From marks at wcmc.org.uk Wed Dec 3 12:10:46 1997 From: marks at wcmc.org.uk (Mark Spalding) Date: Wed, 03 Dec 1997 17:10:46 +0000 Subject: Coral reef and mangrove maps Message-ID: An embedded and charset-unspecified text was scrubbed... Name: not available Url: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19971203/0be34096/attachment.pl From Vicki.Hall1 at jcu.edu.au Wed Dec 3 18:08:53 1997 From: Vicki.Hall1 at jcu.edu.au (Vicki Hall1) Date: Thu, 4 Dec 1997 09:08:53 +1000 (EST) Subject: Tropical Marine Field Stations Message-ID: Dear Coral List Members, I am compiling information on the location, facilities and fee structure of Coral Reef Research Stations from around the world and would like to enlist your help in this endeavour. If you can be of assistance in this regard please reply directly to my email address: Vicki.Hall at jcu.edu.au My sincere thanks in advance for any details on this topic, Vicki Hall. From gattuso at unice.fr Thu Dec 4 05:11:11 1997 From: gattuso at unice.fr (Jean-Pierre Gattuso) Date: Thu, 4 Dec 1997 11:11:11 +0100 Subject: CO2 and coral bleaching: clarification Message-ID: Hi Coral-listers: I would like to clarify the background about a recent message posted on coral-list. Martin Pecheux has a slow internet access and asked me to post a document regarding coral bleaching on his behalf. I did so but forgot to properly configure Eudora and my signature file appeared at the end of his message. For the record, I do not endorse Martin's hypothesis on the role of increased pCO2 as a natural bleaching agent. In fact, I have serious reservations about his ideas and experiments. However, I am a believer of the freedom of speech and broadcasted his message as he requested. JPG ------------------- Jean-Pierre Gattuso Observatoire Oceanologique Europeen, Av. Saint-Martin, MC-98000 Monaco Voice: +377 93153600 - Fax: +377 93505297 - From eshaw at emerald.tufts.edu Thu Dec 4 11:07:13 1997 From: eshaw at emerald.tufts.edu (Ellen Shaw) Date: Thu, 04 Dec 1997 11:07:13 -0500 (EST) Subject: coral reef policy information In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Dear coral-listers: I'm working on a tight deadline for a general paper regarding coral reef conservation issues, and would very much appreciate any leads you can give me on international, inter-governmental policy designed for preservation of coral reef systems, particularly in the Caribbean. In addition, if anyone out there needs similar information, I will be happy to pass on any leads I get. Thanks for your help. Ellen Shaw The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy eshaw at emerald.tufts.edu From f.marubini at iol.it Fri Dec 5 06:29:57 1997 From: f.marubini at iol.it (Francesca Marubini) Date: Fri, 5 Dec 1997 06:29:57 -0500 Subject: coral trade Message-ID: <199712051129.GAA24711@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear coral-listers, I would like to know what is the general opinion on the increasing trade in hermatypic corals for private aquaria. Is it regulated by any international law? If it is illegal to collect corals in many countries, why is it legal (at least in UK and Italy, where I have checked) to import and sell live coral which presumably comes from natural reefs? Are there any 'coral farms'? Sincerely Francesca Marubini please reply directly to me at : f.marubini at iol.it From mcall at superaje.com Fri Dec 5 09:33:57 1997 From: mcall at superaje.com (Don McAllister) Date: Fri, 05 Dec 1997 09:33:57 -0500 Subject: coral trade References: <199712051129.GAA24711@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Message-ID: <348810D5.E0439492@superaje.com> Francesca Marubini wrote: > I would like to know what is the general opinion on the increasing trade in > hermatypic corals for private aquaria. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) controls hard coral trade under Appendix II. Thus trade is allowed but must be accompanied by proper export and import certificates. Trade out of some countries is declining and indeed forbidden. Trade in live corals out of Indonesia to EU has grown from 3,629 pieces in 1990 to 59,107 pieces in 1995 according to TRAFFIC Europe. > Is it regulated by any international > law? If it is illegal to collect corals in many countries, why is it legal > (at least in UK and Italy, where I have checked) to import and sell live > coral which presumably comes from natural reefs? Of course there are the usual problems with corruption and faking on CITES permits. > Are there any 'coral farms'? Some public aquaria are successfully breeding and sharing pieces of coral which can be grown by others. Ocean Voice's quarterly bulletin, Sea Wind, had an article on a coral farm in Indiana, U.S.A. Of course, according to the International Convention on Biological Diversity, benefits derived from components of biodiversity should be shared with the country of origin; that requirement offers encouragement to the country of origin to continue protecting its species from undue exploitation or extinction caused by undue development. don -- Don E. McAllister /& Canadian Centre for Biodiversity Ocean Voice International /Canadian Museum of Nature Box 37026, 3332 McCarthy Rd. /Box 3443, Station D Ottawa, ON K1V 0W0, Canada /Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4 URL: http://www.ovi.ca E-mail: mcall at superaje.com (or: ah194 at freenet.carleton.ca) Tel: (613) 264-8986, Fax: (613) 264-9204 From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu Fri Dec 5 13:49:53 1997 From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson) Date: Fri, 5 Dec 1997 08:49:53 -1000 (HST) Subject: coral trade In-Reply-To: <199712051129.GAA24711@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Message-ID: Francesca, Corals are protected by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). However, countries such as Indonesia and Fiji have not signed this treaty. Corals can be collected and shipped out of these countries legally to the United States and elsewhere although some documentation that the collecting has not harmed the natural population is required by the US Fish & Wildlife Service. I'm not an expert on this area but that is my general understanding. As for Coral Farms, we have one here and there are several others operating in the United States. Under the right conditions (either artifical or natural as in our case), Acropora corals and other branching species are about as difficult to grow as crabgrass and with growth rates up to 20cm per year we have more of a problem disposing of the excess growth. We began growing corals here in 1977 and now maintain 75 species (including some of the original colonies). We provide living corals to researchers (most recently for toxicology tests), and to other public aquariums in the US. Many public aquariums in the US are beginning to grow their own corals and this trend will increase as our techniques continue to improve. For anyone else out there receiving this message, the Waikiki Aquarium is not