From p.j.mumby at sheffield.ac.uk Sat May 2 12:46:42 1998 From: p.j.mumby at sheffield.ac.uk (Peter J Mumby) Date: Sat, 2 May 1998 17:46:42 +0100 Subject: foraging of herbivorous fish Message-ID: <18781825714@ashopton.shef.ac.uk> Dear Coral-listers, Does anyone know of any literature on the influence of food patchiness on the grazing efficiency (rate) of herbivorous fish? For example, how does algal patch size and distribution affect the likelihood of a patch being grazed by parrotfish? I've made a fairly thorough search of the literature but haven't found anything explicitly on this spatial issue. Any feedback would be gratefully received. Best wishes, Pete Dr Peter J. Mumby Research Fellow Department of Geography University of Sheffield Winter Street Sheffield S10 2TN E-mail: p.j.mumby at sheffield.ac.uk Tel: + 44 (0)114 222 7970 Fax: + 44 (0)114 279 7912 From pharriso at scu.edu.au Sun May 3 01:15:53 1998 From: pharriso at scu.edu.au (Peter Harrison) Date: Sun, 3 May 1998 15:15:53 +1000 Subject: dredging & coral spawning Message-ID: <199805031342.NAA09451@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Susan, I strongly agree with the recommendation to cease dredging during the coral spawning and post-spawning period/s and recommend that it be extended to include the soft coral spawning periods as well. We know that a whole range of pollutants including oil hydrocarbons, trace metals and nutrients that are likely to be associated with fine particulates and resuspended by dredging adversely affect or inhibit fertilization precesses in corals, and also larval settlement (increased sediment also reduces settlement rates). Bob Richmond has some data in his 1993 review paper, the nutrient info can be found in Ward and Harrison Panama conf. paper, and the trace metal work and oil hydrocarbon data are currently in ms in review or about to be submitted. I can provide further details if needed. Hope this helps Peter Dr Peter Harrison Senior Lecturer in Ecology Centre for Coastal Management Southern Cross University PO Box 157, Lismore, 2480. Australia International Phone 61 266 203774 International Fax 61 266 212669 pharriso at scu.edu.au From shenker at winnie.fit.edu Mon May 4 12:26:46 1998 From: shenker at winnie.fit.edu (Jonathan M Shenker) Date: Mon, 4 May 1998 12:26:46 -0400 (EDT) Subject: looking for a book Message-ID: I'm trying to buy a copy of "Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific" by J.E.N. Veron. I'd appreciate any suggestions about where I can obtain the book. Thanks. Jon Shenker From fautin at kuhub.cc.ukans.edu Mon May 4 17:20:59 1998 From: fautin at kuhub.cc.ukans.edu (DAPHNE G. FAUTIN) Date: Mon, 04 May 1998 16:20:59 -0500 (UTC -05:00) Subject: looking for a book In-Reply-To: Message-ID: The University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu) and Sea Challengers (Monterey, California) both sell it. On Mon, 4 May 1998, Jonathan M Shenker wrote: > I'm trying to buy a copy of "Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific" by > J.E.N. Veron. I'd appreciate any suggestions about where I can obtain the > book. > Thanks. > > Jon Shenker > > > Daphne G. Fautin Division of Biological Sciences Haworth Hall University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045 USA 1-785-864-3062 Catalogue of sea anemones of the world (Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, and Ptychodactiaria) -- listing 1358 species, the reference in which each was described, and existing type specimens of more than 500 of them www.nhm.ukans.edu/~inverts/anemones.cgi From atinker at accessone.com Mon May 4 18:05:37 1998 From: atinker at accessone.com (Aaron Tinker) Date: Mon, 04 May 1998 15:05:37 -0700 Subject: Glacier Bay Needs Your Help Message-ID: <3.0.3.32.19980504150537.006d7744@accessone.com> Dear Friends and Colleagues: Please accept my apology for any cross-postings. On January 6 at The Capitol in Washington DC, Marine Conservation Biology Institute released Troubled Waters: A Call for Action, a statement by 1,605 conservation biologists and marine scientists highlighting the major threats to marine biodiversity and what must be done to protect it. Troubled Waters was covered by major electronic and print media in North America and many other countries, disseminating an essential message worldwide at the beginning of the International Year of the Ocean. The Troubled Waters signers called for a dramatic increase in marine protected areas, but some people in the USA?including US Senator Frank Murkowski (R-AK)?do not seem to have gotten the message. Although Alaska has more than 75 thousand kilometers of coastline (more than Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa and Norway combined), it has lagged other places in embracing marine protected areas as a way of conserving its wealth of marine life. Alaska hosts no National Marine Sanctuaries, and its premier marine protected area?Glacier Bay National Park?has allowed commercial fishing for salmon, halibut and crabs to continue, despite the clear mandate against commercial take in National Parks. The National Park Service is now proposing to phase out commercial fishing in Glacier Bay National Park. Strong support from marine scientists and conservation biologists is essential to make this happen, especially because Senator Murkowski has introduced a bill, S. 1064, to prevent the National Park Service from stopping commercial fishing in the Park. Therefore, we are asking US senior scientists and graduate students in relevant natural and social marine sciences to join us in supporting the principle that we need marine protected areas that are true refuges from extractive uses, by signing Protecting Marine Life in Glacier Bay National Park (following). If you agree, please e-mail MCBI's Caroline Chisholm (caroline at mcbi.org) with your full name, highest degree, title (e.g. Assistant Professor, Independent Consultant), institution, city, state, phone, fax and e-mail address by May 10. MCBI will present the statement and its signers at a National Park Service hearing in Seattle on May 14. For more information, please consult our worldwide web site: www.mcbi.org Sincerely, Elliott Norse, Ph.D., President Marine Conservation Biology Institute Protecting Marine Life in Glacier Bay National Park As conservation biologists and marine scientists, we believe that maintaining and restoring biological diversity is a crucial conservation goal for the United States, in the sea no less than on land and in fresh waters. As it is in nonmarine realms, biological diversity is increasingly threatened in the sea, and marine species and ecosystems deserve no less protection than nonmarine ones. But US policy on marine protected areas does not reflect scientists' concerns: Less than 0.1% of US marine waters are permanently protected from commercial fishing. Scientists are increasingly recognizing that marine protected areas are an essential tool for studying how relatively undisturbed ecosystems function and for conserving marine species and maintaining the integrity of marine ecosystems. There is growing evidence that such "no-take" reserves benefit fisheries by increasing populations outside reserves. But the USA has few marine protected areas and nearly all of them provide insufficient protection from the threats to marine biodiversity, particularly fishing. Among the various kinds of protected areas on land, National Parks serve as refuges crucial to nonmarine species that have been depleted or eliminated elsewhere in the USA. There is no scientific justification for giving marine portions of National Parks any less protection than their terrestrial portions. Just as the USA does not allow extractive uses such as logging in Olympic National Park or buffalo hunting in Yellowstone National Park, our nation must not allow commercial fishing in Glacier Bay National Park or other National Parks. As scientists who understand the importance of true protected areas for maintaining biological diversity, we call upon the Interior Department's National Park Service and the US Congress to stop all commercial fishing in Glacier Bay National Park. **** <>< <>< ******* <>< *<>< <>< **** <>< ****<>< * <>< ******* <>< * Aaron Tinker * MCBI is a nonprofit, tax-exempt Program Assistant * organization dedicated to Marine Conservation Biology Institute * advancing the science of marine 15806 NE 47th Court * conservation biology. To learn Redmond, WA 98052-5208 USA * more, please visit our World 1 (425) 883-8914 (office) 883-3017 (fax)* Wide Web site at: atinker at u.washington.edu * http://www.mcbi.org From JSprung at compuserve.com Mon May 4 09:13:43 1998 From: JSprung at compuserve.com (Julian F. Sprung) Date: Mon, 4 May 1998 09:13:43 -0400 Subject: photosaturation Message-ID: <199805051048.KAA20930@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear List, I have a friend who asked me for references about photosaturation levels for some algae and corals. He is looking for PAR intensity levels if possible. Any suggestions? Julian Sprung From shenker at winnie.fit.edu Tue May 5 10:07:19 1998 From: shenker at winnie.fit.edu (Jonathan M Shenker) Date: Tue, 5 May 1998 10:07:19 -0400 (EDT) Subject: Found the book In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Thanks, folks, for the messages suggesting where I could purchase a copy of Veron's book on corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Amazon.com had been unable to locate this out-of-print book, hence my plea to the coral-list. For those of you who asked me where you could purchase your own copy, respondants to my message suggested Univeristy of Hawaii Press, Australia Institute of Marine Science, Sea Challengers, and Waikiki Aquarium. Let me know if you need more details. Jon Shenker From tissot at hawaii.edu Tue May 5 17:27:51 1998 From: tissot at hawaii.edu (Brian N. Tissot) Date: Tue, 5 May 1998 11:27:51 -1000 Subject: Temporary Position Announcement Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.19980505112751.00a56270@128.171.3.53> Temporary Position Announcement: Visiting Professor of Marine Science at the University of Hawaii at Hilo We are looking for a faculty member from another institution that is interested in teaching three courses per semester for the 1998-99 academic year (starting mid-August, 1998, ending mid-May 1999). We need someone who can teach most (but not necessarily all) of the following courses: Marine Biology Oceanography Biology of Invertebrates Marine Ecology Requirements: Ph.D. in Biology, Oceanography or a related field; permanent employment at another institution; quality teaching experience. Salary will depend on qualifications and experience. If you are interested