
greenhouse gases, with China the number two producer. Both are dreaming
up ways to avoid directly implementing the 5-6% reduction agreed in
Kyoto while about a 60% cut is needed.

For the sad details of COP-4 see: http://www.iisd.ca/climate/ba/
For solutions that we should be pushing our leaders to implement see the
Sierra Club http://www.sierraclub.org/ or WWF sites. http://www.wwf.org

Regards,
Greg

Saturday November 14 12:17 AM ET

Scientists Say Global Warming Killing Coral Reefs

By Peter Lardner

BUENOS AIRES (Reuters) - Global warming is killing the world's coral
reefs, and with them the swarming sea life they shelter and support,
scientists said at the Buenos Aires climate talks Friday.

Vast expanses of reef have been destroyed by abnormally high 1998
sea-surface temperatures, specialists from the United States and Canada
told the United Nations summit.

The reefs are limestone formations mainly produced by colonies of
millions of tiny organisms known
as corals, which secrete the stony material to form their exoskeletons.
``More corals have died from heat stroke this year than have died from
all other human causes to date,'' said Thomas Goreau, President of the
Global Coral Reef Alliance.

Some 4,000 species of reef fish and 89,000 species of invertebrates and
algae have so far been identified and scientists suggest coral reefs may
actually nurture up to a million species.

Their colorful pageants of sea life and the coral sand beaches that
accumulate near them support a giant tourist industry and the rich
fisheries they nourish provide protein, jobs, and income for developing
countries.

``The biggest branches of the tree of life are in the ocean, and most
life there is in coral reefs,'' said
Don McAllister, a Canadian coral scientist with the World Conservation
Union.

Satellites measuring the surface temperature of Earth's oceans have
tracked a steady rise since 1982. Warmer seas have led many corals to
``bleach,'' turn white as the algae that feed and color them are driven
out, and die.

Abnormally high 1998 sea temperatures, the warmest on record, are
thought to have bleached and killed most of the corals in the Indian
Ocean, and in many areas of the Western and Eastern Pacific, the
scientists said.

Coral mortality has been especially high in the ecologically prized
Maldives, where up to 90 percent of reefs have been laid bare, they
said. 

Around 170 nations have gathered at the United Nations global warming
conference in Buenos Aires to discuss ways of cutting emissions of
heat-trapping gases. 
``Unless this conference takes immediate effective action to stop global
climate change, coral reefs and the benefits they provide will be
condemned to death. Other ecosystems will follow,'' the World
Conservation Union said.

-- 
Gregor Hodgson, PhD
Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong
Tel: (852) 2358-8568    Fax (852) 2358-1582
Email: <rcgregor at ust.hk>
Reef Check: http://www.ust.hk/~webrc/ReefCheck/reef.html


From delbeek at hawaii.edu  Sun Nov 15 13:25:17 1998
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 08:25:17 -1000
Subject: Solomon Islands
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.96.981115081920.2630A-100000@uhunix5>

I just completed 12 days of diving in the Guadalcanal, Florida Islands,
Russell Islands and Marovo Lagoon regions of the Solomon Islands. Water
temperatures ranged from 30 to 32 degrees during the dives. There was no
evidence of any bleaching events. Two years ago massive bleaching and
typhoons devastated many of reefs we dove this year. Although the reefs
were still quite productive, I was told that they were no where near as
complete in coral coverage as they had been. Large stands of coral had
died during that event. These areas were now dominated by Xenia,
Clavularia and Halimeda. However, divers in the group who have dove these
reefs in some cases for six consecutive years, felt that they were
recovering slowly. 


J. Charles Delbeek M.Sc.

Aquarium Biologist
Waikiki Aquarium
University of Hawaii

"The fact that my physiology differs from yours pleases me to no end." 
Mr. Spock



From cbingman at netcom.com  Mon Nov 16 03:26:57 1998
From: cbingman at netcom.com (Craig Bingman)
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 00:26:57 -0800 (PST)
Subject: Global Warming and Reefs: Statements at Buenos Aires Conference of Parties 14 Nov
In-Reply-To: <364E81AF.D3143051@ust.hk>
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9811150047.A5859-0100000@netcom3>



On Sun, 15 Nov 1998, Gregor Hodgson wrote:

> Dear listers,
> 
> Here are a couple of provocative statements picked up by Reuters at the
> COP-4 (Global Warming) negotiations in Buenos Aires on reefs and global
> warming. 

> For the sad details of COP-4 see: http://www.iisd.ca/climate/ba/
> For solutions that we should be pushing our leaders to implement see the

Perhaps it is time for the US to re-evaluate its hysterical position 
regarding nuclear reactors and down-stream wastes from that technology.

I've pulled a few mREM in the course of getting the job done.  If the 
general populace wakes up to the amount of radiation exposure they take 
in the course of exploiting fossil fuels: maybe there could be a change.

Then again, people are cattle:  driven to froth by the word "radiation."

So my intermendiate-range plans are to move ~10-degrees longitude north 
and several hundred feet higher above sealevel(1998).

Craig


From osha at pobox.com  Mon Nov 16 07:04:59 1998
From: osha at pobox.com (Osha Gray Davidson)
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 06:04:59 -0600
Subject: Global Warming and Reefs
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19981116060459.006ff1b4@soli.inav.net>

Dear Craig,

We agree on the immense challenges posed by global warming and the
dependence on fossil fuels, but I don't understand why you seem to think
that the only solution is to go nuclear. And I think you're wrong to
characterize the many who oppose such a solution as "hysterical." Are the
people of Chernobyl, and those in surrounding countries affected by that
1986 disaster, "cattle" because bitter experience has taught them to oppose
nuclear energy?

There are other solutions and they are well-known. In no particular order:
using less fossil fuel, preserving forests, switching to sustainable (and
non-polluting) energy resources.

Trying not to froth,
Osha

On Mon, 16 Nov 1998 00:26:57, Craig Bingham wrote:

>Perhaps it is time for the US to re-evaluate its hysterical position
regarding >nuclear reactors and down-stream wastes from that technology.
I've pulled a >few mREM in the course of getting the job done.  If the
general populace wakes >up to the amount of radiation exposure they take in
the course of exploiting >fossil fuels: maybe there could be a change. Then
again, people are cattle:  >driven to froth by the word "radiation." So my
intermendiate-range plans are >to move ~10-degrees longitude north and
several hundred feet higher above >sealevel(1998).