a commerical supplier of corals. We do not have enough staff to pack and ship corals to everyone who asks for them. Bruce Carlson Waikiki Aquarium ********************************************* On Fri, 5 Dec 1997, Francesca Marubini wrote: > Dear coral-listers, > > I would like to know what is the general opinion on the increasing trade in > hermatypic corals for private aquaria. Is it regulated by any international > law? If it is illegal to collect corals in many countries, why is it legal > (at least in UK and Italy, where I have checked) to import and sell live > coral which presumably comes from natural reefs? Are there any 'coral farms'? > > Sincerely > Francesca Marubini > > please reply directly to me at : f.marubini at iol.it > > From DFenner at compuserve.com Fri Dec 5 14:23:41 1997 From: DFenner at compuserve.com (Douglas Fenner) Date: Fri, 5 Dec 1997 14:23:41 -0500 Subject: coral trade Message-ID: <199712051423_MC2-2AD2-ACC1@compuserve.com> I would like to add to what has already been said on the coral trade that in some locations the sale of coral is legal as long as it was not collected locally. So, in the Cayman Islands, collecting black coral is strictly illegal, but the sale of black coral jewelry from imported coral is quite legal and widely advertised. I believe in Florida the sale of Florida corals is illegal, but the shops are full of imported corals. Second, I would point out that customs officials may feel they have higher priorities than searching for corals, such as looking for drugs and agricultural pests that can cost a country billions; they may be understaffed to do much more. However, officials have recently decided to search packages going to the Smithsonian coral collection for scientific work and demand full paperwork for corals donated years ago. Corals weighing a few grams dredged from 2000 m depth for scientific purposes require the same paperwork as a truckload of reef corals going to a shell shop for sale as door stops. It would seem that the letter of the law is being enforced instead of the spirit. Hampering scientific work may not assist conservation. You can read about aquarium-grown corals for sale at the following web site: http://www.reefscience.com/hard.html Doug Douglas Fenner DFenner at compuserve.com From martinpecheux at minitel.net Fri Dec 5 20:20:53 1997 From: martinpecheux at minitel.net (MARTIN PECHEUX) Date: Sat, 6 Dec 1997 02:20:53 +0100 (MET) Subject: SEAWATER CHEMISTRY SOFTWARE Message-ID: <199712060120.CAA28340@smtp1.minitel.net> Freeshare software. I have written a simple software application for the carbonate system (pCO2, CO2, HCO3, CO3, Total C, Alk, pH NBS/SW with T, S for seawater, UNESCO 1987 standard equations), CaCO3, O2, CO2 solubilities, CO2 hydratation dynamic, T-S-depth density and CCD, specific heat (UNESCO 1981) and polynomial approximations. Application and source code (Think Pascal) for Macintosh or PASCAL source for PC. Send me your mail, I'll send you a diskette. At your service Martin Pecheux From martinpecheux at minitel.net Sun Dec 7 13:07:42 1997 From: martinpecheux at minitel.net (MARTIN PECHEUX) Date: Sun, 7 Dec 1997 19:07:42 +0100 (MET) Subject: WHO KNOW PC PASCAL (SW CHEMISTRY) Message-ID: <199712071807.TAA04007@smtp1.minitel.net> I receive many demands for my seawater chemistry software (accurate in reefs of course), but a majority from PC users...while mine is in Think Pascal (modular) for Macintosh. Thus for them, best first is if there is someone who programs any PC PASCAL builts once this application. From source code, the work will be not very great. Thanks Martin Pecheux From Tom.Hourigan at noaa.gov Mon Dec 8 17:34:20 1997 From: Tom.Hourigan at noaa.gov (Tom Hourigan) Date: 08 Dec 1997 17:34:20 -0500 Subject: coral trade Message-ID: <05C59348C75EC008*/c=US/admd=ATTMAIL/prmd=GOV+NOAA/o=CCNMFS/s=Hourigan/g=Tom/@MHS> Just a small correction on the discussion posted on corals and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). As noted by Don McAllister, most corals are included in CITES Appendix II. This includes all species in the Orders Coenothecalia (e.g., blue corals), Antipatheria (black corals), Scleratinia (the reef-building stony corals); and all species in the families Tubiporidae, Milleporidae (e.g., the fire corals) and Stylasteridae. Appendix II of CITES regulates trade in species not threatened with extinction, but which may become threatened if trade goes unregulated. This is in contrast with Appendix I, which protects threatened species (e.g., rhinos) from all international commercial trade. An exporter must obtain a CITES export permit for each shipment from the national CITES authority (in the U.S. this is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). In order to issue an export permit, the CITES authority must two findings: 1) A scientific finding of non-detriment indicating that export is unlikely to be detrimental to the survival of the species; and 2) A finding that the specimens were acquired legally. When properly applied, CITES can be one of the most important tools to help countries sustainably manage their natural heritage. Full implementation, however requires good training and enforcement - which is often difficult for developing countries with limited resources. It is likely that corals are lower on the list of priorities for many countries than are more easily visible terrestrial species. Fiji is due to become a Party to CITES before the end of the year, at which time CITES will have 143 members. Indonesia IS a Party, having ratified in 1979. Fijian government officials are concerned about the growing trade in corals, as are an increasing number of scientists and and resource managers in many countries. Hope this is helpful, Tom ________________________________________________ Thomas F. Hourigan, Ph.D. Biodiversity Specialist Office of Protected Resources NOAA/NMFS 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 Tel: (301) 713-2319; Fax: (301) 713-0376 Tom.Hourigan at noaa.gov ______________________________ Reply Separator _________________________________ Subject: Re: coral trade Author: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu at EXTERNAL Date: 12/5/97 2:21 PM Francesca, Corals are protected by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). However, countries such as Indonesia and Fiji have not signed this treaty. Corals can be collected and shipped out of these countries legally to the United States and elsewhere although some documentation that the collecting has not harmed the natural population is required by the US Fish & Wildlife Service. I'm not an expert on this area but that is my general understanding. As for Coral Farms, we have one here and there are several others operating in the United States. Under the right conditions (either artifical or natural as in our case), Acropora corals and other branching species are about as difficult to grow as crabgrass and with growth rates up to 20cm per year we have more of a problem