contact me as soon as possible or send an introductory letter and curriculum vita to the address below. Aloha ? Brian Tissot ================================================== BRIAN TISSOT Associate Professor of Marine Biology Director, Kalakaua Marine Education Center Chair, Marine Science Department University of Hawaii at Hilo 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720-4091 Ph: 808-974-7383; FAX: 808-974-7693 E-mail: Tissot at Hawaii.edu Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~tissot/ http://www.coralreefs.hawaii.edu ================================================== From astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov Wed May 6 13:13:30 1998 From: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov (astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov) Date: Wed, 6 May 1998 13:13:30 -0400 Subject: Coral Bleaching -- INDONESIA Message-ID: <199805061713.NAA27655@orbit8i.nesdis.noaa.gov> Passing this recent information from Lombok Island in Indonesia on to others who may have an interest or may wish to share further observations. Al Strong <---- Begin Forwarded Message ----> From: "Taufik Hizbul Haq" To: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov Subject: Coral Bleaching Date: Tue, 05 May 1998 21:00:53 PDT First of all, let me introduce ourselves. We are a Marine Foundation, named Yayasan JARI. We're based in Mataram, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province - Indonesia. During this last four months, the coral reef around Lombok Island is suffering from bleaching process. And it is happening almost around Lombok Island (next to Bali). The bleaching process is happening until 80 feet depth, and also we have cold and hot current[s] on the surface and [at] depth. All the coral is getting white and it is very sad. [Does] this event has something to do with the El-Nino phenomenon? Cause we have information that coral in the Great Barrier Reef is bleaching, and also Taka Bone Rate National Park in South Sulawesi and Bunaken National Park in North Sulawesi... Juanita Mandagi Marine Foundation -- Yayasan JARI Mataram, Lombok Island West Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ***** Alan E. Strong Phys Scientist/Oceanographer Adj Assoc Res Professor NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 US Naval Academy NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W Oceanography Department 5200 Auth Road Annapolis, MD 21402 Camp Springs, MD 20746 410-293-6550 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8108 http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad From tpaige at uclink4.berkeley.edu Thu May 7 11:57:51 1998 From: tpaige at uclink4.berkeley.edu (Tegan Churcher) Date: Thu, 7 May 1998 08:57:51 -0700 (PDT) Subject: coral disease database and map! Message-ID: <199805071557.IAA14516@uclink4.berkeley.edu> Dear Coral listers, I am a graduate student in the Department of Geography at the University of California at Berkeley working with Dr. Bernard Nietschmann and Dr. David Stoddart on coral reef diseases in the Indo-Pacific for my dissertation research. This summer I am doing pre-dissertation research and will be selecting field sites in The Indo-Pacific. I am contacting you all because I think it would be helpful to compile a database and create a map of coral disease outbreaks. I am trying to get as much information as possible so please take 15-30 min. to fill out this survey consisting of 14 questions. I will then return this data to the group in some organized fashion. Thanks for you time and assistance! Cheers, Ms. Tegan Churcher Dept. of Geography University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 tpaige at uclink4.berkeley.edu SURVEY OF CORAL REEF DISEASES 1. What disease are you documenting? 2. Have there been multiple disease outbreaks at this site? 3. If yes to the above question could you please fill out this survey for each disease you are knowledgeable about. 4. Where did this coral disease outbreak occur? 5. Please give the latitude and longitude for the area. 6. When did this event begin? 7. When did it end? 8. What is the size of the event? 9. What depth is the reef at? 10. What percentage of corals have the disease in the area? 11. Are certain coral species more prone to this disease than other species? Please be as specific as possible. 12. How are the corals responding to the disease? 13. Is there any evidence of recovery? If so how? 14. Do you see any indirect affects upon the fish populations? Please be as specific as you possibly can. From jch at aoml.noaa.gov Thu May 7 11:51:14 1998 From: jch at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee) Date: Thu, 7 May 1998 11:51:14 -0400 (EDT) Subject: No subject Message-ID: Date: Tue, 5 May 98 17:03:57 EDT From: Arthur.E.Paterson at noaa.gov To: coral-list Subject: fwd: CZ99 announcement Forwarded message: Coastal Zone 99 (CZ99) Conference, July 24-30, 1999, San Diego, California. The "call for papers" for "CZ99: The People, The Coast, the Ocean: Vision2020" is just off the press. Interested parties can access the website for paper directions at omega.cc.umb.edu/~cz99. Abstracts are due August 1, 1998. Conference themes are the human dimension, the ocean realm, the watershed perspective, and the public connection. If you cannot access www, contact Chantal Lefebre-to request a Call-for-Papers at cz99 at umbsky.cc.umb.edu, or via fax 617/287-5575. Additionally, if you have a coastal or ocean related website that can be linked to the CZ99 site, we would like to make links. For reverse WWW links please email Chantal Lefebre, CZ99 Conference Coordinator, atcz99 at umbsky.cc.umb.edu From jhardy at cc.wwu.edu Thu May 7 19:11:28 1998 From: jhardy at cc.wwu.edu (Jack Hardy) Date: Thu, 07 May 1998 16:11:28 -0700 Subject: Montastrea Biomass Message-ID: <3.0.3.32.19980507161128.006f4f28@mail.cc.wwu.edu> I would appreciate data that anyone might have or references to reports on tissue wet weight/cm2 surface area for Montastrea annularis (& related forms). There are probably lots of measurements, but I can't seem to locate the data. Jack Hardy, Ph.D., Director Center for Environmental Science Huxley College of Environmental Studies Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 98225-9181 Phone 360-650-6108 Fax 360-650-7284 From hammond at motherjones.com Thu May 7 16:47:32 1998 From: hammond at motherjones.com (Keith Hammond) Date: Thu, 7 May 1998 13:47:32 -0700 Subject: NEED PHOTOS OF CORAL REEF SCIENTISTS/ACTIVISTS Message-ID: <199805081139.LAA10916@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Hello Coral-Listers, The new Mother Jones magazine has a big feature on the plight of coral reefs; now I'm adding an "Action Atlas" on our Web site, and I need photos of activists, scientists, fishermen, volunteer researchers -- anyone who's actively involved in saving the corals in any country in the world. It will be published Tuesday morning, so I need ASAP: * photos or slides FedExed (we'll pay) to arrive no later than Monday a.m. * digital files e-mailed to me directly at hammond at motherjones.com * URLs or FTP addresses of downloadable files. Thanks, Keith ______________________________________________________________ Keith Hammond Mother Jones magazine News Editor 731 Market Street, Suite 600 The MoJo Wire San Francisco, CA 94103 www.motherjones.com (415) 665-6637, fax -6696 ______________________________________________________________ "I don't make jokes. I just watch the government and report the facts." -- Will Rogers (1879-1935) "I hope we shall crush in its birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of strength, and bid defiance to the laws of our country." -- Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) From reefcare at cura.net Sun May 10 17:29:45 1998 From: reefcare at cura.net (reefcare at cura.net) Date: Sun, 10 May 1998 17:29:45 -0400 Subject: Breakwater construction and coral damage Message-ID: <35561C49.EC2EDCA5@cura.net> Dear all, Reef Care Curacao is a volunteer organisation striving to protect the coral reef of the Dutch Caribbean island of Curacao. Recently we started legal proceedings against the Curacao Sea Aquarium for enlarging and extending its breakwaters out to a depth of 15 feet or more (5 m) in a well developed reef area, using rocks caked with mud and sand, resulting in enormous plumes of silt fanning out over the reef, lingering for many hours, and resulting in reduced visibility lasting days due to continuous washing out of mud from the rocks. We lost our case because the judge ruled that we had not plausibly proven lasting damage to the coral. We, as divers, have seen the damage done by the initial construction of the breakwaters and have seen shallow water corals disappear completely in the area due (according to us) to that. We are now looking for expert opinions on the damage caused by siltation on corals, and we want to ask you, as acknowledged coral reef experts, if you share our opinion. If so, please send us a statement, including your credentials and relevant background as a coral reef expert. We hope at the very least to be able to use your statements as a public refutation of the judge's decision in a press release, and possibly as grounds for an appeal. Please reply directly to us, our e-mail address: reefcare at cura.net Counting on your support, Sincerely, J. Greijmans President, Reef Care Curacao From osha at pobox.com Sun May 10 18:18:32 1998 From: osha at pobox.com (Osha Gray Davidson) Date: Sun, 10 May 1998 17:18:32 -0500 Subject: Thanks for help Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980510171832.007574b4@soli.inav.net> Dear coral-listers, I want to thank the many members of this list who were so helpful over the two years I was researching and writing a book on coral reefs. "The Enchanted Braid: Coming to Terms with Nature on the Coral Reef" was a difficult project made much easier by the list members. I did my best to get the "story" right for the general public; I hope I succeeded. If anyone wants a review copy for a reef publication, the publicity department at John Wiley & Sons has been very cooperative. You can contact them directly at: Michael A. Darden Journals & Professional Books Publicist John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue New York, NY 10158-0012 TEL: (212) 850-6484 FAX: (212) 850-6799 mdarden at wiley.com Thanks again for all the help. It's been a pleasure learning from all of you--keep up the good work! (Any feedback--criticisms, suggestions, praise--on the book would, of course, be welcome.) Best, Osha Osha Gray Davidson 14 South Governor St. Iowa City, IA 52240 USA Ph: 319-338-4778 Fax: 319-338-8606 osha at pobox.com Scholar