Osha Gray Davidson
14 South Governor St.
Iowa City, IA 52240 USA

Ph: 319-338-4778
Fax: 319-338-8606
osha at pobox.com
Scholar Affiliate, University of Iowa


From delbeek at hawaii.edu  Mon Nov 16 21:53:29 1998
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1998 16:53:29 -1000
Subject: Correction
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.96.981116165153.8427A-100000@uhunix4>

The temperatures I quoted yesterday for the Solomon Islands should have
been 81 oF in the Florida Islands to 84 oC in Murovo Lagoon not 30 to 32
oC!

J. Charles Delbeek M.Sc.

Aquarium Biologist
Waikiki Aquarium
University of Hawaii

"The fact that my physiology differs from yours pleases me to no end." 
Mr. Spock



From delbeek at hawaii.edu  Tue Nov 17 11:49:42 1998
From: delbeek at hawaii.edu (J. Charles Delbeek)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 06:49:42 -1000
Subject: Correction
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.19981117143531.00732038@antdiv.gov.au>
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.96.981117064653.7584A-100000@uhunix4>

On Mon, 16 Nov 1998, Johnston Davidson wrote:

> Please reread your 'correction' message as the temperatures are quoted in
> different scales. The local flora and fuana would be very alarmed if Murovo
> Lagoon reached this temperature.
> 
> At 16:53 16/11/98 -1000, you wrote:
> >The temperatures I quoted yesterday for the Solomon Islands should have
> >been 81 oF in the Florida Islands to 84 oC in Murovo Lagoon not 30 to 32
> >oC!

Ah yes the effects of doing email after working 10 hrs .... the
corrections should be in degrees F, these were provided by the dive
computers of others on the trip which read in oF, my original ones were
from my dive watch which read in oC. Apparently, my body heat through my
wetsuit was affecting my wrist watch readings, the others were based on
computers on consoles.

Thanks for pointing out the error.

J. Charles Delbeek M.Sc.

Aquarium Biologist
Waikiki Aquarium
University of Hawaii

"The fact that my physiology differs from yours pleases me to no end." 
Mr. Spock



From Kesler at rhodes.edu  Tue Nov 17 17:11:26 1998
From: Kesler at rhodes.edu (David Kesler)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 16:11:26 -0600
Subject: Harrigan's "Water and Light"?
Message-ID: <3651F486.6C5F1C85@rhodes.edu>

In the past I have used Stephen Harrigan's book, "Water and Light," as one of
the required readings in my Coral Reef Ecology course. Harrigan exposes the
reader to a large amount of Caribbean natural history while chronically his
personal experiences diving the Turks and Caicos Islands.  

Unfortunately this book is out of print.  Can you recommend any other similar texts?

Thank you in advance for your time.

David Kesler


-- 
David H. Kesler, Ph.D.                  "Whatever you can do, or 
Associate Professor of Biology           dream you can do, begin it 
Rhodes College                           - boldness has genius, power 
2000 N. Parkway                          and magic in it." 
Memphis, TN 38112                        - J.W. von Goethe
e-mail: kesler at rhodes.edu               
web page: http://kesler.biology.rhodes.edu


From dbaker at tm.net.my  Tue Nov 17 18:22:34 1998
From: dbaker at tm.net.my (DON BAKER)
Date: Wed, 18 Nov 1998 07:22:34 +0800
Subject: Coral Farming?
Message-ID: <3652053A.3241@tm.net.my>

Hello Coral-L Members,

I am writing from Sabah, Malaysia.  Sabah Department of Fisheries asked
me to investigate any/all methodologies currently underway - worldwide -
for coral reef seascaping with "farmed/garden raised" corals?  If such
efforts exist, are methodologies applicable to the small village based
community; indirectly enhancing fish stocks through reef rebuilding,
etc?

This is a new idea I believe that is based on certain reef ecological
char. and prior coral species presence [before fish bombing & cyanide
use].

In short, do you know of any efforts in the Philippines - or anywhere
for that matter - doing work in this new approach?

Also, I am interested in what work is being done with Giant Clams in and
around northern Bohol.  Or are the clams all harvested out?  The culture
and farming of G. clams is my specialty from prior experience & training
in the Marshall Is.

Many thanks for your time.  Looking forward to your input & reply.

Regards,
Don Baker
THE REEF PROJECT
Sabah, Malaysia


From smitha at candw.lc  Tue Nov 17 22:09:52 1998
From: smitha at candw.lc (Allan Smith)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 22:09:52 -0500
Subject: dive comp temps
Message-ID: <4.0.1.19981117213830.00fb7e60@mail.candw.lc>

Hi all -
Re this exchange on water temperatures, I would be interested to know if
people find dive computers accurate enough for reporting local water
conditions. I'm envious if you do. I have tested 5 top-end Oceanic units
(Datatrans) and haven't come within 2 degrees of a waterbath temperature. 
Allan

Allan Smith
Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI)
Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, West Indies. Tel. + 758 454 6060  Fax. + 758 454 5188


From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu  Tue Nov 17 22:10:07 1998
From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 17:10:07 -1000 (HST)
Subject: dive comp temps
In-Reply-To: <4.0.1.19981117213830.00fb7e60@mail.candw.lc>
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.95.981117170600.4504b-100000@iniki>


Allan,

We have the old EDGE computers as back-up computers and the temperature
guages on the two units always read exactly the same.  However, I will
admit we have not validated either of them recently.  Otherwise they have
been very reliable for over ten years (with annual servicing).  

Bruce


On Tue, 17 Nov 1998, Allan Smith wrote:

> Hi all -
> Re this exchange on water temperatures, I would be interested to know if
> people find dive computers accurate enough for reporting local water
> conditions. I'm envious if you do. I have tested 5 top-end Oceanic units
> (Datatrans) and haven't come within 2 degrees of a waterbath temperature. 
> Allan
> 
> Allan Smith
> Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI)
> Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, West Indies. Tel. + 758 454 6060  Fax. + 758 454 5188
> 


From cbingman at netcom.com  Tue Nov 17 22:16:27 1998
From: cbingman at netcom.com (Craig Bingman)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 19:16:27 -0800 (PST)
Subject: Global Warming and Reefs
In-Reply-To: <3.0.1.32.19981116060459.006ff1b4@soli.inav.net>
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9811171809.A19751-0100000@netcom3>


I wsn[t going to write anything further on this, but as it turns out, the 
fate of reefs may be linked to our decisions regarding energy production.