disposing of the excess growth. We began growing corals here in 1977 and now maintain 75 species (including some of the original colonies). We provide living corals to researchers (most recently for toxicology tests), and to other public aquariums in the US. Many public aquariums in the US are beginning to grow their own corals and this trend will increase as our techniques continue to improve. For anyone else out there receiving this message, the Waikiki Aquarium is not a commerical supplier of corals. We do not have enough staff to pack and ship corals to everyone who asks for them. Bruce Carlson Waikiki Aquarium ********************************************* On Fri, 5 Dec 1997, Francesca Marubini wrote: > Dear coral-listers, > > I would like to know what is the general opinion on the increasing trade in > hermatypic corals for private aquaria. Is it regulated by any international > law? If it is illegal to collect corals in many countries, why is it legal > (at least in UK and Italy, where I have checked) to import and sell live > coral which presumably comes from natural reefs? Are there any 'coral farms'? > > Sincerely > Francesca Marubini > > please reply directly to me at : f.marubini at iol.it > > From jpowell at btl.net Mon Dec 8 19:06:41 1997 From: jpowell at btl.net (James A. Powell) Date: Mon, 08 Dec 1997 18:06:41 -0600 Subject: Glovers Reef, Belize Message-ID: <348C8B90.45487840@btl.net> GLOVER'S REEF MARINE RESEARCH STATION, MIDDLE CAYE, BELIZE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY Glover?s Reef is a coral atoll situated about 60 km off the coast of Belize, Central America. The Government of Belize has declared Glover?s Reef as a marine reserve and recently the reef was designated a World Heritage Site. Glover's Reef atoll and marine reserve is a major component of a general comprehensive program for coastal zone management for Belize. The reserve was established to: maintain ecological processes, preserve genetic diversity, achieve sustainable yields of its resources through wise management of species and their habitats, maintain natural areas for education and research, and provide social and economic benefits through ecologically sensitive recreation and tourism. Keenly aware of the need to protect this world class resource, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) purchased the island of Middle Caye, situated at the southern end of the atoll, for the purposes of providing a marine park headquarters for the Government of Belize and to establish a marine research field station. WCS has completed construction of this facility and now provides a base of operations for park rangers and scientists alike. WCS's over-arching mission is to provide for the long-term conservation and protection of Glover's Reef atoll. To accomplish this goal, WCS is working in close collaboration with the Government of Belize to develop a coordinated research and management program for the atoll. WCS's primary responsibility in this partnership is scientific research. In the coming years, we hope that the research on Glover's Reef atoll will lead to a better understanding and management of this coral reef. The Comparative Investigations of Tropical Reef Ecosystems (CITRE) program identified Glover's Reef as the most preferred site in the Caribbean for "long-term, multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional investigation of coral reef ecosystems" (Dahl, MacIntyre & Antonius. 1974. A comparative survey of coral reef research sites. In: Marie-Helene Sachet and Arthur Dahl. Atoll Research Bulletin. 172: 37-75.). The authors reported, "In contrast to the other reefs surveyed in the Caribbean area, Glover's Reef atoll appears to offer the greatest variety of reef types, and the optimum reef development in terms of population density and species diversity of reef corals and associated organisms". In addition to Glover's Reef, Belize's extensive barrier reef is only 30 km away. The WCS research station on Glover's Reef atoll is located on Middle Cay approximately 30 nm offshore. The atoll is unaffected by coastal pollution or sedimentation. The present facility includes a ranger station and visitor's centre, a dry laboratory and work area, dining and cooking facilities (three meals a day are provided), and housing for eight scientists and/or students. Tent sites are also available. There are boats for the use of researchers. Aquarium facilities and air compressor are available. The station is completely self-sufficient with electricity (110 vac) provided by a complementary system of wind and solar power. Fresh water is available through a de-salination plant and rain-water catchment. Toilet facilities are state-of-the-art pollution-free, containment composition type. Another aim of the station is to provide an example of ecologically sound development on the outer cayes. Fees for the use of the station, food and accommodation are $20 a day per person for students and $30-$50 (shared or single room) a day for senior researchers. Transportation to the Middle Caye is charged separately or a special ?package? arrangement can be made for all travel costs from Belize City International Airport or the US. Student and professional groups are welcome. Unfortunately, we do not have any volunteer or intern positions available at the moment. WCS invites any scientists or students interested in using the Glover's Reef Research Station to please contact Glover's Reef Marine Research Station, P.O. Box 2310, Belize City, Belize or Tel./Fax 501-2- 33855 or send an e-mail message to: jpowell at btl.net for more information. From emueller at mote.org Tue Dec 9 22:33:41 1997 From: emueller at mote.org (Erich Mueller) Date: Tue, 9 Dec 1997 19:33:41 -0800 (PST) Subject: Florida Keys research issues Message-ID: As many of you may know, the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council (SAC) has been reformed to provide input to the Sanctuary staff regarding implementation of the Management Plan. I have been appointed to the "Research/Monitoring" seat. As such, I would like to provide a voice that reflects the concerns and ideas of the scientific community. The Water Quality Protection Program Steering Committee, and its Technical Advisory Committee bring many issues to the table but many others remain outside their purview. If you have ideas. suggestions or comments that you would like to see brought before the SAC regarding scientific issues, please send them to me via email, FAX or mail. The next meeting is scheduled for 17 February and are planned every other month on the 3rd Tuesday. You are also welcome to attend the meetings and provide input directly during the public comment period. Erich Mueller <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Erich Mueller, Ph.D., Director Phone: (305) 289-4282 Mote Marine Laboratory FAX: (305) 289-9664 Pigeon Key Marine Research Center Email: emueller at mote.org P.O. Box 500895 Marathon, FL 33050 Web pages: http://www.mote.org/~emueller/pkmrc.html http://www.mote.org Remarks are personal opinion and do not reflect institutional policy unless so indicated. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> From lewis at bnlocn.das.bnl.gov Wed Dec 10 09:07:04 1997 From: lewis at bnlocn.das.bnl.gov (Ernie Lewis) Date: Wed, 10 Dec 1997 09:07:04 -0500 Subject: program for CO2 system calculations Message-ID: <199712101407.JAA02679@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> We have a program available which performs calculations for the CO2 system in seawater and freshwater. The program, with accompanying documentation, is available at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html. Below is a short description of the program. For any questions, please contact me, Ernie Lewis, at elewis at bnl.gov. About the program Investigators interested in studying the ocean carbonate system are not in complete agreement on how to calculate inorganic carbon speciation in seawater. Over the years there have been many determinations and reviews of the constants used to describe the dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, but no universally accepted set of constants exists. Several subtly different pH scales remain in common use, as do variations in the definition of total alkalinity and arguments over the relative merits of reporting the partial pressure versus the fugacity of CO2. As ocean CO2 measurements become steadily more accurate and investigators seek to evaluate very small changes in concentrations, these issues grow in importance. We recently released a computer program that we hope will be of general use and perhaps help to clear up some of the confusion. Given any two of the four measurable carbonate system parameters, the program calculates the other two, together with the inorganic carbon speciation and the saturation of calcite and aragonite. The program also allows the user to select from four different pH scales and several sets of dissociation constants widely cited in the literature. Run in "single input" mode, the program reports calculated results together with the sensitivity of the calculated parameters to uncertainties in input parameters, constants, and the like. Run in "batch input" mode, the program can be used to process large data sets, such as cruise data derived from spreadsheets. In writing the code we spent considerable time crosschecking the relevant literature and checking units and scales. We are reasonably confident that the program itself does not introduce any errors and is consistent with the primary literature. The program is written in compiled Quick-Basic and runs under DOS on almost any personal computer processor. As a result, the user interface is functional but not flashy. The program includes on-line documentation as well as a listing of typos and inconsistencies culled from the literature. We may develop a Visual Basic for Applications version if the demand for it is sufficient. More information on this program is available from Ernie Lewis. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health and Environmental Research, under Contract No. DE-ACO2-76CH00016. Introduction The program CO2SYS.EXE performs calculations relating parameters of the carbon dioxide (CO2) system in seawater and freshwater. The program uses two of the four measureable parameters of the CO2 system [total alkalinity (TA), total inorganic CO2 (TCO2), pH, and either fugacity (fCO2) or partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)] to calculate the other two parameters at a set of input conditions (temperature and pressure) and a set of output conditions chosen by the user. It replaces and extends the programs CO2SYSTM.EXE, FCO2TCO2.EXE, PHTCO2.EXE, and CO2BTCH.EXE, which were released in May of 1995. It may be run in single-input mode or batch-input mode and has a variety of options for the various constants and parameters used. There is an on-screen information section with documentation on various topics relevant to the program. This program may be run on any 80x86 computer equipped with the DOS operating system by simply typing CO2SYS at the prompt. ********************************************************* Ernie Lewis Department of Applied Science Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973-5000 (516)-344-7406 elewis at bnl.gov ********************************************************* From fercho at santamarta.cetcol.net.co Wed Dec 10 04:58:37 1997 From: fercho at santamarta.cetcol.net.co (Fernando Parra) Date: Wed, 10 Dec 1997 14:58:37 +0500 (GMT) Subject: Information Message-ID: Hi, everybody I'm a biologist actually i'm working in mapping and digitalization of reef areas in the occidental region of Colombian Caribbean and i have a problem the areas for mapping are underwater therefore, to take the chekpoints for geografical reference are impossible, with the methodology that we know. Whether you know other methodology, please tell us. We know that Lansat (i don't know if this is a company) is selling satellital images cheap, someone have more information about this? regards Fernando Parra Investigador Asistente Programa Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marinos Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras de Punta de Betin "Jose Benito Vives de Andreis" INVEMAR From martinpecheux at minitel.net Sat Dec 13 19:32:42 1997 From: martinpecheux at minitel.net (MARTIN PECHEUX) Date: Sun, 14 Dec 1997 01:32:42 +0100 (MET) Subject: SW Chem. SOFTWARE, FOLLOWING Message-ID: <199712140032.BAA11496@smtp1.minitel.net> Dear all, I received many more requests than though for my SW chemistry software ! Happy to see reef fellows interested in CO2. Thanks, but thus wait a little. Most are PC users. I hope soon an easy traduction after cleaning my Mac software, rustic but sufficient. Also for Mac users, best is I put all on a Web site, I will advertise coral-list (if urgent tell me I'll mail). Sorry for those who ask through email or ftp, I have no money and only 75bits/s Internet link. Ernie Lewis (Brookhaven) told me he has an oceanographic DOS software for CO2 system at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/co2 rprt.html. Good luck all, Martin Pecheux 8, rue Dante, 06000 Nice FRANCE From emueller at mote.org Sun Dec 14 23:52:42 1997 From: emueller at mote.org (Erich Mueller) Date: Sun, 14 Dec 1997 20:52:42 -0800 (PST) Subject: Pigeon Key courses Message-ID: Apologies for any cross postings. 