Affiliate, University of Iowa From jogden at seas.marine.usf.edu Mon May 11 08:37:48 1998 From: jogden at seas.marine.usf.edu (John Ogden) Date: Mon, 11 May 1998 08:37:48 -0400 (EDT) Subject: The Enchanted Braid Message-ID: I have just finished Osha Gray Davidson's "The Enchanted Braid: Coming to Terms with Nature on the Coral Reef." It is a lively, accessible, and often humorous contemporary account of coral reefs all over the world, seen through the eyes of an inquisitive and literate traveler. This is the book to give to that skeptical friend or relative who wonders what all the fuss over reefs is all about. Check it out. John C. Ogden Director Phone: 813/553-1100 Florida Institute of Oceanography Fax: 813/553-1109 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 From howzit at turtles.org Mon May 11 17:16:51 1998 From: howzit at turtles.org (Ursula Keuper-Bennett) Date: Mon, 11 May 1998 17:16:51 -0400 Subject: The Enchanted Braid Message-ID: <3.0.32.19980511171649.00e77d74@pop.vex.net> Dear Dr. Ogden, I am reading "The Enchanted Braid" too. My favourite is the sea turtle chapter --I read that through twice. Then I got to the chapter on Jakarta Bay and stopped dead in my tracks. Good thing I wasn't smoking a cigar at the time or I'd a swallowed it. Talk about a horror story. I am a diver who witnessed a series of Cladophora algae blooms destroy a section of reef off West Maui. Some corals have struggled back since then but not to their pre-1989 glory days. (I thought *that* was bad...) But Davidson's description of Jakarta Bay makes my eyes go GULP. Re: Enchanted Braid: Most important thing I've learned so far is a coral reef isn't an entity onto itself. It may be receiving "recruits" from another reef many many miles away. It is clear if one reef gets destroyed it would have serious repercussions for distant others. So I learned coral polyps are a bit like sea turtles --boundaries are meaningless to them. Anyway... ...while I am on here I might as well ask if anyone knows the dominant algaes in Jakarta Bay and if anyone knows whether the sea turtles there are sick with fibropapilloma. And while I am only on page 127 in this book I might as well take this time to thank CORALers for the knowledge you have amassed over the last three decades and for the work you do improving human understanding of this precious reef resource. (Davidson made that quite clear in his book) (I have a vested interest in coral reefs because that's what the sea turtles I love call home.) All the best -------------------------------------- At 08:37 AM 5/11/98 -0400, you wrote: > >I have just finished Osha Gray Davidson's "The Enchanted Braid: Coming to >Terms with Nature on the Coral Reef." It is a lively, accessible, and >often humorous contemporary account of coral reefs all over the world, >seen through the eyes of an inquisitive and literate traveler. This is >the book to give to that skeptical friend or relative who wonders what all >the fuss over reefs is all about. Check it out. > > >John C. Ogden Director Phone: 813/553-1100 >Florida Institute of Oceanography Fax: 813/553-1109 >830 First Street South St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 ^ Ursula Keuper-Bennett 0 0 Email: howzit at turtles.org /V^\ /^V\ /V Malama na honu V\ http://www.turtles.org / \ "Whatever the reason and against my will (for I am suspect of my own sentimentality in regards to animals), as they slip into the sea, their enormous glistening backs disappearing beneath the water, I hear myself whisper to the departing turtles a word I have never uttered in seriousness: "Godspeed." \ / --Osha Gray Davidson / \ / \ The Enchanted Braid /__| V |__\ Turtle Trax CELEBRATING THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FFS TAGGING PROGRAM From keryea at mail.nsysu.edu.tw Tue May 12 11:10:25 1998 From: keryea at mail.nsysu.edu.tw (K. Soong) Date: Tue, 12 May 98 09:10:25 CST Subject: underwater pen, not paper Message-ID: Dear Coral-listers: I wonder if there is a pen which could be used to write on transparencies underwater. Please advise. Thank you very much. Sincerely K. Soong From oliver.gussmann at stonebow.otago.ac.nz Tue May 12 01:48:15 1998 From: oliver.gussmann at stonebow.otago.ac.nz (Oliver Gussmann) Date: Tue, 12 May 1998 17:48:15 +1200 (NZST) Subject: High volcanic islands Message-ID: Does anyone have an estimate on the number of high volcanic islands and atolls in the tropical Pacific region? Oliver Oliver Gussmann (PhD Student) University of Otago Department of Marine Science PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand Fax: (64)-3-479 8336 Tel.: (64)-3 479 8306 email: oliver.gussmann at stonebow.otago.ac.nz ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~* From gcarter at orf.org Tue May 12 10:13:03 1998 From: gcarter at orf.org (Greg Carter) Date: Tue, 12 May 1998 07:13:03 -0700 Subject: Newsletter Message-ID: <355858EE.D874C313@orf.org> Dear Coral-listers, The spring issue of the Oceanic Resource Foundation newsletter, Currents, is available on our website in Adobe Acrobat PDF format with a link to the Adobe site for a free download of Acrobat Reader. The newsletter is also available by regular mail. If interested, please send a postal address via email to gcarter at orf.org. The summer issue will be devoted to corals. Comments, letters and suggestions are welcomed. Regards, Greg -- Greg L. Carter Oceanic Resource Foundation gcarter at orf.org Celebrate the Year of the Ocean 1998 http://www.orf.org From markus.paster at uni-essen.de Tue May 12 18:51:48 1998 From: markus.paster at uni-essen.de (Markus Paster) Date: Tue, 12 May 1998 15:51:48 -0700 Subject: fax number Ras Mohammed Nat. Park Message-ID: <3558D284.3AE9@uni-essen.de> Dear all, does anybody of you have the actual fax or telephone number of the Ras Mohammed National Park Authority in Egypt (South Sinai)? Please answer directly to my address. Kind regards, Markus From tsocci at usgcrp.gov Wed May 13 16:42:53 1998 From: tsocci at usgcrp.gov (Tony Socci) Date: Wed, 13 May 1998 16:42:53 -0400 Subject: May 19th US Global Change Seminar: "Potential Consequences of Global Warming for the Northwestern US: Water Resources and Marine Ecosystems" Message-ID: U.S. Global Change Research Program Seminar Series Potential Consequences of Global Warming for the Northwestern US: Water Resources and Marine Ecosystems What are the dominant patterns of climate variability in the Pacific Northwest? How has climate variability impacted Pacific northwest resources? What are the climate projections, as well as projected impacts, for the Northwestern US, for the next 50-100 years? What are the likely impacts of a general climate warming on water resources and marine ecosystems in this region? What impact will these changes likely have on people living in this region of the US? Public Invited Tuesday, May 19, 1998, 3:15-4:45 PM NEW LOCATION - Dirksen Senate Office Bldg., Room 628, Washington, DC Reception Following INTRODUCTION Melissa Taylor, Deputy Executive Director, National Assessment Coordination Office, Washington, DC SPEAKERS Dr. Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Dr. Nathan Mantua, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA OVERVIEW How can we assess the impacts of climate change on the natural resources in any given region? Lessons learned from the past century of observed climate impacts on sectors like hydrology and fisheries serve as real-life measures for vulnerabilities and sensitivities to changing climate parameters. For at least the past century of climate variability in the Pacific Northwest, El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been a major driver at year-to-year time scales, while the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has contributed strongly at decade-to-decade time scales. Spatially, the ENSO and PDO patterns have similar signatures in the Pacific Northwest: warm phases of both patterns are associated with mild winter land and coastal sea surface temperatures, and below average precipitation, snowpack and streamflows; cold phases of ENSO and PDO typically bring cool land and sea surface temperatures, above average snowpack, and abundant water supplies. Water Resources of the Pacific Northwest Of the potential effects of global warming, the implications for hydrology (the natural system by which precipitation makes its way into streams and eventually the oceans) and water resources (the "built" or managed system that makes freshwater available for human uses) are among the most important to society. In many parts of the world, including much of the U.S., the demand for consumptive (e.g., water supply) and non-consumptive (e.g., navigation, hydroelectric power generation, industrial cooling, instream flow) supplies of fresh water is barely balanced by sustainable surface and groundwater sources. In addition, water is essential for crop growth, and water management is an important factor in the reliability and sustainability of food supplies. The hydrology of the Pacific Northwest, like much of the Western U.S., is dominated by two factors: a Mediterranean climate (most precipitation occurs in the winter months) and a dominant influence of topography, with much of the precipitation at high elevations occurring as snow in winter, which does not contribute to stream flow until the following spring or summer. The hydroclimatology of the region is also strongly affected by the Cascade Mountains. Rivers east of the Cascades are dominated by spring snowmelt, with seasonal peak flows occurring in late spring and early summer. Rivers on the west side are dominated by winter rains, augmented by spring snowmelt at higher elevations, so that many streams have both a winter and spring peak. Furthermore, most major floods on the west side occur as a result of intense rains and snowmelt in the late fall, while east side floods occur as a result of a mixture of winter rain-on-snow events and spring melt. The water requirements of the Pacific Northwest are met primarily by surface water. The major river in the region, the Columbia, is managed by an extensive system of over 100 reservoirs, which is operated for irrigation, flood control, hydropower, navigation, recreation, and fisheries protection and enhancement. Nonetheless, the total storage in the Columbia River reservoirs is equivalent to only about a third of the river's mean annual flow. Therefore, the reservoir system acts primarily to store water from the spring high flow period to be released during the summer and fall; it does not, to any significant extent, store water from one year to the next. Reservoirs on smaller west-side streams are likewise small relative to the mean annual flow of the