> We agree on the immense challenges posed by global warming and the
> dependence on fossil fuels, but I don't understand why you seem to think
> that the only solution is to go nuclear. 

I'm open to viable alternatives.  Hydro power has been saturated in the 
US for decades.  More power can be extracted, but only at increasing 
damage to freshwater ecosystems.  Generating power form wind is a toy 
technology, as nearly as I can make out, as are alternatives for 
estracting power from tidal energy.  Solar sounds nice, but from my seat, 
lag issues haven't been worked out, and the issues regarding the impact 
on ecosystems that have enormous solar power grids built over them 
haven't been seriously considered, let alone studied at the massive scale 
required to make much of a dent in CO2 production rates.

> And I think you're wrong to characterize the many who oppose such a 
< solution as "hysterical." 

That term was singled out for use on the leadership (anti-leadership?) of 
the United States for the past several decades.

However, I have had many conversations with people who I otherwise 
consider to be intellegent people, and in many cases, intellectuals in 
their own right, in their own fields, and yes, the reaction to nuclear 
power is often on the edge of hysteria.  

> Are the
> people of Chernobyl, and those in surrounding countries affected by that
> 1986 disaster, "cattle" because bitter experience has taught them to oppose
> nuclear energy?

Their energies would be better directed at opposing stupid, dangerous and 
pointless tests of poorly designed reactors.  Surely you are aware that 
the technology used at Cherbobyl was third-world technology.  These were 
poorly designed reactors, and one was driven to destruction by an 
extremely stupid series of commands.

> There are other solutions and they are well-known. In no particular order:
> using less fossil fuel, preserving forests, switching to sustainable (and
> non-polluting) energy resources.

Using less fossil fuels:  we both agree that is a good idea.  However, 
just saying "using less fossil fuels" and not coming up with altenatives 
that make economic sense is a bit disingenuous.

Preserving forests sounds nice, unfortunately we seem to be rather lousy 
at that as well.  In terms of reef health, I do wish we would conserve 
the forests of the world, and the grasslands, and take care that 
croplands don't bleed any more nutirints and sediments into the world 
oceans than necessary.

Switching to sustainable fuels means what... biomass conversion for cars, 
more hydroelectric damns, solar farm fields, windmills, etc.  Good luck.  
Those techniques have shown nil promise over the last 20 years that I've 
been following them.

The biggest effect on the amount of anthropogenic CO2 that we blow into 
the atmosphere would come from building more modern fission reactors.

> Trying not to froth,
> Osha

I certainly wasn't trying to upset anyone.  

Sometime in the next few days, I'll try to give a synopsis of all he 
reactor accidents in US history.  They doen't amount to much.  Certianly 
not recently.  People can read those narratives and make up heir own 
mind, and contrast that to the amoung of radiation blown into the 
environment from the operation of coal plants.

Until fusion comes along (and it may come along too late to be of major 
significnce in this realm) fission is the cleanest, most compact and most 
respoinsive way of gettting power into a power grid without large and 
unknown questions about effects on dessert sysems, river systems, etc.

I'm all for consrvation.  You might want to have a word with the sport 
utility vehicle owners in the world.

So we can be obsessed by a lot of little things, or we can ignore the one 
big thing that could make a major dent in CO2 emissions... fission power.

Many will disagree with me, and perhaps it is time for me to take this 
off-line and correspond with those people individually.  I'll be happy to 
do that.  Just send it to me by e-mail only., off the list, and maybe 
I'll summarize as to how the discussin is going.

Again, the fission discussion is offline now.  Send individual responses 
to me.  I will provide a summary and historical statments of risk as 
appropriate.  Perhaps occasionally checking back to the list.  If people 
don't want me to do that, send mail to me indicating that yu think it is 
inappopriate, and I'll do my best to meet various feelings.

Best wishes,

Craig


From d.fenner at aims.gov.au  Tue Nov 17 22:30:00 1998
From: d.fenner at aims.gov.au (Doug Fenner)
Date: Wed, 18 Nov 1998 14:30:00 +1100
Subject: temperatures
Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19981118143000.0074d094@email.aims.gov.au>

Concerning dive computer temperatures:
   Another distinct possibility comes from the low absolute accuracy of
these temperature sensors.  The manual for my dive computer says it is only
accurate to about 2 deg.  The pressure sensor for the computer is
temperature compensated- I suspect that is why the computer has a
temperature sensor, and since they have it, why not give the temp to the
diver?  But the accuracy needed for compensating the pressure sensor is
low, so it isn't worth a lot of money & effort for the manufacturer to put
a more accurate one in.
   I suspect that the computer and your watch probably read different temps
when they are at the same temp.  However, each one is probably consistent-
high repeat accuracy- so if calibrated they might be quite good.  Haven't
gotten around to doing that with my own.  Their accuracy is limited though,
since they read only in whole degrees- the actual temp could be anywhere
within a 1 degree range, even if it was calibrated accurately.  Because of
the size of the computer, it also takes quite a while to equilibrate to
ambient temp.  -Doug

Douglas Fenner, Ph.D.
Coral Taxonomist
Australian Institute of Marine Science
PMB No 3
Townsville MC
Queensland 4810
Australia
phone 07 4753 4241
e-mail: d.fenner at aims.gov.au
web: http://www.aims.gov.au


From abaco at soest.hawaii.edu  Wed Nov 18 19:46:05 1998
From: abaco at soest.hawaii.edu (Amy Baco)
Date: Wed, 18 Nov 1998 14:46:05 -1000 (HST)
Subject: Coral Genetic Markers
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.95.981118144443.14212B-100000@iniki>

Aloha!  Does anyone know of any microsatellite or intron markers which
work well in corals or closely related taxa?  Escpecially gorgonians and
soft corals.  Thanks!

