The Dust Hypothesis
lessiosh
lessiosh at naos.si.edu
Fri Jan 3 07:31:26 EST 2003
Alina and others
Happy new year.
"Diadema antillarum" on the African coast has the same name, but it is
not the same species. Its mitochondrial DNA is as different from
Caribbean D. antillarum as that of D. paucispinum and D. savignyi. See
Lessios, Kessing and Pearse, 2001, Population structure and speciation
in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema.
Evolution, 55:955-975.
So, this may answer this particular objection, but there are additional
difficulties with the dust hypothesis to explain the Diadema mass
mortality:
1. Why did it start at such a specific point at the mouth of the Panama
Canal? The data in "H.A. Lessios, D.R. Robertson, J.D. Cubit. 1984
Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science,
226:335-337" are good enough to conclude that it really did start at the
mouth of the canal, rather than first being noticed there. Disease due
to dust traveling all the way from Africa and falling in the Caribbean
would be more likely to start at various places in a large area. That
it only started in one location, and that this location is so close to
where ships discharge ballast water is more consistent with its having
come in ballast water from the Pacific. Presumably, the pathogen is
benign for Pacific species of Diadema, but killed the Atlantic ones.
That it infected no other sea urchin species, not even the E. Atlantic
Diadema, suggests that it is very specific.
2. Why did the mortality front travel by currents over large distances
of water? If it came from the atmosphere, there should be no
correlation with water current direction in its spread. The last
locations to be infected were Bermuda and the Virgin Islands, not
particularly consistent with dust coming from Africa.
3. Why were Diadema in aquaria also infected?
4. Why have there been subsequent local outbreaks at very specific
times?
I suppose that it can all be explained if one assumes that dust,
traveled high over most of the Atlantic and the Caribbean, fell in the
SE Caribbean and only what landed in Panama happened to contain a
pathogenic organism, which was then spread by the currents and
cross-infection. We will never know for sure. The dust hypothesis,
like any other, is speculation, with some things that fit and others
that don't.
Haris Lessios
H. A. Lessios
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Balboa, Panama
Telephone: +507/212-8708
Fax +507/212-8791
Telephone from the US (domestic call): 202/786-2099 x 8708
Mail address:
From the USA:
Unit 0948
APO AA 34002-0948
From elsewhere:
Box 2072
Balboa, Panama
>
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov
>[mailto:owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov] On Behalf Of szmanta
>Sent: Wednesday, January 01, 2003 5:45 PM
>To: Precht, Bill; coral-list
>Subject: RE: The Dust Hypothesis
>
>
>Dear All:
>
>I have read several times the hypothesis that the Diadema die-off in
>the Caribbean was somehow caused by African dust. Can someone explain
>to me the logic behind this when the same species of sea urchin is doing
>well, and matter of fact, has been a pest because of too high of
>population densities on reefs just off the West coast of Africa (much
>closer to the dust and potential pathogen source)?
>
>Happy New Year to all.
>
>Alina Szmant
>
> >===== Original Message From "Precht, Bill" <Bprecht at pbsj.com> =====
> >Dear Coral List:
> >
> >For those following the "dust" for the past few years I thought you
>might
> >find these tidbits of interest.
> >
> >Have a great holiday!
> >- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
> >
> >The Dust Hypothesis
> >
> >Question:
> >
> >Why have coral reefs that are bathed in clear oceanic waters throughout
> >much of the Caribbean suffered algal infestation, coral diseases, and
>near
> >extinction of herbivorous sea urchins almost simultaneously during the
> >1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s? The best known factors detrimental to
>coral
> >reefs include sewage, run-off from land, dredging, UV light, etc. These
> >factors do not apply for many affected reefs where human population is
>low.
> >Is there an alternative way to spread nutrients and diseases?