1998 Advanced Courses in Tropical Marines Sciences Mote Marine Laboratory's Pigeon Key Marine Research Center 16-23 August, 1998 The following courses are offered for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Working professionals desiring to gain current information in these topic areas are also encouraged to apply. The courses take a hands-on approach and address current issues in the respective fields. Each course will be limited to 12 students. **************************************************************************** Diseases of Corals and Other Reef Organisms Esther C. Peters, Ph.D., Tetra Tech, Inc. Description: During the last two decades, the potential for severe impacts to coral reef populations and communities from the effects of various diseases has been recognized. Diseases have been described affecting corals, fish, coralline algae, and sea urchins, sometimes with wide-ranging effects. This course will introduce students to the field of pathobiology of marine organisms. The focus of lectures, dives and laboratory sessions will be on diseases affecting hard corals, but information will also be presented on diseases of other reef organisms.Methods of studying diseases will include collection of field monitoring data and physiological, histological and microbiological techniques. The course will provide students with a state-of-the-art overview of reef pathobiology, experience with relevant techniques, and an understanding of the need for a multidisciplinary approach to its study. Prerequisites: College level biology courses and SCUBA certification are required. Courses in invertebrate zoology, microbiology, ecology, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, histology or marine sciences will be helpful. Course cost: $800.00. *************************************************************************** Reproduction and Recruitment in Tropical Marine Fishes Jonathan M. Shenker, Ph.D., Florida Institute of Technology Description: This course will address topics ranging from reproductive behavior and physiology to a "larva-eye" view of the pelagic environment to broad ocean-wide processes that affect recruitment. There will be focus on characterizing various processes as possible "bottlenecks" in the population dynamics of fish species, and the implication of these bottlenecks for fisheries management. Both general principles as well as details specific to the Florida Keys will be discussed. Larval and juvenile fishes will be sampled from pelagic habitats for taxonomic analysis, behavior observations and measurements of growth rates, including age/growth estimation through otolith analysis. Fish behavior in the field will also be observed. Experiments will be conducted to quantify nightly recruitment levels at artificial reefs deployed near Pigeon Key. Student teams will coordinate collection of different data sets for presentation at end of class. Prerequisites: College level biology courses are required. Courses in vertebrate zoology, fisheries biology, developmental biology, ecology, physical oceanography and general marine sciences will be helpful. SCUBA optional. Course cost: $750.00 ************************************************************************** Credit The PKMRC is not offering credit through any institution. However, the PKMRC and instructors will work with the students' institutions to provide credit if possible (through directed studies, research courses, etc.). The student, or institutional representative, should then let the instructor know what requirements are necessary. For example, credit-seeking students may have to write a paper or take an exam. This approach allows us to keep our costs down and eliminate any potential dificulties with transfer of credit. Costs The course fee includes all course materials, accommodations (in the newly-restored, historic dormitory), all meals (dinner, 8/16 through breakfast on 8/23), SCUBA costs and weights. Participants should provide mask, fins and snorkel and, if diving, their own regulator, BCD and weight belt. Use of SCUBA equipment requires completion of additional forms, medical clearance and acceptance by the Mote Marine Laboratory Diving Safety Officer. Key Dates 20 March, 1998 - Application receipt deadline. 3 April, 1998 - Acceptance packets mailed out. 1 May, 1998 - Deposits due. 12 June, 1998 - Last day to request refunds. 31 July, 1998 - Balance and dive forms due. 16 August, 1998 - Courses start. For more information and application materials, contact: <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Erich Mueller, Ph.D., Director Phone: (305) 289-4282 Mote Marine Laboratory FAX: (305) 289-9664 Pigeon Key Marine Research Center Email: emueller at mote.org P.O. Box 500895 Marathon, FL 33050 Web pages: http://www.mote.org/~emueller/pkmrc.html http://www.mote.org Remarks are personal opinion and do not reflect institutional policy unless so indicated. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> From leonie at worldnet.att.net Tue Dec 16 14:58:04 1997 From: leonie at worldnet.att.net (Leonie Haimson) Date: Tue, 16 Dec 1997 11:58:04 -0800 Subject: ten and a half days in Kyoto that shook the world Message-ID: <3496DD4C.3FF8@worldnet.att.net> For news and analysis of the ten and a half days in Kyoto that shook the world, including what was actually achieved at the climate conference, why the IMF and WTO may have become involved in the global warming issue, and what present the President gave Chelsea before she went away to college, see my latest update on the Liberty Tree Website, at http://www.libertytree.org/Trenches/climate/climlit.html Please forward this note to others who might be interested, Thanks, Leonie Haimson Climate reporter Liberty Tree Website leonie at worldnet.att.net From acohen at whoi.edu Tue Dec 16 15:28:05 1997 From: acohen at whoi.edu (Anne Cohen) Date: Tue, 16 Dec 1997 12:28:05 -0800 Subject: new coral bleaching article Message-ID: <3496E455.34C9@whoi.edu> Dear All Our report of the 1996 coral bleaching event on Johnston Atoll, north-central Pacific Ocean is now in print in Biological Bulletin 193:276-279 (October 1997). Requests for reprints should be mailed to Anne Cohen, BUMP, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 many thanks, Anne. From mattia at cbl.umces.edu Tue Dec 16 23:33:36 1997 From: mattia at cbl.umces.edu (Christopher M. Mattia) Date: Tue, 16 Dec 1997 23:33:36 -0500 (EST) Subject: Searching for an Advisor... Message-ID: A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: text/enriched Size: 3138 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19971216/8b4dc0c3/attachment.bin From mzreyes at hotmail.com Thu Dec 18 03:10:22 1997 From: mzreyes at hotmail.com (michelle reyes) Date: Thu, 18 Dec 1997 00:10:22 PST Subject: need help for juvenile coral identification Message-ID: <199712180810.AAA04553@f66.hotmail.com> I'm a marine science student from the Philippines, doing my thesis on coral recruitment, and research materials (especially photographs)on identifying juvenile corals (up to 4 months old) are very limited here.My intention is to identify the recruits at least to family level,and I would appreciate any information on any references that I could use. Thanks! Michelle Reyes e-mail : mzreyes at hotmail.com ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com From dwojick at shentel.net Thu Dec 18 17:03:29 1997 From: dwojick at shentel.net (David E. Wojick) Date: Thu, 18 Dec 1997 17:03:29 -0500 Subject: Hoax or blunder? Message-ID: For your interest and contemplation: This letter from two prominent climate change modelers appeared in the Washington Post (Tuesday, December 16, 1997; Page A 26). "On a Butterfly's Wing "In an otherwise informative article about climate change, John Casti states, "The flapping of the proverbial butterfly's wings in Brazil today can percolate into a tornado in Kansas". ["A Look at the Complexities of Global Warming," Outlook, Nov. 30] This kind of statement might contribute to public confusion and dilute the resolve needed to formulate a reasonable response to the threat of climate change. Given the potential uncertainty that Mr. Casti cites, a reasonable person would ask how we possibly could know anything about climate change? "In fact, the picture is not so bleak: In the early 1990s, climate simulation models successfully predicted the impact of the Mount Pinatubo eruption on global climate. To reconcile these two seemingly contradictory assessments, we need to distinguish between the limited predictability of tornadoes and volcanoes, and the much better predictability of climate. For the former, the metaphor about a butterfly is useful because it suggests that the ability to predict a weather event for a specific place and time -- such as severe weather -- diminishes after a few days. However, the prediction of climate refers to weather statistics over extended periods of time and not to any particular weather event. "Thus, we can predict with reasonable certainty that tornadoes will occur with nearly constant annual frequency within the United States, just as we can predict that average summer temperatures will be much warmer than average winter temperatures. Therefore, we have much more confidence in the prediction of climate statistics than in long-term weather forecasts. "Scientists have identified certain influences (such as air pollution from cars and industry) that can alter the climate -- i.e., change the weather statistics over extended periods. Climate simulation models are the tools we use to predict the magnitude of this climate change. Their use enables us to anticipate that the buildup of greenhouse gases over the next century will lead to global warming, punctuated by more frequent, intense heat waves and droughts. Butterflies can flap their wings all they want, but it will be harder for them to stay cool." BARRY LYNN Mesoscale Atmospheric Process Branch NASA -- Goddard Space Flight Center LEONARD DRUYAN Center for Climate Systems Research Columbia University The writers' lack of understanding of the butterfly effect, and its implications for climate change science and policy, is profound. 1. Regarding the Butterfly -- it is not all powerful. The "butterfly effect" is part of the new science of nonlinear dynamics or "chaos theory". Basically this is the science of systems with lots of feedback mechanisms and the climate system is certainly one of these. The butterfly concept is the intrinsic unpredictability of system behavior due to extreme sensitivity to initial conditions. The point that they could model the short term effects of Pinatubo is well taken. I call this the "scale of predictability". Some people call it "momentum". A phenomenon of a given size is likely to be predictable for a given time. Other things being equal, the bigger the event the longer the time. Hurricanes don't dissipate in hours (although their track is often unpredictable). Pinatubo was a monster, so we could predict its effects for a year or so, but not for 3 years. Summer will indeed be warmer than winter for quite a long time, unless something really drastic happens to the axis of rotation of the earth. Let's hope not. My benchmark example: If it rains 2" the ground will probably be wet after 24 hours. Whether it will be wet after a week is unknowable. If it only rains 0.2" it is unknowable even for the 24 hour scale. In many cases the duration of predictability is proportional to the scale of the cause. I expect that determining scales of predictability will be a big part of the new science once it really gets going. As it is we spend a lot of money predicting the unpredictable. 2. Regarding climate statistics -- there are many Butterflies. It is sort of true that the butterfly effect only applies to a "particular event", whatever that means, but there is no end of Butterflies. That there is a constant or "nearly constant" number of tornadoes each year has to be nonsense. First, this must mean tornadoes of a certain size or larger, I assume big ones, since I have little tornadoes in my fields whenever it is windy and nobody counts them. How could we possibly know how many there are, since many go unreported? The only possibility, and that remote, is satellites. Even if we have such they must be quite new, so we have no record. I do know there are good tornado years and bad, some legendary, at the state level. Of course it would be wonderful if their claim were true, because then we could say "There goes the last tornado this year" or "Only 3 more tornadoes to go this year". But universal constants are hard to come by and I am sure this isn't one. Their "nearly constant" probably means they have five years of satellite data and some variation. Of course the long term average may not change much -- that's the stability of chaos, which is a point the writers are tripping over. Chaos is produced by feedback and all of the major climate mechanisms provide strong feedback. In fact chaos is a powerful form of stability. The temperature at my place can change 40 degrees in two days but has not changed 200 degrees in a million years, so far as we can tell. While average global temperature has varied chaotically for millions of years, it appears never to have gone outside of a 15 degree range. That's stability! The price of this stability is extreme unpredictability within the stable range, due to the ongoing nonlinear struggle of feedback mechanisms, so-called "drivers" and "limiters". The butterfly effect. But chaotic systems, wherein dwells the Butterfly, are also called "far from equilibrium systems". They exhibit something called "strange statistics". In far from equilibrium systems the average value is a rare event, so no good in prediction. (Unless you can find use in a prediction of the form "it's not likely to be like this.") My benchmark example: Average annual rainfall in Virginia is about 36 inches, or roughly 0.1"/day. How often does it rain about this much? Rarely. It either doesn't rain, like most days a year, or it typically rains from 0.25 to 1.0 inches, sometimes more. Show me the useful statistic for prediction (hint: if it rains it pours.) Of course if you can get someone to bet you that it will rain 0.1" on the tenth day of next month, go for it. Likewise the general statistics in climate change are that it is usually getting either warmer or colder, CO2 levels are usually going up or down, and so on. In the million year scale our data indicates it has usually been either very warm or very cold. Intermediate values are