-Amy


Amy Baco-Taylor
University of Hawaii
Department of Oceanography
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Phone (808) 956-6050
FAX   (808) 956-9516
abaco at iniki.soest.hawaii.edu


From pichon at univ-perp.fr  Fri Nov 20 03:32:23 1998
From: pichon at univ-perp.fr (Michel PICHON)
Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1998 09:32:23 +0100 (MET)
Subject: 1998 Coral bleaching. Statement by ACOR
Message-ID: <v03102800b27ae630b916@[194.167.139.26]>


 Would you please find below the text of the statement on the 1998 coral
bleaching episode observed in the reefs of the French overseas territories,
released by ACOR               (the French Coral Reef Society)

 Claude Payri, President

_________________________________________________________



THE  FRENCH  CORAL  REEF  SOCIETY
(ACOR : ASSOCIATION  FRANCAISE  POUR  LES  RECIFS  CORALLIENS)

STATEMENT  ON  CORAL  BLEACHING  IN  THE  FRENCH  OVERSEAS
TERRITORIES  IN  1998


OVERVIEW

A bleaching episode which has affected many coral reefs in the world in
1998 has been experienced in a number of reefs in the French overseas
territories. However, although the phenomenon was geographically
widespread, there was considerable variation in its intensity from one
locality to the next. For instance, no bleaching at all was recorded in
1998 in New Caledonia and dependencies (where the last bleaching episode
occurred in 1995/96). In French Polynesia, no bleaching was reported from
the Society Islands, while a rather severe bleaching episode has affected
the atolls of the Tuamotus during the same period. (but even there, the
occurrence remained patchy).
As is usually the case during moderate to severe episodes, bleaching was
reported not only for scleractinian corals , but for other Cnidarians as
well, in particular hydrocorals (Millepora), alcyonaceans, actinians and
zoanthids. Among Indo Pacific scleractinian corals, the genera Pocillopora
and Acropora (especially tabular Acropora) were most bleached and showed
highest mortality.
Lagoon reefs and reefs in protected waters were generally affected, but
significant and sometimes severe bleaching was recorded on the outer
(oceanic) reef slopes down to 30 m.
As in many coral reefs world wide, bleaching is correlated with
higher-than-normal SSTs at the end of the summer season, but there is some
evidence that at least in some locations (Guadeloupe and Martinique, La
R?union) freshwater runoff following periods of very heavy rainfall might
have acted as a triggering mechanism for the onset of bleaching.

In most localities, the situation is monitored with respect to recovery of
corals after bleaching.


SYNOPTIC  SITUATION

? French West Indies (C. Bouchon):
*	No significant bleaching reported (< 1% colonies bleached) until
early October. Affected genera were: Diploria, Montastrea, Meandrina
(scleractinians), Millepora (hydrocoral), Condylactis (actinian), Palythoa
(zoanthid).
*	Maximum SST 29? C in September
*	Important bleaching, following cyclone "George" in early October.

? Mayotte (B. Thomassin)
*	Severe bleaching of corals and other cnidarians on the outer  reef
slope. Up to 80% of the colonies bleached on the upper outer slope. Most
affected genera were Pocillopora  and Acropora (tabular Acropora, e.g. A.
hyacinthus  seem to be most sensitive to bleaching).
*	Significant bleaching noted in the lagoon in May, most often
followed by recovery except for tabular Acropora , which had  high
mortality rates.
*	Maximum SST in late April-early May above 31?C in oceanic  waters.

? La R?union (M. Pichon)
*	Significant bleaching was first observed in March, following heavy
rainfall throughout February. Bleaching was mostly recorded on the fringing
reef flats, with some occurrence on the outer slopes. Most affected genera
include Acropora,  Pocillopora  and Galaxea.

? New Caledonia (C. Chauvet, P. Joannot, L. Wantiez)
*	Only a handfull of small bleached tabular Acropora were recorded.
The whole of New Caledonia (both east coast and west coast reefs) and the
Loyalty Islands spared by the phenomenon which, so far, remains uncommon in
New Caledonia (Only one noteworthy episode in 1995/96).

? French Polynesia (Y. Chancerelle, B. Salvat)
*	No bleaching in the Society Islands (where the last severe episode
occured in 1990, with a less severe bleaching in 1994). Coral cover on the
outer slopes is still 30-50% i.e. normal for such communities in the area.
*	Severe but patchy bleaching in at least some of the Tuamotu atolls,
with significant coral mortality, for instance at Rangiroa and Manihi.
Bleaching affecting not only lagoon reefs but also outer slopes down to at
least 20 m. Percentage substratum cover by live corals at Takapoto has
dropped from 20% in 1994 to 12% after the 1998 bleaching event.
*	Maximum SST above 30? C.







	Michel  PICHON
	Laboratoire de Biologie Marine et Malacologie
	Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
	Universit? de Perpignan   66860  PERPIGNAN Cedex. FRANCE
	Ph: 33 4 68 66 20 55   Fax: 33 4 68 50 36 86
	Email :  pichon at univ-perp.fr





From bt3171 at qmw.ac.uk  Fri Nov 20 12:00:36 1998
From: bt3171 at qmw.ac.uk (Cassian Edwards)
Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1998 17:00:36 -0000
Subject: Formalin, Meiofauna & Transportation
Message-ID: <000401be14a7$4b0eaee0$3638258a@cas.qmw.ac.uk>

Apologies for any cross postings.

I am looking for advice. I am shortly due out in the field to obtain some
samples of coral-reef meiofauna. It is my intention to preseve samples (and
calcareous sediment) with 4% Formalin (1 part 40% strength Formaldehyde to
24 parts seawater), with the addition of 1g/Litre Rose Bengal stain, for
later analysis in a different country. However, I am finding it difficult to
get a courier company to transport my samples, mainly due to the toxic
nature of formaldehyde, which is classified as a hazardous substance.

My samples, however, will obviously contain a dilute solution of
formaldehyde, and not a 40% strength mixture which the courier companies
guideline books dictate is extremely hazardous - fairplay, formaldehyde IS a
dangerous substance. However, in the majority of airline traffic and
hazardous substance books I have read, most only state that Formaldehyde
solutions greater or equal to 25% are hazardous, reporting no indication as
to whether those wishing to transfer more dilute solutions have to declare
them as 'dangerous substances' to courier companies. I appreciate that at
almost any dilution Formaldehyde is a danger.

I would imagine other researchers have come up against this kind of problem
when wanting to transport by air securely packaged formalin-preserved macro-
and meiofauna from country to country. How have they managed to get
theirsamples home? Have they simply sneeked their samples through customs in
their shoes?! Or perhaps one way is to pour out the majority of the
preservative so that effectively their sample bottle contains no hazardous
chemicals.