> >
> >(Contineud)
> >
> >http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/
> >
> >
> > Online mini-movie
> >
> > Watch USGS scientists Ginger Garrison, Gene Shinn, Chuck Holmes,
>and
> > Dale Griffin in "The Effects of Globally Transported African and
> > Asian Dust on Coral Reef and Human Health"
> >
> > http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/documentary/
> >
> >
> > National Public Radio interview
> >
> > Project scientists Gene Shinn and Ginger Garrison were
>interviewed
> > along with geologist/novelist Sarah Andrews on National Public
>Radio
> > station KQED in San Francisco on the popular morning talk show
> > "Forum" on January 15, 2002. Listen to the interview.
> >
> >
>www.kqed.org/audioarchive/frameset/forum/2002/01/2002-01-15b-forum.html
> >
> >
> >////////////////
> >
> >
> >Mercury From China Rains Down on California
> >
> > Environmental News Service (ENS)
> > http://ens-news.com/
> >
> > December 20, 2002
> >
> >SANTA CRUZ, California, - Industrial emissions in Asia are a major
>source
> >of mercury in rainwater that falls along the California coast, a new
>study
> >suggests.
> >
> >The mercury in rainwater is not in itself a health threat, but mercury
> >pollution is a problem in San Francisco Bay and other California waters
> >because the toxic element builds up in the food chain. State regulatory
> >agencies are looking for ways to reduce the amount of mercury entering
>the
> >state's waters from various sources.
> >
> >It is not just the mercury itself but a whole cocktail of atmospheric
> >pollutants that contribute to the deposition of mercury in rainfall.
> >Elemental mercury behaves as a gas in the atmosphere and is not washed
>out
> >in rain until it has been oxidized into a charged ionic form that can
>be
> >captured by water droplets.
> >
> >Ozone, a major component of urban and industrial smog, plays a key role
>in
> >this oxidation process, said Douglas Steding, lead author of a paper
> >published Thursday in the online edition of the "Journal of Geophysical
> >Research - Atmospheres." The report by Steding and other researchers
>from
> >the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) will appear in a later
> >print edition of the journal.
> >
> >"There is a relatively large reservoir of mercury in the atmosphere,
>and
> >it's the rate of oxidation that determines how much of it gets
>deposited in
> >rainfall," Steding said.
> >
> >Mercury is a trace contaminant of most coal, and emissions from coal
> >burning power plants are a major source of mercury pollution in many
>parts
> >of the world. In the Pacific Basin, the main source of atmospheric
>mercury
> >is coal combustion in China.
> >
> >China relies on coal as a fuel and accounts for about 10 percent of the
> >total global industrial emissions of mercury.
> >
> >Air pollution in China also generates ozone, which peaks during the
>winter
> >due to increased fuel consumption for heating. Air loaded with mercury
>and
> >ozone moves off the continent into the Western Pacific, where it is
> >incorporated into developing storms.
> >
> >"The mercury we measured in rainwater results from a combination of
>mercury
> >emissions and ozone production, as well as meteorological factors - the
> >storm tracks that transport the pollutants across the Pacific," Steding
> >said.
> >
> >Steding collected rainwater samples at two sites in central California:
>on
> >the coast at UCSC's Long Marine Laboratory and at Moffett Field near
>San
> >Jose, on the inland side of the Santa Cruz Mountains. For each rainfall
> >event, the researchers used air mass trajectories calculated by a
>national
> >climate lab to trace the movement of the storms across the Pacific from
> >Asia.
> >
> >Rainwater collected at the coastal site showed the background
> >concentrations of mercury in storms as they arrived off the Pacific
>Ocean.
> >Those measurements were about three times higher than estimates of the
> >natural, preindustrial level, Steding said.
> >
> >Rainwater from the inland site showed mercury concentrations 44 percent
> >higher than at the coastal site. Steding attributed the difference
>between
> >the two sites to ozone in Bay Area smog, rather than local emissions of
> >mercury.