rivers. West-side streams are operated primarily for municipal water supply, fisheries protection and enhancement, and hydropower. Climate Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Climate-induced changes in marine ecosystems trigger a cascade of ecological impacts throughout the marine food-web. Such impacts are often most visible in their impacts on higher-order predators like sea birds, marine mammals, and commercially popular fish stocks. The effects of anthropogenic climate change (greenhouse warming) on marine ecosystems will most likely occur via multi-scale atmosphere/ocean circulation changes, and not by direct (radiatively driven) heating of the oceans. >From the perspective of marine ecosystems, Pacific interdecadal climate shifts between warm and cold climate phases (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) have been linked to decade-to-decade changes in Pacific salmon production from western Alaska all the way to central California. In addition, shorter-lived El Ni?o-related changes to the marine environment have caused temperature and spatial dislocations in the distribution of many open-ocean bird and fish species, as well as important changes in overall ecosystem productivity. Common to both El Nino- and PDO-related marine climate fluctuations are regionally specific swings in primary and secondary productivity (via phyto- and zooplankton production, respectively) that trigger a cascade of ecological impacts throughout the marine food web. Generally speaking, processes important to marine ecosystems take place at regional and smaller scales. Global-scale climate models now used to investigate the impacts of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases globally, are not yet as useful at these regional and smaller scales. Based upon observed climate impacts on marine ecosystems, the following impacts are likely to occur as a response to future anthropogenic climate change: 1) species distributions will change; 2) there will be winners and losers; warm phases of the PDO correspond to high productivity in the Gulf of Alaska and low productivity in the California Current (and vice-versa with the cold phase of the PDO); 3) ecosystem surprises are to be expected; and 4) if present day El Nino and PDO-like warm episodes are a model for future climate changes, warm water pelagic fish (e.g., albacore, mackerel, sardines) will become more common in nearshore and higher latitude waters of the northeastern Pacific. Water Resources in the Pacific Northwest in a Warmer World The dominant effect of a warmer climate on the streams of the Pacific Northwest would be that less wintertime precipitation would fall as snow and more would fall as rain, resulting in decreased snowpack accumulation, and therefore increased winter flows and decreased spring and summer flows. This pattern would alter the flow patterns away from spring peaks and toward a rainfall-dominated peak in the winter. This change would, in general, create more stress on reservoir systems, as the natural storage of snowpacks would have to be replaced with reservoir storage to meet current water demands. Furthermore, the potential would exist for increased fall and winter flooding, especially in west-side streams, and perhaps in some smaller east side streams that are not generally susceptible to winter floods in the current climate. Consequences of these changes for water resource management include the need for more deliberate spillage in west-side rivers and the possibility for decreased water supply in summer, given reservoir storage limitations. In order to understand these consequences more fully, the climate scenarios from three atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCMs) were used in conjunction with regional hydrologic and reservoir models to assess the impacts of the scenarios on Pacific Northwest hydrology and water resources. Notwithstanding that current GCMs cannot provide detailed regional-scale, watershed-specific information, modeling studies can, nonetheless, indicate the general nature of the response of the hydrology, and managed water resource systems, to changes in the region's climate. The model studies show that the projected shifts in the timing of runoff (associated primarily with temperature), and volumes of runoff (associated primarily with changes in precipitation) would have important implications for energy production, fish protection, and irrigation water supply in the region. The changes in seasonal timing of runoff associated with the warmer climate scenarios tend to be advantageous for hydropower production during the winter high demand period, but may jeopardize subsequent reservoir refill and hydropower production for the following year. In one of the climate scenarios, however, considerably reduced precipitation would result in failure to meet firm-energy production requirements more often under current climate conditions. The changes in the seasonal pattern of streamflow generally would have negative implications for fish protection, especially, for instance, in terms of the reliability of the Columbia River reservoir system to meet the statutory minimum flow requirements for McNary Dam. The ability of the reservoir system to meet irrigation demands generally would decline under the climate warming scenarios; particularly those accompanied by significant decreases in streamflow volumes. These changes would be especially important in the upper Snake River basin, in part because of the high irrigation demands there, and in part because the seasonal pattern of Snake River streamflows is more sensitive to climate warming than is the main stem of the Columbia. Recreation would be impacted as well. Recreation benefits for the Columbia River reservoirs depend on high reservoir levels during the summer, targets which would be more difficult to meet with reduced spring streamflows. On the other hand, the severity of spring floods would generally be reduced in the Columbia River system. El Nino and the PDO: Real-Life Models of Climate-Driven Changes in Marine Ecosystems A growing body of research has shown a close connection between fluctuations in the northeastern Pacific marine ecosystems and large scale features of Pacific climate. Large amplitude, year-to-year climate fluctuations, often associated with El Nino/La Nina, have dramatic impacts on marine ecosystems in the northeast Pacific. Typical El Nino-related environmental changes include a warming of the coastal upper ocean, raised sea levels, increased poleward coastal currents, and a deepening of the ocean surface layer. Off the west coast of the continental US, these frequent warming events often lead to a reduction in phytoplankton and zooplankton production, which in turn sets the stage for dramatic crashes in overall fishery productivity. Large die-offs have been observed among higher-level predators like sea-birds, marine mammals, and some salmon populations during the strong climate warming events of 1983 and 1997/98. Perhaps even more important to the northeastern Pacific marine ecology are the decade-to-decade environmental shifts associated with the Pacific (inter)Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The PDO has been described as an interdecadal El Nino-like pattern of climate variability. Warm phases of the PDO bring decadally-persistent El Nino-like environmental changes. Long-lived (20 to 30 year) climate fluctuations associated with the PDO have been linked to dramatic and persistent changes in the large marine ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean. Since the late 1970's (the last switch from cold to warm PDO regimes) these changes include crashes in Alaska Murre (sea-birds) and Stellar Sea Lion populations, significant reductions in Halibut growth rates, sharp declines in Alaska King Crab and shrimp fisheries, altered salmon migration routes, and an era characterized by record salmon production in Alaska but very low salmon production in Washington, Oregon, and California. Climate-related changes to streamflow regimes will also play a major role in determining the future of Pacific salmon. The PDO-related changes in salmon abundance previously noted are thought to result mostly from changes in the marine environment. For Alaska salmon, the typical positive PDO year brings enhanced streamflows and nearshore ocean conditions favorable to high productivity. Generally speaking, the converse appears to be true in the Pacific Northwest. The specter of a greenhouse climate with warmer, wetter winters and warmer, drier summers in the Pacific Northwest suggests significantly reduced snowpack. Such streamflow regimes would be less favorable for salmon than those now observed with El Nino and PDO. Such scenarios paint a picture of an increased frequency of scouring, nest-damaging fall and winter floods, with reduced flows and elevated stream temperatures in the critical low flow summer periods. Biographies Dennis Lettenmaier is a hydrologist with interests in continental and global-scale land surface hydrology, and smaller-scale sensitivity of catchment hydrologic processes to land cover change. He is presently involved in several projects seeking to improve the representation of the land surface, especially the representation of streamflow and evapotranspiration, in climate and numerical weather prediction models. He is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Washington, where he has been on the faculty since 1976. Since 1995 Dr. Lettenmaier has worked with NOAA's Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans (JISAO) at the University of Washington, where he participates in a NOAA Global Change project, "An Integrated Assessment of the Dynamics of Climate Variability, Impacts, and Policy Response Strategies for the Pacific Northwest", as the hydrology and water resources team leader. He has participated in several assessments of the effects of climate change on hydrologic and water resources, including the 1989 EPA Report to Congress, for which he directed the study on California Water Resources, and a recent U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study of the climatic sensitivity of six water resources systems throughout the continental U.S. He is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. Dr. Lettenmaier received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Washington's Department of Civil Engineering in 1975. Nathan Mantua is an atmospheric scientist whose interests are in understanding ocean-atmosphere climate dynamics. He is presently involved in interdisciplinary studies related to climate variability, seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction, and