I would be grateful for any feedback on this subject.

Thank you so much,

Cassian

c.edwards at qmw.ac.uk


From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu  Tue Nov 17 10:29:57 1998
From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier)
Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1998 10:29:57 -0500
Subject: Correction
Message-ID: <199811210300.DAA12090@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

My congratulations to Charles Delbeek for his report of a non-bleaching
event. [Note that this is different from a bleaching non-event, which is
what Bill Fitt tells us happens every (local) summer.]  I take this as a
sign that the potentially powerful distributed approach to reef reportng
and research is scientifically coming of age.

If we take for the moment the line of argument (which I consider
debatable) that global warming causes high SST events which cause
bleaching which causes coral mortality, and that the health of reefs is
already in global crisis stage, then the future is bleak indeed.  The
1995 IPCC summsary points out that warming over the last century has
beem 0.3-0.6 deg C, only some fraction of which has occurred over the
period of the last 30-40 years, which we tend to equate with the period
of serious reef decline.  The same report suggests that even with
unrealistically optimistic scenarios for future CO2 emissions, we are
headed for an additional +2 deg C over the next century -- in other
words probably 5-10x the change that has (assigning the bleaching blame
to temperature) already brought many reefs to their cute little
invertebrate knees.

Consider for a moment that mythical animal, the rational program
manager.  He/she, on review of the data, would almost surely say that
reefs are a clear write-off, and that we need to regroup and direct our
human and financial resources toward some ecosytem or organism that
could be saved.
[Buddemeier, R. W., 1991.  Climate Change and Biology:  A Proposal for
Scientific Impact Assessment and Response, pp 161-169 in Dudley, E. C.
(ed), The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 1, Discorides Press,
Portland, Or.]

Oh no! everybody exclaims -- that's not so, we really can save the reefs
if we just work harder and raise consciousness levels.  Well, friends, I
have to suggest that this is not the message you are sending to a
scientifically literate audience if you concentrate on reports of how
widespread and rapid and frequent is DEATH. The important data are
really the when, where, why, and how of SURVIVAL (thanks again,
Charles).

If you consider epidemiology in human populations, it is strongly
context (total population) based -- it looks at the occurrence,
distribution, and propagation of disease though healthy populations, and
by doing so identifies pathways, vectors, synergies, loci of natural
immunity, effective prophylaxis and protective measures at various
scales, etc.   It is these latter observations, I suggest, that have
been largely missing from the rush to judgment on the causes and effects
of "bleaching," and which are needed to make a convincing case that
research and conservation funds are really justified.

To paraphrase Sherlock Holmes, the really significant observation is
that the dog did NOT bark during the night.

Ever onward, whatever the direction.

Bob
--


Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier
Senior Scientist, Geohydrology
Kansas Geological Survey
University of Kansas
1930 Constant Ave.
Lawrence, KS 66047

ph (785) 864-3965
fax (785) 864-5317
buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu
http://ghsun2.kgs.ukans.edu/staff/buddemeier.html


From oveh at bio.usyd.edu.au  Sat Nov 21 04:36:30 1998
From: oveh at bio.usyd.edu.au (Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
Date: Sat, 21 Nov 1998 19:36:30 +1000
Subject: From the hysterical collective.
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19981121093630.006f2e88@mail.bio.usyd.edu.au>

Dear Bob,

Thank you for your latest missive.  Just a wee question from some who work
on the area of cause, effect and recovery.  What evidence do you have that
the "other" dog did not bark last night?  Meaning - you seem to imply that
the link between small increases in temperature and bleaching is not solid
(by the way, I admire a devil's advocate to a point) and hence it seems fair
to ask: what is the evidence that you have and we, the hysterical
collective, don't seem to have?  Naturally, you may mean that the link
between global climate change and SST anomalies is debatable.  In this case,
let's debate this one too.  While it is admirable to warn us against
hysteria, it seems counter productive to flippantly imply that past opinions
are some how completely consumed by fuzzy logic and that your, currently
unsubstantiated, opinions are somehow immune.  

As for your reference to the "mythical" rational programmanager ("mythical"
meaning most are not???) and his/her response to current reports of the
nature and extent of coral bleaching.  I really fail to see your logic.  You
seem to imply that if we say that reefs are being greatly damaged by changes
to sea temperature, that your "rational program manager" would say that its
over so let's concentrate on another ecosystem.  With the greatest respect -
isn't this far-fetched (and oh, just a touch hysterical)!  Don't you think
we need to know more about where and when the dog has been barking?  Don't
you think that there will be mounting pressure to understand the
ramifications (if they exist) of these changes to a major tropical marine
ecosystem?   I predict that we will see a greater not reduced interest and
that "reporting the non-barking dog" is an academically correct yet
relatively trivial point.

At this point, the coral bleaching issue is clouded by many imponderables.
Did it occur in the past, will corals acclimate/adapt, do reefs recover, is
it getting worse and so on.  Coupled with the tendency for broader climate
change debate to be clouded by  similarly tricky questions (are we
experiencing an unusually warm period or is it just a blip in the broader
time frame, is it true that tropical oceans are mostly thermally inert?),
the message coming from scientists regarding the health of reef systems has
to be clear.  The internet collective was instrumental in documenting the
extent and severity of bleaching events in 1998.  This is turn has had an
important motivating infIuence in research and other circles.  To imply that
those of us who have contributed to the collective information about the
extent and severity of the current cycle of bleaching events are somehow
hysterical and are missing the point seems unfair and unproductive.

I look forward to hearing more from your keyboard.

Ove

PS - by the way, the dog just barked.