> >
> >"There is a local influence of urban smog on the mercury oxidation
>rate. We
> >see a background signal of mercury blowing off the Pacific, then a
>local
> >enrichment that's probably due to urban smog," Steding said. "If we
>want to
> >reduce mercury deposition, it's not enough to shut down local emissions
>of
> >mercury, because other pollutants influence how much of the mercury in
>the
> >atmosphere ends up in rainwater."
> >
> >Steding said people should not worry about health effects from the
>mercury
> >in rainwater, because the concentrations are very low. But the
>deposition
> >in rain does add mercury to surface waters, where the toxin enters the
>food
> >chain and builds up to high levels in certain kinds of fish.
> >
> >State health officials have issued advisories warning people not to eat
> >fish from more than a dozen bodies of water in California, including
>San
> >Francisco Bay.
> >
> > # # #
> >
> >http://ens-news.com/ens/dec2002/2002-12-20-09.asp#anchor1
> >
> >
> >///////////////////
> >
> >
> >Steding, Douglas J.; Flegal, A. Russell
> >
> >Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation:
> >Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North America
> >
> >10.1029/2002JD002081
> >
> >19 December 2002
> >
> >http://www.agu.org/pubs/toc2002/jd.shtml#dec
> >
> >
> >////////////////
> >
> >
> >Mercury In California Rainwater Traced ...
> >
> >ScienceDaily News Release
> >
> >.. Steding emphasized that people should not worry about health effects
> >from the mercury in rainwater, because the concentrations are very low.
> >
> >http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021220075156.htm
> >
> >- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
> >
> >*****************************************
> >Season's Greetings from NOAA's CHAMP!
> >*****************************************
> >~~~~~~~
> >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the
> >digests, please see http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html .
>
>Alina M. Szmant
>UNCW Center for Marine Science
>On travel from UNCW
>
>~~~~~~~
>For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the
>digests, please see http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html .
*******************************************************************
Dr. Alina M. Szmant
Coral Reef Research Group
Professor of Biology
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane
Wilmington NC 28409-5928
tel: (910)962-2362 fax: (910)962-2410
email: szmanta at uncwil.edu
<http://www.uncwil.edu/people/szmanta/>http://www.uncwil.edu/people/szmanta/
******************************************************************
--Boundary_(ID_LWPAmk1OzhYyaFAKJvhtSw)
Content-type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
<html>
I think Haris meant to send this message out to all interested parties
by
hit the 'reply' instead of 'reply all' button.<br><br>
Alina Szmant<br><br>
<br><br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite>Date: Thu, 02 Jan 2003 10:35:35
-0500<br>
From: lessiosh <lessiosh at naos.si.edu><br>
Subject: RE: The Dust Hypothesis<br>
To: 'szmanta' <szmanta at uncwil.edu><br>
Reply-to: lessiosh at naos.si.edu<br>
X-VMS-To: IN%"szmanta at uncwil.edu"
"'szmanta'"<br>
X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4024<br>
Importance: Normal<br>
Original-recipient: rfc822;szmanta at uncwil.edu<br><br>
Alina and others<br><br>
Happy new year.<br><br>
"Diadema antillarum" on the African coast has the same name,
but it is<br>
not the same species. Its mitochondrial DNA is as different
from<br>
Caribbean D. antillarum as that of D. paucispinum and D. savignyi.
See<br>
Lessios, Kessing and Pearse, 2001, Population structure and
speciation<br>
in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema.<br>
Evolution, 55:955-975.<br><br>
So, this may answer this particular objection, but there are
additional<br>
difficulties with the dust hypothesis to explain the Diadema mass<br>
mortality:<br><br>
1. Why did it start at such a specific point at the mouth of the
Panama<br>
Canal? The data in "H.A. Lessios, D.R. Robertson, J.D. Cubit.
1984<br>
Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science,<br>
226:335-337" are good enough to conclude that it really did start
at
the<br>
mouth of the canal, rather than first being noticed there. Disease
due<br>
to dust traveling all the way from Africa and falling in the
Caribbean<br>
would be more likely to start at various places in a large area.