the human and ecological dimensions of climate change. Since 1995 Dr. Mantua has worked with NOAA's Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans (JISAO) at the University of Washington where he has played a key role in a NOAA/ Global Change project titled "An Integrated Assessment of the Dynamics of Climate Variability, Impacts, and Policy Response Strategies for the Pacific Northwest." This study is an interdisciplinary effort focused on understanding the role of climate information in resource management. The JISAO team is investigating both short- and long-term climate issues, the former in terms of the use of seasonal-to-interannual climate predictions, the latter in assessing the Pacific Northwest's vulnerability to potential anthropogenic climate change. Dr. Mantua has also had a life-long involvement with the commercial and sport salmon fishing industries, and as a result, has a unique understanding of the connections between climate and fishery science. His versatility in these two fields has led to a number of collaborations with fisheries scientists at the University of Washington and at other research institutions. He was recently appointed to the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for the international Global Oceans Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, a NOAA/NSF (Global Change)-sponsored effort devoted to better understanding the role of climate variations in marine ecosystems. Dr. Mantua received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Washington's Department of Atmospheric Sciences in 1994, and shortly thereafter, was awarded a NASA Global Climate Change Fellow. The Next Seminar is scheduled for Thursday, June 11, 1998 Planned Topic: Projected Atmospheric and Climatic Implications of Asian Development For more information please contact: Anthony D. Socci, Ph.D., U.S. Global Change Research Program Office, 400 Virginia Ave. SW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20024; Telephone: (202) 314-2235; Fax: (202) 488-8681 E-Mail: TSOCCI at USGCRP.GOV. Additional information on the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and this Seminar Series is available on the USGCRP Home Page at: http://www.usgcrp.gov. A complete archive of seminar summaries is also posted at this site. Normally these seminars are held on the second Monday of each month. From cnidaria at earthlink.net Thu May 14 07:33:12 1998 From: cnidaria at earthlink.net (James M. Cervino) Date: Thu, 14 May 1998 04:33:12 -0700 (PDT) Subject: No subject Message-ID: Dear Coral Listers, I received this information yesterday form the AP Wire Service, and was wondering if any one has further information reguarding this terrible occurrence? CORAL DESTRUCTION: AP reported last week acid and explosives used by Chinese and Hong Kong fishermen are destroying coral beds in a Taiwan- controlled area of the South China Sea. Up to 90 percent of the coral has died in some beds of the Pratas island group. Biologists estimate that 50 tons of acid, used to stun fish so that they can be captured live and served freshly killed in restaurants, are sprayed into the water each year. ************************************ James M. Cervino Marine Biologist Global Coral Reef Alliance 124-19 9th ave. College Point New York, N.Y. 11356 Phone/Fax-(718) 539-8155 ************************************ From P.J.Mumby at sheffield.ac.uk Thu May 14 06:52:56 1998 From: P.J.Mumby at sheffield.ac.uk (Peter J. Mumby) Date: Thu, 14 May 1998 11:52:56 +0100 Subject: nutrient enrichment & algal growth Message-ID: <2A1B1BF6199@ashopton.shef.ac.uk> Dear Coral-listers, Looking at the literature, I was quite surprised to find very little empirical work on the effects of nutrient enrichment on algal growth (particularly macroalgae). I've come across papers by Lapointe, Littler, McCook, the ENCORE work, and the Kaneohe Bay stuff, but precious few lab studies. If anyone could direct me to other studies (possibly in the grey literature), I'd be extremely grateful and will of course disseminate the results to anyone interested. With thanks, Peter P.S. does anyone have Mark Littler's email address? ------------------------------------------------ Dr Peter J. Mumby Research Fellow Department of Geography University of Sheffield Winter Street Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom tel: + 44 (0)114 222 7970 fax: + 44 (0)114 279 7912 e-mail: p.j.mumby at sheffield.ac.uk From suzanamp at ib.usp.br Thu May 14 18:15:40 1998 From: suzanamp at ib.usp.br (Suzana Pinto) Date: Thu, 14 May 1998 19:15:40 -0300 Subject: Acontiaria sea anemones Message-ID: <355B6D0C.8932199@ib.usp.br> Dear coral-listers, I am taking my PhD course at Universidade de S?o Paulo (USP), Brazil, focusing on phylogenetic relationship among Acontiaria sea anemones, using morphological and molecular data. The project aims to propose well-supported phylogenetic approach to sea anemone, as well as to determine which molecular techniques are appropriate to this study. In addtion, the comparative study of the characters will draw on cladistic analysis. Does anyone have Dr. Meg Daley?s (at George Washington University) e-mail address? I am sure that all suggetions will be of great help. Thank in advance, Suzana -- _____________________________________________________________ Suzana M. Pinto E-mail: smpinto at usp.br Universidade de S?o Paulo (USP) suzanamp at ib.usp.br Instituto de Bioci?ncias Voice/Fax: +55-19-2551278 Depto. de Zoologia +55-11-8187513 Caixa Postal 11461 +55-11-8187516 05422-970-S?o Paulo, SP Brasil _____________________________________________________________ From keryea at mail.nsysu.edu.tw Fri May 15 18:01:34 1998 From: keryea at mail.nsysu.edu.tw (K. Soong) Date: Fri, 15 May 98 16:01:34 CST Subject: underwater pen and paper Message-ID: Dear Coral Listers: About pens to write on transparencies underwater, I received quite a few suggestions. They are summarized below, thanking efforts of all the responders. Most mentioned greasy pens which come in different colors. They are easy and not expensive. To get much higer resolution, one can use transparencies for color printers. These transparencies have roughened surface, thus a pencil can leave fine lines on them. They might be more expensive than regular ones, but is very effective if you want to trace the position and shape of small objects underwater. Sincerely Keryea Soong From Bugwotro at upandang.wasantara.net.id Fri May 15 04:57:37 1998 From: Bugwotro at upandang.wasantara.net.id (BWH) Date: Fri, 15 May 1998 16:57:37 +0800 Subject: Coral Bleaching -- INDONESIA References: <199805061713.NAA27655@orbit8i.nesdis.noaa.gov> Message-ID: <355C0381.86EB81B8@Upandang.wasantara.net.id> I just returned from Bunaken where I did not observe bleaching. At the Spermonde Archipelago off Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, I also have not noticed bleaching. To get a more complete idea of the occurrence of bleaching it would be ideal if we also report on other sites where there is NO bleaching. Next week I'll go to Bali and may see whether anything is happening there. Best wishes, Bert Hoeksema (PhD) Program Buginesia WOTRO-UNHAS PO Box 1624 Ujung Pandang 90016 Indonesia tel/fax: +62.411.442123 astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov wrote: > Passing this recent information from Lombok Island in Indonesia on to > others who > may have an interest or may wish to share further observations. > > Al Strong > > <---- Begin Forwarded Message ----> > From: "Taufik Hizbul Haq" > To: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov > Subject: Coral Bleaching > Date: Tue, 05 May 1998 21:00:53 PDT > > First of all, let me introduce ourselves. We are a Marine Foundation, > named Yayasan JARI. We're based in Mataram, Lombok Island, West Nusa > Tenggara Province - Indonesia. > > During this last four months, the coral reef around Lombok Island is > suffering from bleaching process. And it is happening almost around > Lombok Island (next to Bali). The bleaching process is happening until > > 80 feet depth, and also we have cold and hot current[s] on the surface > and > [at] depth. All the coral is getting white and it is very sad. [Does] > this > event has something to do with the El-Nino phenomenon? Cause we have > information that coral in the Great Barrier Reef is bleaching, and > also > Taka Bone Rate National Park in South Sulawesi and Bunaken National > Park > in North Sulawesi... > > Juanita Mandagi > Marine Foundation -- Yayasan JARI > Mataram, Lombok Island > West Nusa Tenggara Province > Indonesia > > **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< > ***** > Alan E. Strong > Phys Scientist/Oceanographer Adj Assoc Res > Professor > NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 US Naval Academy > NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W Oceanography > Department > 5200 Auth Road Annapolis, MD > 21402 > Camp Springs, MD 20746 410-293-6550 > Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov > 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8108 > http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad From dafnaz at post.tau.ac.il Fri May 15 05:39:43 1998 From: dafnaz at post.tau.ac.il (dafna) Date: Fri, 15 May 1998 12:39:43 +0300 (IDT) Subject: fax number Ras Mohammed Nat. Park Message-ID: <199805150939.MAA02255@post.tau.ac.il> Dear all, does anybody of you have the actual fax or telephone number of the Ras Mohammed National Park Authority in Egypt (South Sinai)? Please answer directly to my address. Kind regards, Markus From JSELENDY at aol.com Mon May 11 15:04:48 1998 From: JSELENDY at aol.com (JSELENDY) Date: Mon, 11 May 1998 15:04:48 EDT Subject: Coral Reef Odyssey & Solutions Site announcement and Request for R= Message-ID: <199805160153.BAA19832@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> ecommendations Sender: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov Precedence: bulk From: Janine M. H. Selendy Chair and Executive Producer HORIZON Communications A Not-for-Profit Film Production, Research and International Development Organization based at Yale University Department of Biology and Harvard School of Public Health The Coral Reef Odyssey is progressing with filming in Bonaire and a contrac= t being concluded for an IMAX (Large screen) version of the television miniseries. We greatly welcome your participation in spreading awareness of successful initiatives around the world through the Solutions Site. Please share this announcement. With my warmest wishes and appreciation, Janine Selendy CASE STUDIES SOUGHT FOR SOLUTIONS SITE =09Coming Soon to the World Wide Web As people around the world search for ways to address global