At 10:29 17/11/98 -0500, you wrote:
>My congratulations to Charles Delbeek for his report of a non-bleaching
>event. [Note that this is different from a bleaching non-event, which is
>what Bill Fitt tells us happens every (local) summer.]  I take this as a
>sign that the potentially powerful distributed approach to reef reportng
>and research is scientifically coming of age.
>
>If we take for the moment the line of argument (which I consider
>debatable) that global warming causes high SST events which cause
>bleaching which causes coral mortality, and that the health of reefs is
>already in global crisis stage, then the future is bleak indeed.  The
>1995 IPCC summsary points out that warming over the last century has
>beem 0.3-0.6 deg C, only some fraction of which has occurred over the
>period of the last 30-40 years, which we tend to equate with the period
>of serious reef decline.  The same report suggests that even with
>unrealistically optimistic scenarios for future CO2 emissions, we are
>headed for an additional +2 deg C over the next century -- in other
>words probably 5-10x the change that has (assigning the bleaching blame
>to temperature) already brought many reefs to their cute little
>invertebrate knees.
>
>Consider for a moment that mythical animal, the rational program
>manager.  He/she, on review of the data, would almost surely say that
>reefs are a clear write-off, and that we need to regroup and direct our
>human and financial resources toward some ecosytem or organism that
>could be saved.
>[Buddemeier, R. W., 1991.  Climate Change and Biology:  A Proposal for
>Scientific Impact Assessment and Response, pp 161-169 in Dudley, E. C.
>(ed), The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 1, Discorides Press,
>Portland, Or.]
>
>Oh no! everybody exclaims -- that's not so, we really can save the reefs
>if we just work harder and raise consciousness levels.  Well, friends, I
>have to suggest that this is not the message you are sending to a
>scientifically literate audience if you concentrate on reports of how
>widespread and rapid and frequent is DEATH. The important data are
>really the when, where, why, and how of SURVIVAL (thanks again,
>Charles).
>
>If you consider epidemiology in human populations, it is strongly
>context (total population) based -- it looks at the occurrence,
>distribution, and propagation of disease though healthy populations, and
>by doing so identifies pathways, vectors, synergies, loci of natural
>immunity, effective prophylaxis and protective measures at various
>scales, etc.   It is these latter observations, I suggest, that have
>been largely missing from the rush to judgment on the causes and effects
>of "bleaching," and which are needed to make a convincing case that
>research and conservation funds are really justified.
>
>To paraphrase Sherlock Holmes, the really significant observation is
>that the dog did NOT bark during the night.
>
>Ever onward, whatever the direction.
>
>Bob
>--
>
>
>Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier
>Senior Scientist, Geohydrology
>Kansas Geological Survey
>University of Kansas
>1930 Constant Ave.
>Lawrence, KS 66047
>
>ph (785) 864-3965
>fax (785) 864-5317
>buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu
>http://ghsun2.kgs.ukans.edu/staff/buddemeier.html
>
>


From glover at btl.net  Sat Nov 21 10:55:23 1998
From: glover at btl.net (Tom Bright)
Date: Sat, 21 Nov 1998 09:55:23 -0600
Subject: Hurricane Mitch affects Glover's Reef, Belize
Message-ID: <7718C5731592.AAA71B8@wgs1.btl.net>

MEMORANDUM TO: Mr. James Azueta, Marine Reserves Division, Belize Dept. of
Fisheries
FROM: Dr. Thomas Bright, Station Manager, Wildlife Conservation Society,
Glover's Reef Marine Research Station, Middle Caye, Belize
SUBJECT: Damage to Glover's Reef by Hurricane Mitch
DATE: Nov. 21, 1998

Dear James,

The eye of  Hurricane Mitch passed approximately 120 miles southeast of the
Glover's Reef Marine Reserve in late October, 1998. The wind was not high
enough at the reef to do serious damage itself. According to water marks on
the buildings on Middle Caye the sea level was up approximately  three feet
above normal at the reef during the storm. The north and east portions of
Glover's Reef were subjected to seas in excess of 20 feet in height for
several days.

Virtually all of the damage and modifications to the reefs, islands,
vegetation, and buildings was caused by a combination of severe wave action
and high water. Long Caye appears to have been most affected, whereas Middle
Caye was the least. Several buildings were washed away on all of the islands
at Glover's Reef except Middle Caye. Both of the small cayes (Fisherman's
and LaMont's) previously northwest of Long Caye are gone (reduced to a small
sand spit) and much of the sediment from them is apparently now part of a
new beach on Long Caye. All of the larger islands lost some shoreline along
the north and east shores (50 feet or more at Long Caye, three to five feet
at the more protected Middle Caye). Generally, the sand and rubble torn from
the shore was thrown over onto the island, increasing the size of adjacent
ramparts and the depth of sand behind them (up to five feet of new sand near
the eroded shore on Long Caye and six to 18 inches on Middle Caye).

Last week  (around Nov. 15) I examined the lagoonal patch reefs adjacent to
Middle Caye and the seaward forereef down to 25 feet for a half mile
northward of Middle Caye. Little or no hurricane-related damage was apparent
on the patch reefs in this protected area of the lagoon. Mechanical damage
to the upper forereef on the seaward side of the eastern barrier of  the
atoll was extensive. On that part of the forereef that I examined, I am
guessing that there was 60 to 75 % coral mortality (possibly more) due to
the storm. This is largely because the wave action dislodged a multitude of
coral heads and reefrocks and carried them onto the emergent topreef. The
previously discontinuous emergent part of the topreef next to Middle Caye on
the north became continuous for about a half mile and increased in width
from only a few feet to nearly 100 feet. The multiple tons of coral sand,
gravel and boulders to build this newly emergent topreef all came from the
adjacent forereef.

 Numerous newly-killed heads and pieces of the following corals were noticed
by me on the topreef following the storm: Acropora palmata, A. cervicornis,
Montastrea annularis (et al.), M. cavernosa, Dendrogyra cylindrus, Diploria
spp., Colpophyllia sp., Dichocoenia sp., Agaricia tenuifolia, A. spp.,
Porites astreoides, P. sp., Siderastrea spp., Millepora complanata, M.
alcicornis, Gorgonia spp., various alcyonarians. There were others but these
were the main "just-killed" taxa seen on the topreef.

Underwater, the upper forereef looks nothing like it used to. The remaining
heads of Agaricia tenuifolia and Millepora complanata which were previously
so conspicuous appear as if they had been beaten thoroughly with a club. All
the margins of the leafy colonies are chipped and broken off severely. What
is left looks sandblasted, with little living coral tissue left. Recently
broken pieces of Acropora palmata lie about. Those still standing are
abraded and have lost much of their tissue. I saw no remaining living
branches of Acropora cervicornis.  Montastrea  heads were still standing but
some were toppled over and many ended up on the topreef. Living alcyonarians
were very sparse compared to pre-storm conditions. It appears that the storm
waves acted to break, overturn, transport, and abrade reefrock and coral
colonies on the upper forereef. The abrasion process appears to have removed
much of the living coral and epibenthos that occupied the reef substratum
prior to the storm. The rock surface thus exposed has been colonized by a
pervasive cover of filamentous green algae, giving the entire upper forereef
a dominant green hue. Grazing and browsing fishes are much in evidence,
though not in greater numbers than previously, in my estimation. 