rare, occurring mostly in passing from one extreme to the other. That is why we call it a far from equilibrium system. This leaves the predictability of the seasons. What $10 billion in climate change research will buy. Unfortunately it doesn't quite justify the writers' claim that "Therefore, we have much more confidence in the prediction of climate statistics than in long-term weather forecasts." We don't. 3. The Fallacy of Equilibrium. In fact these models only make stable predictions at all because they rely on what I call the "fallacy of equilibrium", which means not including those pesky Butterflies. Such predictions only tell us that if all natural greenhouse gas sinks and sources stay in perfect equilibrium for a century then we will make a difference. But these sinks and sources -- the oceans, biospheres, weathering of rocks, atmospheric chemistry, and so on, not to mention the heat of the sun that drives the whole system, have never been stable, so why should they sit still for a century? The supposition is preposterous, given the chaotic nature of the feedback mechanisms, but the modelers have made it. Here much of the real climate change research, as opposed to the modeling, has actually paid off by elucidating many of these chaotic feedbacks in detail. Climate is chaotic at all scales. 4. Conclusion. As far as the writers' worry that "This kind of statement might contribute to public confusion and dilute the resolve needed to formulate a reasonable response to the threat of climate change." It should. We do not and cannot control the climate. This Post letter is Kuhn's Problem personified (scientists refusing to learn a new fundamental theory). They don't understand the new science of nonlinear dynamics and they don't care. Given that they are in the business of modeling the dynamics of climate, this ignorance is appalling. Or is it just that there is no money for modelers in admitting unpredictability? Best regards to all, David Historical notes: Kuhn being of course the historian of science Thomas Kuhn, whose pioneering book in the late 1960's: "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", first identified this recurring problem of resistance to revolution. Nobody wants to consider, much less admit, that their life's work is wrong. My dissertation dealt with this problem and my first major paper: "The Structure of Technological Revolutions" (1973), extended it to conceptual revolutions generally. An expanded version of that paper is Chapter 14 of Bugliarello and Doner's "History and Philosophy of Technology" (1979). I got 'retrained' in chaos theory in the late 1980's by an accident of fate. I cannot overestimate how profound this problem is. If the scientific community does not understand, or refuses to accept, what is plainly before its eyes, how can the public be expected to do so? The educational requirements are staggering. In the meantime our public policy is absurd. David E. Wojick, Ph.D., P.E. 540-858-3503 dwojick at shentel.net http://www.bydesign.com (Click on "PowervisioN" OR "NAAQS on the Web") PowervisioN 391 Flickertail Lane Star Tannery, VA 22654 USA From inco at istn.irost.com Sat Dec 20 13:47:32 1997 From: inco at istn.irost.com (inco at istn.irost.com) Date: Sat, 20 Dec 1997 13:47:32 -0500 Subject: coral reef Message-ID: we planing to start a project on the status and distribution of coral reefs in the iranian part of persian gulf and oman sea which is included as follows: type of coral reefs local distribution of coral reefs coral reef zonation vertical and horizental distribution of coral reefs it would be highly apprecieted if you could guide us in this regard and/or introduce the available data bases in this area. Iranian National Center for Oceanography(INCO)/Biological Oceanography Division From hcliew at pop.jaring.my Sun Dec 21 09:16:05 1997 From: hcliew at pop.jaring.my (Liew) Date: Sun, 21 Dec 1997 22:16:05 +0800 (MYT) Subject: No subject Message-ID: <199712211416.WAA14924@relay3.jaring.my> Dear colleagues, I would be most obliged if anyone can give views on underwater weighing of marine organisms such as COTs. Please respond to my e-mail address and not the list. Many thanks for your time. Best wishes for the New Year and Merry Christmas! Sincerely, E.H. Chan From jware at erols.com Sun Dec 21 11:23:41 1997 From: jware at erols.com (John Ware) Date: Sun, 21 Dec 1997 11:23:41 -0500 (EST) Subject: Bleaching (or lack thereof) in Madracis mirabilis Message-ID: <199712211623.LAA28211@smtp1.erols.com> Dear List, In Panama in 96 someone told me that M.mirabilis (a Caribbean coral) has never been known to bleach. During the height of the 95 episode in Bonaire, I saw M. mirabilis looking healthy when completely surrounded by bleached corals of every other sp in the neighborhood (mostly the forms of M.annularis). Has anyone ever seen M.mirabilis bleached or, if not, why not? What makes this coral special. Reply to jware at erols.com. Thanks. ************************************************************************ * * * * * Dr. John Ware * * * * Sea Services, Inc. * * 20424 Shadow Oak Court * * Gaithersburg, MD 20879 * * USA * * 301 963-7019 * * jware at erols.com * * * ************************************************************************ From martinpecheux at minitel.net Sun Dec 21 19:08:03 1997 From: martinpecheux at minitel.net (MARTIN PECHEUX) Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 01:08:03 +0100 (MET) Subject: No bleaching in M.madracis ? Message-ID: <199712220008.BAA02816@smtp1.minitel.net> Quiet interesting... Lets come up the big question. Why ? >From my Review on Bleaching (in press, old version on http://www.esi.fr/~sander/articles/M isc/Coral_Reef.html) : "In Bahamian corals, the d13Corg of symbionts and coral species are ordered quite similarly to the general bleaching sensitivity: begining by the heaviest d13Corg (and the most sensitive species), this order is : M. annularis > P. asteroides > M. complanata > A. agaricites > Acropora cervicornis > A. palmata > Dendrogyra > Eusmilia > Madracis" mirabilis" (data of Muscatine et al., 1989, Mar. Biol. 100, 185-193)" M.mirabilis has the lowest 13C, downto -18-19 per mil. Another good indication that carbon process are involved (e.g. CO2 rise). But bleaching were curiously also observed, but a detail : "Muscatine et al. (1979, Bull Mar Sc 29:572-575) stated: "Most desirable are naturally-occurring aposymbiotic corals of the same species [for experiments]. Unfortunately these are difficult to obtain, and for most species may be virtually non-existent. During the course of investigations (...) we discovered naturally-occurring aposymbiotic colonies of Madracis mirabilis (...) in Discovery Bay, Jamaica", due to sediment covering." Happy time was it ! Happy time for you... From reefnet at cerf.net Sun Dec 21 23:49:56 1997 From: reefnet at cerf.net (Wendy Holland) Date: Sun, 21 Dec 1997 20:49:56 -0800 (PST) Subject: Reefnet Fall/Winter Issue Message-ID: Announcing the Fall/Winter issue of