That<br>
it only started in one location, and that this location is so close
to<br>
where ships discharge ballast water is more consistent with its
having<br>
come in ballast water from the Pacific. Presumably, the pathogen
is<br>
benign for Pacific species of Diadema, but killed the Atlantic
ones.<br>
That it infected no other sea urchin species, not even the E.
Atlantic<br>
Diadema, suggests that it is very specific.<br><br>
2. Why did the mortality front travel by currents over large
distances<br>
of water? If it came from the atmosphere, there should be no<br>
correlation with water current direction in its spread. The
last<br>
locations to be infected were Bermuda and the Virgin Islands, not<br>
particularly consistent with dust coming from Africa.<br><br>
3. Why were Diadema in aquaria also infected?<br><br>
4. Why have there been subsequent local outbreaks at very
specific<br>
times?<br><br>
I suppose that it can all be explained if one assumes that dust,<br>
traveled high over most of the Atlantic and the Caribbean, fell in
the<br>
SE Caribbean and only what landed in Panama happened to contain a<br>
pathogenic organism, which was then spread by the currents and<br>
cross-infection. We will never know for sure. The dust
hypothesis,<br>
like any other, is speculation, with some things that fit and
others<br>
that don't.<br><br>
Haris Lessios<br><br>
H. A. Lessios<br>
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute<br>
Balboa, Panama<br><br>
Telephone: +507/212-8708<br>
Fax +507/212-8791<br>
Telephone from the US (domestic call): 202/786-2099 x 8708<br><br>
Mail address:<br>
From the USA:<br>
Unit 0948<br>
APO AA 34002-0948<br><br>
From elsewhere:<br>
Box 2072<br>
Balboa, Panama<br><br>
<br><br>
-----Original Message-----<br>
From: owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov<br>
[<a href="mailto:owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov"
eudora="autourl">mailto:owner-coral-list at aoml.noaa.gov</a>]
On Behalf Of szmanta<br>
Sent: Wednesday, January 01, 2003 5:45 PM<br>
To: Precht, Bill; coral-list<br>
Subject: RE: The Dust Hypothesis<br><br>
<br>
Dear All:<br><br>
I have read several times the hypothesis that the Diadema die-off
in<br>
the Caribbean was somehow caused by African dust. Can
someone
explain<br>
to me the logic behind this when the same species of sea urchin is
doing<br>
well, and matter of fact, has been a pest because of too high of<br>
population densities on reefs just off the West coast of Africa
(much<br>
closer to the dust and potential pathogen source)?<br><br>
Happy New Year to all.<br><br>
Alina Szmant<br><br>
>===== Original Message From "Precht, Bill"
<Bprecht at pbsj.com> =====<br>
>Dear Coral List:<br>
><br>
>For those following the "dust" for the past few years I
thought you<br>
might<br>
>find these tidbits of interest.<br>
><br>
>Have a great holiday!<br>
>- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
><br>
>The Dust Hypothesis<br>
><br>
>Question:<br>
><br>
>Why have coral reefs that are bathed in clear oceanic waters
throughout<br>
>much of the Caribbean suffered algal infestation, coral diseases,
and<br>
near<br>
>extinction of herbivorous sea urchins almost simultaneously during
the<br>
>1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s? The best known factors detrimental
to<br>
coral<br>
>reefs include sewage, run-off from land, dredging, UV light, etc.