Remaining living coral tissue was still in a "bleached" condition. Some
recovery had occurred from the Sept.-Oct., 1998 mass bleaching event - but
not much. Most heads that originally bleached were still bleached at the
time of the storm, though gradual browning of many Montastrea heads was
evident. Therefore the storm damage was imposed on a reef coral population
in the initial stage of recovery from a recent mass bleaching event.
Unrelated to the storm, on the lagoonal patch reefs adjacent to Middle Caye,
I have noted some obvious mortality resulting from bleaching in Acropora
palmata, Porites porites and Millepora sp.

As yet, I have not examined the deeper forereef and "wall" off  Middle Caye
subsequent to the hurricane because I have been too busy with repairs on the
island. When I can, I will submit a further report. 

TOM BRIGHT
Dr. Thomas J. Bright, Station Manager
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY
Glover's Reef Marine Research Station
PO Box 2310
Belize City, Belize

Ph./Fax. 011-501-02-33855 (Belize City)
Ph. 011-501-05-22153 (Middle Caye)
E-mail <glover at btl.net>
Website <www.une.edu/glover/glovindx.html>


From lesk at bio.bu.edu  Sun Nov 22 11:32:58 1998
From: lesk at bio.bu.edu (Les Kaufman)
Date: Sun, 22 Nov 1998 11:32:58 -0500 (EST)
Subject: From the hysterical collective.
In-Reply-To: <2.2.32.19981121093630.006f2e88@mail.bio.usyd.edu.au>
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.4.00.9811221132050.2068-100000@bio.bu.edu>

Do the accumulating data bases allow us to calculate the relationship
between the magnitude of bleaching across sites this year and the extent
of subsequent mortality?

Les Kaufman
Boston University Marine Program
lesk at bio.bu.edu
617-353-5560 office
617-353-6965 lab
617-353-6340 fax




From Steneck at maine.maine.edu  Sun Nov 22 21:12:11 1998
From: Steneck at maine.maine.edu (Bob Steneck)
Date: Sun, 22 Nov 98 21:12:11 -0500
Subject: From the hysterical collective.
Message-ID: <199811230216.VAA28888@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>

Dear collective:

   Les Kaufman raises an excellent question.  To quantify the magnitude 
of bleaching we might do well to consider comparative data at the species 
level that is stratified by reef zone and depth.  The Atlantic and Gulf 
Reef Assessment protocol would work for that (see: 
http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/agra/), I suspect that there are others.  
Point is, understanding the pattern of this bleaching event should be a 
research priority.  I suspect it is too soon to know how much of this 
event is transient bleaching and how much will be lethal.  However, those 
of you in the field should get some data as soon as possible.  We can 
sort out what it all means later.

Bob Steneck


>Do the accumulating data bases allow us to calculate the relationship
>between the magnitude of bleaching across sites this year and the extent
>of subsequent mortality?
>
>Les Kaufman


----------------------------
Robert S. Steneck, Ph.D.
Professor, School of Marine Sciences
University of Maine
Darling Marine Center
Walpole, ME 04573
207 - 563 - 3146 ext. 233
e-mail: Steneck at Maine.EDU

The School of Marine Sciences Web site:
http://www.ume.maine.edu/~marine/marine.html



From pmuller at seas.marine.usf.edu  Mon Nov 23 15:22:04 1998
From: pmuller at seas.marine.usf.edu (Pam Muller)
Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1998 15:22:04 -0500 (EST)
Subject: Question about coral bleaching and El Nino
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.4.02.9811231513070.13275-100000@seas.marine.usf.edu>

A student in a science writing program called me the other day and asked
an interesting question:

"If coral bleaching is associated with high temperatures associated with 
El Nino, and 1997 was a major El Nino year, why did the corals bleach in
1998".  

I said that the reports that I had followed seemed to indicate that the
temperatures were higher this year than last, but didn't know how to
explain that in the context of El Nino/Southern Oscillation.  

I told her to subscribe to the coral.list, so she will probably see your
response if anyone has specific insight into this question.

Thanks,

Pamela Hallock Muller
Department of Marine Science
University of South Florida
140 Seventh Avenue South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
pmuller at marine.usf.edu
Phone: 727-553-1567
FAX: 727-553-1189 	NOTE NEW AREA CODE!!!

"Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what
nobody has thought."  - Albert Szent-Gyorgyi -


From 106422.2221 at compuserve.com  Tue Nov 24 05:33:33 1998
From: 106422.2221 at compuserve.com (Simon Wilson)
Date: Tue, 24 Nov 1998 05:33:33 -0500
Subject: Coral data from Pakistan or Iran
Message-ID: <199811240533_MC2-6156-EF7A@compuserve.com>

Dear Listers

Having looked through much of the main stream literature searching for
coral community data for Pakistan and Southern Iran, I have not been able
to find very much.  Can anyone advise me of researchers who may have
unpublished data for these regions ?  I'd be most grateful.

All the best

Simon Wilson

***********************************************
PO Box 2531
CPO 111
SEEB
Sultanate of OMAN

Tel:    00 968 736260 (h)
Tel/Fax:        00 968 595903 (O)
Mobile:         00 968 9358053
E-mail:         106422.2221 at compuserve.com
************************************************



From eakin at ogp.noaa.gov  Tue Nov 24 09:11:56 1998
From: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov (Mark Eakin)
Date: 24 Nov 1998 09:11:56 U
Subject: Question about coral bleaching and El Nino
Message-ID: <n1300223681.44464@ogp.noaa.gov>

        Reply to:   RE>Question about coral bleaching and El Nino

El Nino does not follow calendar years.  If you recall the previous largest El Nino event, it was the 1982-83 El Nino.  This one is the 1997-98 El Nino.  

A major point is that the actual El Nino oceanic warming is only a part of the total phenomenon.  Better known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, these are coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomena in which a combination of oceanic and atmospheric changes occur over a period lasting almost a year.  The changes result in climatic effects over much of the globe.  The coral bleaching we saw was related, but many of the mechanisms of the physical system are still unknown.