Reefnet: FIELD REPORTS The Hawaiian Monk Seal Population is Crashing Hazardous Habitat of the Largest Reef Mammal NGO NEWS Sue Wells Reports on WWF's Marine Programme CONSERVATION STRATEGIES The World Bank Sets the Stage for Sustainable Solutions Coral Reef Meeting 1997 Wendy Holland Productions 98 Main Street, Suite 421 Tiburon, CA 94920 1-415-256-5677 email: reefnet at cerf.net http://www.reefnet.org From lesk at bio.bu.edu Mon Dec 22 11:12:06 1997 From: lesk at bio.bu.edu (Les Kaufman) Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 11:12:06 -0500 Subject: M. mirabilis Message-ID: <199712221602.LAA22129@bio.bu.edu> We used to find aposymbiotic M. mirabilis against the edges of freshwater seeps in Discovery Bay. I don't know if it is the freshwater or the fact that these were very gunky places with lots of soft sediment that tended to collapse down the sides of them onto some of the corals. Len would remember. Why did Martin put the specific name "mirabilis" in quotes? I must have missed something. Les Kaufman Boston University Marine Program Department of Biology Boston University 5 Cummington Street Boston, MA 02215 e-mail: lesk at bio.bu.edu phone: 617-353-5560 fax: 617-353-6340 From coral at aoml.noaa.gov Tue Dec 30 13:31:16 1997 From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (Coral Health and Monitoring Program) Date: Tue, 30 Dec 1997 13:31:16 -0500 (EST) Subject: Coral-List Message-ID: Greetings! The coral-list listserver is back up and running, but with a couple of changes. Over the Christmas Holidays the list unfortunately had a few attempts at posting malicious messages by pranksters. To help head this off for awhile, messages posted to coral-list will be moderated. That is, messages sent (as usual) to coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov will come to the coral-list administrator, then resent if appropriate. Also, new requests for subscriptions must be approved by the administrator, although you would continue to request a subscription as before; that is, send the message subscribe coral-list in the body of a message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov. In short, you don't have to do anything different, but your messages and subscription requests may not be approved immediately. I hope this is not inconvenient for you and helps to reduce unwanted traffic (namely, pranksters) on the list. I hope you will have patience in the event there are some problems with this new configuration. If you have any problems, please direct them to me at hendee at aoml.noaa.gov. Here's hoping you have a Happy New Year and a chance to visit your favorite reef! Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee coral-list administrator From coral at aoml.noaa.gov Tue Dec 30 23:48:45 1997 From: coral at aoml.noaa.gov (NOAA's CHAMP) Date: Wed, 31 Dec 1997 04:48:45 GMT Subject: No subject Message-ID: <199712310448.EAA02085@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> For those who have lost the initial Welcome Message, here it is. Mention is not made of the list being moderated, because hopefully this will change in the near future. Sender: coral at coral.aoml.noaa.gov Precedence: bulk ~~~~~ Welcome to the Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server! The purpose of the Coral Health and Monitoring list-server is to provide a forum for Internet discussions and announcements among coral health researchers pertaining to coral reef health and monitoring throughout the world. The list is primarily for use by coral health researchers and scientists. Currently, about 750 researchers are subscribed to the list. Appropriate subjects for discussion might include: o bleaching events o outbreaks of coral diseases o high predation on coral reefs o environmental monitoring sites o incidences of coral spawnings o shipwrecks on reefs o international meetings and symposia o funding opportunities o marine sanctuary news o new coral-related publications o announcements of college courses in coral reef ecology o coral health initiatives o new and historical data availability o controversial topics in coral reef ecology o recent reports on coral research -- To Subscribe to the List -- Since you just got this message, you are already subscribed to the list! 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The members may respond to you directly, or post their comments to the list for all to read. -- Help -- To see a list of the functions and services available from the list-server, send an e-mail message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov, with the following message (only!) in the body of the text: help -- Other Coral Health Related Information -- The Coral Health and Monitoring Program (CHAMP) has a World-Wide Web Home Page at the following URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov -- Adding your name to the Coral Researchers Directory -- After you read this message, you may wish to add your name to the Coral Researchers Directory. To do so, send the following information to lagoon at coral.aoml.noaa.gov, with your name (Last Name, First Name) in the Subject: line of your message: Name: Title: Institution: (or N/A) Address Line 1: Address Line 2: Address Line 3: City: State or Province: Country: Business Phone: Business Fax: E-mail: Other info: (Add up to, say, 20 lines, if you'd like.) -- Etiquette -- 1) When responding to a posting to the list, do not respond *back* to the entire list unless you feel it is an answer everyone can benefit from. I think this is usually the case, but responses such as, "Yeah, tell me, too!" to the entire list will make you unpopular in a hurry. Double-check your "To: " line before sending. 2) Do not "flame" (i.e., scold) colleagues via the coral-list. If you feel compelled to chastise someone, please send them mail directly and flame away. 3) Please conduct as much preliminary research into a topic as possible before posting a query to the list. (In other words, you shouldn't expect others to do your research for you.) Please consider: o Your librarian (an extremely valuable resource) o The CHAMP Literature Abstracts area at the CHAMP Web: o The CHAMP Online Researcher's Directory (i.e., search for your topic, ask the experts directly) o The CHAMP (and other) Web sites' links page(s) But please *do* avail yourself of the list when you've exhausted other sources. 4) Please carefully consider the purpose of the coral-list before posting a message. This is a forum comprised primarily of researchers who devote major portions of their work time to the study of corals or coral-related issues. 5) Succinct postings are greatly appreciated by all. -- Problems -- If you have any problems concerning the list, please feel free to drop a line to: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov. We hope you enjoy the list! Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee Louis Florit Philippe Dubosq Ocean Chemistry Division Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149-1026 USA