These<br>
>factors do not apply for many affected reefs where human population
is<br>
low.<br>
>Is there an alternative way to spread nutrients and diseases?<br>
><br>
>(Contineud)<br>
><br>
><a href="http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/"
eudora="autourl">http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/</a><br>
><br>
><br>
> Online mini-movie<br>
><br>
> Watch USGS scientists Ginger
Garrison,
Gene Shinn, Chuck Holmes,<br>
and<br>
> Dale Griffin in "The Effects of
Globally Transported African and<br>
> Asian Dust on Coral Reef and Human
Health"<br>
><br>
>
<a href="http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/documentary/"
eudora="autourl">http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/documentary/
</a><br>
><br>
><br>
> National Public Radio interview<br>
><br>
> Project scientists Gene Shinn and
Ginger Garrison were<br>
interviewed<br>
> along with geologist/novelist Sarah
Andrews on National Public<br>
Radio<br>
> station KQED in San Francisco on the
popular morning talk show<br>
> "Forum" on January 15,
2002.
Listen to the interview.<br>
><br>
><br>
<a
href="
http://www.kqed.org/audioarchive/frameset/forum/2002/01/2002-01-15b-forum.html
"
eudora="autourl">www.kqed.org/audioarchive/frameset/forum/2002/01/2002-01-15b-forum.html</a><br>
><br>
><br>
>////////////////<br>
><br>
><br>
>Mercury From China Rains Down on California<br>
><br>
> Environmental News Service (ENS)<br>
>
<a href="http://ens-news.com/"
eudora="autourl">http://ens-news.com/</a><br>
><br>
> December 20, 2002<br>
><br>
>SANTA CRUZ, California, - Industrial emissions in Asia are a
major<br>
source<br>
>of mercury in rainwater that falls along the California coast, a
new<br>
study<br>
>suggests.<br>
><br>
>The mercury in rainwater is not in itself a health threat, but
mercury<br>
>pollution is a problem in San Francisco Bay and other California
waters<br>
>because the toxic element builds up in the food chain. State
regulatory<br>
>agencies are looking for ways to reduce the amount of mercury
entering<br>
the<br>
>state's waters from various sources.<br>
><br>
>It is not just the mercury itself but a whole cocktail of
atmospheric<br>
>pollutants that contribute to the deposition of mercury in
rainfall.<br>
>Elemental mercury behaves as a gas in the atmosphere and is not
washed<br>
out<br>
>in rain until it has been oxidized into a charged ionic form that
can<br>
be<br>
>captured by water droplets.<br>
><br>
>Ozone, a major component of urban and industrial smog, plays a key
role<br>
in<br>
>this oxidation process, said Douglas Steding, lead author of a
paper<br>
>published Thursday in the online edition of the "Journal of
Geophysical<br>
>Research - Atmospheres." The report by Steding and other
researchers<br>
from<br>
>the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) will appear in a
later<br>
>print edition of the journal.<br>
><br>
>"There is a relatively large reservoir of mercury in the
atmosphere,<br>
and<br>
>it's the rate of oxidation that determines how much of it gets<br>
deposited in<br>
>rainfall," Steding said.<br>
><br>
>Mercury is a trace contaminant of most coal, and emissions from
coal<br>
>burning power plants are a major source of mercury pollution in
many<br>
parts<br>
>of the world. In the Pacific Basin, the main source of
atmospheric<br>
mercury<br>
>is coal combustion in China.<br>
><br>
>China relies on coal as a fuel and accounts for about 10 percent of
the<br>
>total global industrial emissions of mercury.<br>
><br>
>Air pollution in China also generates ozone, which peaks during
the<br>
winter<br>
>due to increased fuel consumption for heating. Air loaded with
mercury<br>
and<br>
>ozone moves off the continent into the Western Pacific, where it
is<br>
>incorporated into developing storms.<br>
><br>
>"The mercury we measured in rainwater results from a
combination
of<br>
mercury<br>
>emissions and ozone production, as well as meteorological factors -
the<br>
>storm tracks that transport the pollutants across the Pacific,"
Steding<br>
>said.<br>
><br>
>Steding collected rainwater samples at two sites in central
California:<br>
on<br>
>the coast at UCSC's Long Marine Laboratory and at Moffett Field
near<br>
San<br>
>Jose, on the inland side of the Santa Cruz Mountains. For each
rainfall<br>
>event, the researchers used air mass trajectories calculated by
a<br>
national<br>
>climate lab to trace the movement of the storms across the Pacific
from<br>
>Asia.<br>
><br>
>Rainwater collected at the coastal site showed the background<br>
>concentrations of mercury in storms as they arrived off the
Pacific<br>
Ocean.<br>
>Those measurements were about three times higher than estimates of
the<br>
>natural, preindustrial level, Steding said.<br>
><br>
>Rainwater from the inland site showed mercury concentrations 44
percent<br>
>higher than at the coastal site. Steding attributed the
difference<br>
between<br>
>the two sites to ozone in Bay Area smog, rather than local emissions
of<br>
>mercury.<br>
><br>
>"There is a local influence of urban smog on the mercury
oxidation<br>
rate. We<br>
>see a background signal of mercury blowing off the Pacific, then
a<br>
local<br>
>enrichment that's probably due to urban smog," Steding said.