For more information, I recommend that she check out one of the many good web sites on the subject.  Ours is:
   http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/enso

Cheers,
Mark

__________________________________________________________
C. Mark Eakin, Ph.D.
NOAA/Global Programs, 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1210
Silver Spring, MD  USA  20910-5603
Voice: 301-427-2089 ext. 109              Fax: 301-427-2073
Internet: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov
Check out the La Nina at http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/enso

***Note: OGP has new telephone extensions

--------------------------------------
Date: 11/23/98 16:39
To: Mark Eakin
From: Pam Muller
A student in a science writing program called me the other day and asked
an interesting question:

"If coral bleaching is associated with high temperatures associated with 
El Nino, and 1997 was a major El Nino year, why did the corals bleach in
1998".  

I said that the reports that I had followed seemed to indicate that the
temperatures were higher this year than last, but didn't know how to
explain that in the context of El Nino/Southern Oscillation.  

I told her to subscribe to the coral.list, so she will probably see your
response if anyone has specific insight into this question.

Thanks,

Pamela Hallock Muller
Department of Marine Science
University of South Florida
140 Seventh Avenue South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA
pmuller at marine.usf.edu
Phone: 727-553-1567
FAX: 727-553-1189 	NOTE NEW AREA CODE!!!




From reefprj at tm.net.my  Tue Nov 24 22:24:45 1998
From: reefprj at tm.net.my (reefprj at tm.net.my)
Date: Wed, 25 Nov 1998 11:24:45 +0800
Subject: Fungia scutaria and H. porcellanus
Message-ID: <365B787D.6BF8@tm.net.my>

Dear cor-lister,

We did  coral survey at islands off Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia and
we spotted mushroom coral, Fungia scutaria.  What really struck us is
that the particular fungiids have not been recorded to be found in Sabah
waters.  Another finding that we came across was the Hippopus
porcellanus which were reported to be found in the Sulu archipelago down
to Sulawesi and the micronesia.  The giant clams were found at a reef 40
km from Kota Kinabalu city.  Ocean currents may play a great part of
their distribution.  Now I would to know if there are anybody out their
that have also found the specimens at Sabah's water or the Borneo
island.

Thank you,
Wilson Alex


From Hoeksema at naturalis.nnm.nl  Wed Nov 25 03:06:25 1998
From: Hoeksema at naturalis.nnm.nl (Hoeksema, B.W.)
Date: Wed, 25 Nov 1998 09:06:25 +0100
Subject: coral fauna of Sabah
Message-ID: <FABA3EA6D06CD11185550000F877DA793CB9CF@mail.nnm.nl>

Mr. Wilson Alex is right. 
Fungia scutaria has probably not been recorded before from Sabah, and
neither from Kalimantan,
the Indonesian part of Borneo. From around Borneo there are many
records, though. This indicates
that very little is known about the coral fauna of this large island.

A relevant coral publication on Sabah is:
Wood, E.M. & B.S. Tan, 1987. The coral reefs of the Bodgaya Islands
(Sabah: Malaysia) 
and Pulau Sipadan 3. Hard corals. - Malay. Nat. J. 40: 189-224, pls.
7-8. Many of the corals
that are reported in this publication can be found in The Natural
History Museum at London.

Best regards,

Bert

Dr. Bert W. Hoeksema
Co-ordinator Sea Research (Fauna Malesiana Marina)
National Museum of Natural History Naturalis
P.O. Box 9517
2300 RA  Leiden
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31.71.5687631
Fax: +31.71.5687666
E-mail: Hoeksema at Naturalis.NNM.nl

> -----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
> Van:	reefprj at tm.net.my [SMTP:reefprj at tm.net.my]
> Verzonden:	woensdag 25 november 1998 4:25
> Aan:	coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Onderwerp:	Fungia scutaria and H. porcellanus
> 
> Dear cor-lister,
> 
> We did  coral survey at islands off Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia and
> we spotted mushroom coral, Fungia scutaria.  What really struck us is
> that the particular fungiids have not been recorded to be found in
> Sabah
> waters.  Another finding that we came across was the Hippopus
> porcellanus which were reported to be found in the Sulu archipelago
> down
> to Sulawesi and the micronesia.  The giant clams were found at a reef
> 40
> km from Kota Kinabalu city.  Ocean currents may play a great part of
> their distribution.  Now I would to know if there are anybody out
> their
> that have also found the specimens at Sabah's water or the Borneo
> island.
> 
> Thank you,
> Wilson Alex


From eakin at ogp.noaa.gov  Wed Nov 25 09:58:28 1998
From: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov (Mark Eakin)
Date: 25 Nov 1998 09:58:28 U
Subject: Coral Literature
Message-ID: <n1300134527.1312@ogp.noaa.gov>

                           Subject:                         Time:   09:55
                           Coral Literature                 Date:   11/25/98

After reading Jim Hendee's recent "helpful hints" message, I decided to make
my literature file available over the web.  It can be found at:
   http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/misc/coral/coralit.html

The following is the introduction to it:

Coral Related Literature

Warranty: none given or implied. The following is provided on an "as is"
basis. This is a
slightly edited version of all of the coral related literature from my
database. It contains
950-1000 references.

Beware that it has been moved between at least 3 different literature database
software
systems and all entries were made by hand or copied from those aquired on the
web or from
e-mails. You should check any references before assuming they are correct.

I hope that it is helpful. If you have comments, corrections or feedback,
please let me know
at eakin at ogp.noaa.gov.

Revision date: 11/25/98

Cheers,
Mark


From coral at aoml.noaa.gov  Thu Nov 26 02:09:57 1998
From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Workstation at NOAA/AOML)
Date: Thu, 26 Nov 1998 02:09:57 -0500 (EST)
Subject: No subject
Message-ID: <199811260711.HAA29020@coral.aoml.noaa.gov>


For your information, the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium will be
held October 7-11, 2000 at the Bali International Convention Center,
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.  Abstracts of 300 words should be submitted to
the organizer by December 31, 1999, while the full paper should be by June
30, 2000.  Registration costs range from US $300 to US $600.  For more
information, please contact:

Secretariat of the 9th ICRS
	coremap at indosat.net.id

or,

Conference Organizer
	mktg at royalindo.co.id


Web Page:
	http://www.oceanology.lipi.go.id


	Cheers (from beautiful Townsville, Australia),
	your coral-list administrator, Jim