warming and ot= her environmental problems, HORIZON Communications is leading an effort to document and disseminate answers through a SOLUTIONS SITE on the World Wide Web thanks to support from Global Resource Action Center for the Environmen= t (GRACE). Harvard and Yale universities, the International Development Research Centr= e (IDRC) of Canada, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Developm= ent Programme, Population Fund, and UNICEF are collaborating with HORIZON on th= e Site which will be operational by the end of May. GRACE, other foundation= s, and numerous organizations are cooperating by providing case studies and making people aware of the Site. Regional bases are being established worldwide -- in Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia -- with the help o= f HORIZON=92s collaborators. Preliminary bases, in addition to Yale and Harvard, will be in New York at the UNEP office, at the UNEP Environment an= d Industry office in Paris, and the IDRC office in Singapore. WHAT IS THE SITE The Site will be a source of case studies on proven or promising solutions drawn from all parts of the world and from both high and low technologies. Subjects will include agriculture, biodiversity, desertification, forests, oceans, fisheries, land management, energy production and consumption, population, public health, toxic chemical and pollution control, transportation, waste management, and water quality and supply. The Site will provide an opportunity to share the most successful problem- solving initiatives with people throughout the world who will be able to readily access it through Internet. The case studies will not only encoura= ge replication of existing projects but also inspire the development of new on= es. Visitors to the site will be able to provide feedback, propose new solution= s, and participate in discussion groups. SITE CONTENTS The Solutions will be drawn from HORIZON's Solutions Databank , IDRC=92s ca= se studies, United Nations=92 case studies developed for the Site and numerous other sources. Illustrative photos and film clips will augment the writt= en material. The case studies will include information on: =B7 The background of the problem being addressed; =B7 How and by whom the solution was initiated; =B7 How long it has been underway ; =B7 How well it is working; =B7 Constraining factors such as costs, limitations of materials; =B7 Applicability and feasibility for replication locally, regionally, internationally; =B7 Evaluation results, if any, and by whom the evaluation was conducted; =B7 Visual materials available; =B7 Contacts for further information. CASE STUDY EVALUATIONS Every solution will be evaluated for its feasibility and applicability by t= he HORIZON Scientific Review Board and other experts before being added to the Site. (Please see list below.) The Board is now being expanded, particularly with international experts. In some cases, such as in biodiversity preservation, a promising initiative or innovation which canno= t yet be qualified as a success may also be included. REQUEST FOR SOLUTIONS HORIZON welcomes the nomination of projects and the submission of case stud= ies to be considered for inclusion on the Solutions Site. A Solutions Site Submissions template (format) will be available soon on our web site and on hard copy. All contributors of solutions used in the Solutions Site will = be credited on the Site. TO REACH THE SITE The Solutions Site will be incorporated into HORIZON=92s existing web site = at http://www.yale.edu/horizon. SITE FEATURES Features of the Solutions Site will include: =B7 A hierarchical, categorized, easily navigable user interface for locati= ng solutions in the major categories defined by HORIZON and its collaborators. =B7 A search engine to allow free text searching of the Solutions Site. =B7 A News Section for information on activities related to the Site. =B7 A group of Interactive Discussion Fora, to allow users to exchange view= s and information. These groups will be moderated to prevent their usage for activities not in accordance with the stated goals of the Site. =B7 An automatic email mailing list service, allowing users to, upon joinin= g, automatically receive updates or information presented by the administrator= s of the Solutions Site. Subscribers will, for example, be able to choose t= o be automatically informed every time a new solution is added to a given category, such as Clean Water. =B7 A Guest Book, to help track visitor interest and feedback. =B7 A Solutions Submission form, allowing users to submit ideas for solutio= ns, for subsequent follow-up by the HORIZON staff and collaborators. =B7 Links to other Internet information sources around the world within rel= evant categories. =B7 Feedback forms in each solutions report, to allow immediate user respon= se to the information presented. =B7 Multimedia, including audio, video, and animation. Video clips from HORIZON=92s documentary films and other sources will be made available, pla= yable directly within standard Internet browser programs such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer. =B7 An open structure allowing for instant application of translations of Solutions Reports as they become available and for prompt updating. CONTACT Your recommendations of solutions would be greatly appreciated along with = the information needed to make direct contacts with the appropriate people involved. For submissions and additional information, please contact: Jo Yellis, Executive Director HORIZON Communications Yale University Department of Biology P. O. Box 208103 New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA Tel: 203-432-6266 Fax: 203-432-6161 e-mail: yellis at pantheon.yale.edu HORIZON Web Site: http://www.yale.edu/horizon SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD: Peter S. Ashton, Ph.D. Professor of Dendrology Harvard University Michele Barry, M.D. Co-Director International Health Program Yale School of Medicine Paul Epstein, M.D. Assoc. Dir. Health & Global Environment Harvard Medical School Harvey V. Fineberg, M.D., Ph.D. Provost Harvard University David G. Hawkins, J.D. Senior Staff Attorney Natural Resources Defense Council Stephen P. Hubbell, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Princeton University Dieter Koch-Weser, M.D. Former Chair Dept. of Preventive & Social Medicine Harvard Medical School Barry S. Levy, M.D., M.P.H. Former President American Public Health Assoc. Adj. Prof. Tufts U. School of Medicine Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ph.D. Counselor to the Secretary for Biodiversity & Environmental Affairs The Smithsonian Institution Michael McElroy, Ph.D. A. L. Rotch Professor, Atmospheric Science, Chairman, Dept. of Earth & Planetary Sciences Harvard University Hon. Richard L. Ottinger Dean Pace University School of Law Allan Rosenfield, M.D. Dean Columbia School of Public Health Burton H. Singer, Ph.D. Professor of Demography and Public Affairs Princeton University Andrew Spielman, Sc.D. Professor of Tropical Public Health Harvard School of Public Health Roger P. Swain, Ph.D. Science Editor Horticulture Magazine Robert J. Wyman, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Yale University POPULATION PROJECT INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Local Or Country Level BANGLADESH Mr. Alamgri M. A. Kabir President Family Planning Association of Bangladesh MADAGASCAR Dr. Nivo Rakotobe Madagascar University School of Medicine MEXICO Dr. Alfonso Lopez Juarez Director General MEXFAM NIGERIA Chief Bisi Ogunleye National Coordinator Country Women Association of Nigeria PHILIPPINES Dr. Clio Brion Labule Family Planning Association of the Philippines UNITED STATES Dr. Claire D. Brindis Director Center for Reproductive Health Policy Research University of California, San Francisco Regional Level ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Mr. Krishan Singh Former Assistant Administrator Asia and Pacific Region United Nations Development Programme AFRICA Dr. Benjamin Gyepi-Garbrah Secretary African Population Advisory Committee WESTERN HEMISPHERE Mr. Hernan Sanhueza President International Planned Parenthood Federation-Western Hemisphere Region International Level Mr. George Brown Vice President Population Council Ms. Jane De Lung, President Population Resource Center Ms. Joan Dunlop, President International Women=92s Health Coalition Ms. Ishrat Husain Former Division Chief, World Bank African Technical Human Resources Mr. David Poindexter, President Population Communications International Dr. Sunetra Puri Assistant Director, Information Services and Public Relations International Planned Parenthood Federation Professor Robert Wyman Department of Biology Yale University CORAL REEF ODYSSEY PROJECT ADVISORY BOARD Walter H. Adey, Ph.D. Director Marine Systems Laboratory Smithsonian Institution Gordon M. Cragg, Ph.D. Chief Natural Products Branch National Cancer Institute Sylvia A. Earle, Ph. D. Oceanographer Founder, Deep Ocean Engineering, Inc. Former Chief Scientist, NOAA D. John Faulkner, Ph.D. Professor of Marine Chemistry Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of San Diego William Fenical, Ph.D. Professor of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of San Diego David J. Newman, Ph.D. Chemist Natural Products Branch National Cancer Institute Donald Matthews Spoon, Ph.D. Research Associate Marine Systems Laboratory Smithsonian Institution From reefprj at tm.net.my Sat May 16 04:42:20 1998 From: reefprj at tm.net.my (reefprj at tm.net.my) Date: Sat, 16 May 1998 16:42:20 +0800 Subject: Bleaching Event/Sabah/Kota Kinabalu Message-ID: <355D516C.188@tm.net.my> CORAL REEF BLEACHING REPORT May 16th, 1998 Pulau Gaya [Gaya Island] - Sabah, Malaysia - Borneo; Kota Kinabalu ******************************************************************* Area Affected: Observed area approximately 4 NMiles surrounding The Reef Project Bld. Bld. @ 06 degrees / 00 min / 77 sec N | 116 degrees / 03 min / 06 sec E. Weather Characteristics: No wind. Sea over reef is calm. Cloud coverage at observation time at level 5 [ARMDES Ref.]. Cloud cover at mid day at about 2/3 level. The area has been affected by smoke haze for approximately 6 months. Light intensity reaching the coral reefs was reduced during this period. Weather/Wind changes have cleared the sky of haze for the last 3 to 4 days with today being the clearest with the strongest sunlight intensity. Observation Time: 1400 to 1530 hrs - reef tow survey by power boat Reef Salinity & Water Temp.