"If we<br>
want to<br>
>reduce mercury deposition, it's not enough to shut down local
emissions<br>
of<br>
>mercury, because other pollutants influence how much of the mercury
in<br>
the<br>
>atmosphere ends up in rainwater."<br>
><br>
>Steding said people should not worry about health effects from
the<br>
mercury<br>
>in rainwater, because the concentrations are very low. But the<br>
deposition<br>
>in rain does add mercury to surface waters, where the toxin enters
the<br>
food<br>
>chain and builds up to high levels in certain kinds of fish.<br>
><br>
>State health officials have issued advisories warning people not to
eat<br>
>fish from more than a dozen bodies of water in California,
including<br>
San<br>
>Francisco Bay.<br>
><br>
> # # #<br>
><br>
><a href="http://ens-news.com/ens/dec2002/2002-12-20-09.asp#anchor1"
eudora="autourl">http://ens-news.com/ens/dec2002/2002-12-20-09.asp#anchor1
</a><br>
><br>
><br>
>///////////////////<br>
><br>
><br>
>Steding, Douglas J.; Flegal, A. Russell<br>
><br>
>Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation:<br>
>Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North
America<br>
><br>
>10.1029/2002JD002081<br>
><br>
>19 December 2002<br>
><br>
><a href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/toc2002/jd.shtml#dec"
eudora="autourl">http://www.agu.org/pubs/toc2002/jd.shtml#dec</a><br>
><br>
><br>
>////////////////<br>
><br>
><br>
>Mercury In California Rainwater Traced ...<br>
><br>
>ScienceDaily News Release<br>
><br>
>.. Steding emphasized that people should not worry about health
effects<br>
>from the mercury in rainwater, because the concentrations are very
low.<br>
><br>
><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021220075156.htm"
eudora="autourl">
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021220075156.htm</a><br>
><br>
>- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
><br>
>*****************************************<br>
>Season's Greetings from NOAA's CHAMP!<br>
>*****************************************<br>
>~~~~~~~<br>
>For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or
the<br>
>digests, please see
<a href="http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html"
eudora="autourl">http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html</a>
.<br><br>
Alina M. Szmant<br>
UNCW Center for Marine Science<br>
On travel from UNCW<br><br>
~~~~~~~<br>
For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the<br>
digests, please see <a
href="http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html"
eudora="autourl">http://www.coral.noaa.gov/lists/coral-list.html</a>
.</blockquote>
<x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
******************************************************************* <br>
Dr. Alina M. Szmant <br>
Coral Reef Research Group <br>
Professor of Biology <br>
Center for Marine Science <br>
University of North Carolina at Wilmington <br>
5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane <br>
Wilmington NC 28409-5928 <br>
tel: (910)962-2362 fax: (910)962-2410 <br>
email: szmanta at uncwil.edu <br>
<font color="#0000FF"><a
href="http://www.uncwil.edu/people/szmanta/">
http://www.uncwil.edu/people/szmanta/</a>
<br>
</font>******************************************************************</html>
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