[THE REEF PROJECT Bld.] @ Observation Time: 35ppt / 32C Observations: Bleaching affecting about 30 to 40 % of all live coral coverage. Large/thin branching Acropora colonies affected 90%. Bleaching appears to be confined to 1 to 2 meters in depth. Brown Zoox. algae cloud hovering over corals - rising up to within 1/2 meter from water surface. Giant clam population maintained at The Reef Project reef flat are affected by 20% bleaching as well. [Pop. @ 300 pcs.] Both T. derasa & T. squamosa affected. GClams & corals maintained in open system R&D raceways with greenhouse plastic roofing and supplemented lighting - public aquarium displays not affected. Tide Information: @1230 hrs = 5.9 ft high tide Reef Species Affected: Acropora - long branching forms Acropora - plate forms Astreopora - on the tops facing the water surface Porites cylindrica [massive reef margin colonies] P. lutea - On the top portions primarily ["bald headed"] Psammocora digitata - top portions Fungia Lobophyllia - the entire colony Reported By: THE REEF PROJECT / Don Baker From rcgregor at ust.hk Sun May 17 05:32:09 1998 From: rcgregor at ust.hk (Gregor Hodgson) Date: Sun, 17 May 1998 17:32:09 +0800 Subject: Pratas Reef Damage/Cervino/AP/Post Message-ID: <199805181259.MAA01742@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> We tend to be skeptical of reports of complete wipe-outs of large remote reefs attributed solely to human impacts -- large storms and other natural factors are more likely to cause such widespread damge. In this case, however, we have confirmation of some of the AP report on damage to Pratas Reef from Taiwanese colleagues who witnessed blast and cyanide fishing. The news was based on the recent expedition of Taiwan's National Marine Biology Museum and Aquarium as well as some news reporters including TVBS, the most famous cable TV channel in Taiwan. The expedition reported that, "The reef even inside the lagoon and inside the gun-fire range was seriously damaged or totally destroyed compared to what we had seen a few years ago. (What is the outside like?GH) The TV reporters took quite a lot of photos and video film. They also saw and even talked with those fishermen who were poisoning and blasting the fishes on site. After further investigation to the soldiers and those fishermen, they know the causes and unfortunately that soldier there dare not to chase them away even they intrude into the territory because of the political sensitivity between two sides. (Two sides were not named, but looking at a map you can guess. GH). We are really sad because the reef at Pratas Island was really beautiful and well protected a few years ago but now just like coral's graveyard." As the Reef Check 1997 global survey showed, this sad news is unfortunately being repeated all over the world as fishermen are "forced" to travel farther and use more rapacious methods to obtain sufficient catch. At present, the most effective deterrent to the live-fish trade targeting large reef fish is the continuing series of ciguatera cases hitting Hong Kong -- 68 cases in the past two months and counting. Join Reef Check 98 and help spread the word that Governments need to exert more effort to control fishing as part of reef management. For those with an interest in Taiwan reefs, contact the Taiwan Reef Check co-coordinator "K. Soong" Reef Check website: www.ust.hk/~webrc/ReefCheck/reef.html -- Gregor Hodgson, PhD Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2358-8568 Fax: (852) 2358-1582 Email: From noelle at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu Mon May 18 11:04:19 1998 From: noelle at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu (Noelle F. Lewis) Date: Mon, 18 May 98 11:04:19 EDT Subject: Intercoast Network Newsletter, Call for Papers Message-ID: <199805181705.RAA03072@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> APOLOGIES FOR DUPLICATE LISTINGS Call for Papers for INTERCOAST NETWORK #32, Fall 1998 Intercoast Network is a quarterly, global newsletter for those interested in coastal management issues. It is sent to over 4,500 subscribers in more than 130 countries. The next issue, Fall 1998, concentrates on Economic Methods and Tools in Coastal Management: Examples and Challenges. While most of the world's economists may be oblivious to the dependence of the global economy on the Earth's coastal ecosystem, resource economists, coastal managers and environmental scientists are not. For them, the mounting stresses are evident on every front as more and more sustainable yield thresholds are crossed. With the world's economy having expanded sixfold since the 1950s, it has begun to outrun the Earth's capacity to supply goods and services, and the coastal zone is no exception, with approximately 37 percent of the world's population living within 100 km of the coast. Intercoast #32-will explore the intertwined relationship between the economy and coastal issues. The editors request articles on interesting case studies where economics has been used in coastal management, broadly defined. Examples include: benefit-cost studies, cost-effectiveness analyses, policy analyses, natural resource damages (viewed as a way of preventing pollution incidents or providing financing for restoration), interesting uses of incentive-based approaches to prevent pollution or guide resource uses, case studies of compliance in pollution or fisheries, or interesting cases in sustainable financing. Examples of BOTH successes and failures are encouraged. In addition to "theme" articles focused on coastal economic issues, Intercoast includes "feature" stories on general global coastal issues, and "Reports from the Field" giving summaries of projects and recent achievements or initiatives around the world. There is also "Intercoast Insider Information" giving upcoming conferences, new publications, Worldwide Web sites, videos, training and other useful items. Theme and feature stories are 750-1,500 words, while "Reports from the =46ield" are 250-500 words. PLEASE NOTE: Photos, charts, maps and other graphics enhance the look of the individual contribution; they are STRONGLY encouraged. We do edit articles as necessary to fit the available space. If you would like to contribute to Intercoast #32, contact Managing Editor No=EBlle F. Lewis, Intercoast Network, Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882 USA. Tel: 401-874-6870; FAX: 401-789-4670; E-mail: noelle at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu. DEADLINE DATE is Wednesday, 15 July 1998. Please contact me with questions as soon as possible-starting today. Thank you. _______________________________________________________ Noelle F. Lewis Managing Editor, Intercoast Coastal Resources Center (CRC) Tel: 401-874-6870 [me or voice] University of Rhode Island 401-874-6224 [main] Graduate School of Oceanography FAX: 401-789-4670 Narragansett, RI 02882 USA E-mail: noelle at gsosun1.gso.uri.edu CRC WWW: http://crc.uri.edu _______________________________________________________ From crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id Tue May 19 00:04:21 1998 From: crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id (Coremap BAPPEDA Tk.I Riau) Date: Tue, 19 May 1998 11:04:21 +0700 Subject: Bleaching Event Message-ID: <01bd82db$33e2eb40$LocalHost@default> To : Director of Reef Project We are the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project of Riau Province, Sumatera Indonesia. As you reported that Coral Bleaching Event had been happened in Sabah, Kota Kinabalu (CORAL REEF REPORT May 16 1998 ), is there any possible impact of that event in surrounding water such as Senayang and Lingga District in Kepulauan Riau Regency, and how long will it be ? f.y.i Senayang and Lingga District lies on : 0.269798 South 0,593596 North 104.952 East 104.052 East Thank you for your respons and information Best Regards, WIJAYANTO COREMAP RIAU crmpriau at pbaru.wasantara.net.id -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19980519/eb2a363c/attachment.html From ericroach at hotmail.com Tue May 19 16:31:21 1998 From: ericroach at hotmail.com (eric roach) Date: Tue, 19 May 1998 13:31:21 PDT Subject: coral reef research opportunities wanted Message-ID: <19980519203122.25280.qmail@hotmail.com> My name is Eric Roach ericroach at hotmail.com I have just returned from Indonesia after a 6 month tour on the R/V Heraclitus. I would like to continue to do more coral reef mapping, vitality studies and ground truthing. Any information or guidance would be appreciated. Thank you, Eric ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com From vicki at bigpond.com.kh Wed May 20 01:34:35 1998 From: vicki at bigpond.com.kh (Vicki Nelson) Date: Wed, 20 May 1998 12:34:35 +0700 Subject: bleaching in Cambodia Message-ID: <04423956228801@bigpond.com.kh> Dear Corallers, I've just come back from a two-day wander around the islands off Sihanoukville in Cambodia. Everywhere we went we found corals moderately to severely bleached. The water is warm (sorry, no thermometers) and very very turbid (no secchi disk, either). I don't know if that's normal for around here because there is no baseline data for anything in the marine environment here. Most of the 'reefs' we visited were dominated by massives - Porites, Faviids and Mussiids - with very few Acrops and even fewer Pocs. Nearly all genera were bleached. In some places 80% of the corals were completely white with sediment beginning to settle on their upper surfaces. I saw one COT on this trip on Koh Rong Samlem. It was approximately 20 cm across but there were no feeding scars nearby (I didn't look far). On a previous trip I saw groups of about 10-20 in a couple of places on Koh Tang, way out in the Gulf of Thailand. There were plenty of feeding scars, and the COTS were eating such weird things as Platygyra daedalea, Leptoria phrygia, Favia stelligera, Echinopora lamellosa, Favites spp and Symphyllia spp. Mind you, there isn't much Acropora or Pocillopora around for them to eat, so I guess it's not so surprising that they go for other stuff. Assuming the political situation in Cambodia does not blow up into a nasty mess, I'll be back here in August to continue this project. We'll be doing a Reef Check in August/September (rotten time of year, but we don't have a choice), so if anyone's in the area and wants to join in, please contact me. In December-February, the nice time of year for diving, I'll be doing a lot more detailed work around the islands and should have something a bit more concrete to say about the state of coral reefs in Cambodia. Cheers, Vicki Dr Vicki Nelson Danida Coastal Zone Management Project PO Box 2298 Phnom Penh 3 855-15-921-042 email: vicki at bigpond.com.kh From astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov Tue May 19 15:06:25 1998 From: astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov (astrong at nesdis.noaa.gov) Date: Tue, 19 May 1998 15:06:25 -0400 Subject: El Nino's last days! Message-ID: <199805201202.MAA13224@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Latest [5/19/98] satellite SST "HotSpots": http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/climohot.html show massive erosion [FINALLY] at the surface of the warm water pool along the eastern tropical Pacific -- campare 5/12 HotSpot. Actual SSTs along the Equator: http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/SST/data/equatpac.c.gif show SSTs have lowered drammatically in the last few days to below 26C [at 110W] where only last week they were still running close to 29C! Paul Chang's satellite winds are begining to pick up a bit of speed: http://140.90.191.231/dataimages/ssmi/day/ssmi_ave578/ssmi98138_ave.gif Al Strong **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ***** Alan E. Strong Phys Scientist/Oceanographer Adj Assoc Res Professor NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 US Naval Academy NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W Oceanography Department 5200 Auth Road Annapolis, MD 21402 Camp Springs, MD 20746 410-293-6550 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8108 http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad From reefprj at tm.net.my Thu May 21 02:56:04 1998 From: reefprj at tm.net.my (reefprj at tm.net.my) Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 14:56:04 +0800 Subject: zooxanthellae Message-ID: <3563D004.39E9@tm.net.my> Dear Cor-lister, I am doing my research degree on zooxanthellae. The objective of my research is to determine the numbers of zooxanthellae in 4 stations that I have chosen. There are as follows: 1. pristine reef 2. degraded reef 3. open sea and 4. giant clam stocking area. I am using a plankton net with 10 micron mesh (zooxanthellae 9-12 micron). Unfortunately, the water sample contain my other critters and debris and thus makes it hard to identify the zooxanthellae. I decided to isolate the algae by filtering the water sample using 20 micron mesh. Then the filtered samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 mins. Out of ten sampling, i have only once managed to see the algae. Could it be a fluke, may be. I am afraid that I am not using the right centrifuged force to do the separation that it desintegrated those algae. or simply the wrong technique... Thus far, I am still searching for literatures that could help me with my methodology. Is anybody out there can help me? Thank you, Wilson Alex. REEF PROJECT, Gayana Bay Resort, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. E-mail: reefprj at tm.net.my From huijung at mail.nmmba.gov.tw Wed May 20 23:23:35 1998 From: huijung at mail.nmmba.gov.tw (huijung) Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 11:23:35 +0800 Subject: coral destruction Message-ID: <199805211128.LAA19149@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Dr. Cervino: I am the scientist who is calling protection for Dongsha reef (The Pratas island). The followings are the background and what is actually happening: Dongsha reef is the biggest atoll (>100 Km2) and has the richest reef lives in the South China Sea. More than 396 spp. of reef fishes, 137 spp. of corals, 212 spp. of invertebrates and 114 spp. of marine plants were recorded. Those that have not been identified could double the present numbers. I organized three ecological expeditions (1990, 1994, 1998) to this atoll. The most terrible destruction happened during the past 3~4 years. In this > 100 Km2 area, reef communities are completely dead by repeatitive dosing with cyanide or blasting by dynamite in many studied sites, where 100% coral coverage with very high marine life diversities were used to be observed. An overall estimation of 90% destruction on this great atoll seems too conservative to me. During the three days diving, not a single lobster or a grouper or a shark or a Tridacna were seen by divers. Many of the dead corals were covered with algae. We saw many mainland China and Hong Kong fishing boats operating in the lagoon. We boarded two of them and checked the cyanide. According to our monthly record, in 1996, there were 589 mainland China boats, 413 Hong Kong boats and 17 Taiwan boats fishing in this atoll. It is estimated that at least 50.1 tons of cyanide (50 Kg per boat), 0.91 tons of dynamite (2 pond per boat), and 9 tons of mercury batteries were put in the reef each year. Dongsha atoll is the biggest killing field and will become the biggest grave yard of corals in the world ! To save this nature wonder is an inborn responsibility to all of us. Please do whatever you can to help from your position. Personally, I will collaborate with my colleagues to urge our government to take some immediate actions. Lee-shing FANG Director Preparatory office National museum of marine biology & aquarium Phone:886-7-226-4005*52 Fax:886-7-226-4007 Email: lsfang at mail.nsysu.edu.tw From cnidaria at earthlink.net Thu May 21 10:45:33 1998 From: cnidaria at earthlink.net (James M. Cervino) Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 07:45:33 -0700 (PDT) Subject: No subject Message-ID: Dear Listers, I am having a problem contacting Huijung from the South East Asia aquarium. This is the e-mail that is bouncing back after I send a reply from his letters (e-mails), can anyone confirm this as the correct e-mail? I am getting his e-mails, however, I cannot reply. Please assist? huijung at mail.nmmba.gov.tw Lee-shing FANG Director Preparatory office National museum of marine biology & aquarium Phone:886-7-226-4005*52 Fax:886-7-226-4007 Email: lsfang at mail.nsysu.edu.tw I ************************************ James M. Cervino Marine Biologist Global Coral Reef Alliance 124-19 9th ave. College Point New York, N.Y. 11356 Phone/Fax-(718) 539-8155 ************************************ From sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com Thu May 21 17:27:13 1998 From: sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com (sobelj%dccmc at cenmarine.com) Date: Thu, 21 May 1998 17:27:13 -0400 Subject: MPA Post-Doc Position Announcement Message-ID: <6E96643501BD2576@smtp.cenmarine.com> Please find below and as an attachment (WORD and TEXT versions), a position announcement for a Marine Protected Area Post-Doc Position at the Center for Marine Conservation and post if appropriate. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT Post-Doctoral Position Marine Protected Areas, Reserves, and Sanctuaries Center for Marine Conservation The Center for Marine Conservation (CMC) invites applications for a post-doctoral position in Marine Protected Areas, Reserves, and Sanctuaries. The successful candidate will focus on (1) documenting, evaluating and assessing the efficacy of existing marine protected areas; (2) planning, designing, and developing proposals for new marine protected areas; and (3) designing research and monitoring programs for current and future protected areas. This researcher, in collaboration with CMC's Ecosystem Program Director and other CMC and non-CMC scientists, will develop the scientific underpinnings and provide technical support for CMC's current and future work on marine protected areas, in the U.S. and Wider Caribbean. The position will require compilation, review, and analysis of published literature, scientific writing and editing, experimental design, and protocol development. The successful applicant will reside in Washington, DC and be provided with office space at the Center for Marine Conservation for a period of two years. Space and privileges may also be available at an affiliated research institution. Applications will be reviewed as they are received with an anticipated starting date in June, 1998 or as soon thereafter as feasible. Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in marine ecology or a closely related field and should have a strong background in at least one of the following: marine protected areas, ecosystem management, fisheries or marine conservation biology. Demonstrated research experience and publication record on marine protected areas is highly desirable. Applicants should send a letter of application which explains his/her interest and experience in this research area, a CV, and the names of three references (with contact information including email addresses). Applications should be sent via email to jsobel at cenmarine.com, with MPA Post-Doc as the subject field, or by mail to: Ecosystem Director Center for Marine Conservation 1725 DeSales St. NW, Suite #600 Washington, DC 20036 The Center for Marine Conservation is committed to protecting ocean environments and conserving the global abundance and diversity of marine life and is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. ************************************************************************** ******************************************* Jack Sobel, Director Ecosystem Protection Center for Marine Conservation Washington, DC 20036 (202)429-5609 or (202)857-5552 Fax: (202)872-0619 Email: jsobel @cenmarine.com "The last word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: 'What good is it?'. If the land mechanismas a whol is good, then every part is good, whether we understand it or not. If the biota, in the course of eons, has built something we like, but do not understand, then who but a fool would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering." Aldo Leopold, Round River, 1953. ************************************************************************** ****************************************** -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: POSTDOC.DOC Type: application/msword Size: 13312 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19980521/eacf88b1/attachment.dot -------------- next part -------------- An embedded and charset-unspecified text was scrubbed... Name: POSTDOC.TXT Url: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/19980521/eacf88b1/attachment.pl From cnidaria at earthlink.net Fri May 22 07:57:07 1998 From: cnidaria at earthlink.net (James M. Cervino) Date: Fri, 22 May 1998 04:57:07 -0700 (PDT) Subject: No subject Message-ID: Dear Coral Listers, Thought this might be of Interest? Test Predicts Brain Injury Risk In Divers MINNEAPOLIS (Reuters) -- A new test can detect if an individual is at increased risk for brain injury while scuba diving, according to a report presented here at the American Academy of Neurology meeting. For details, go to ... http://www.intelihealth.com/news?184237&r=EMIHC000 ************************************ James M. Cervino Marine Biologist Global Coral Reef Alliance 124-19 9th ave. College Point New York, N.Y. 11356 Phone/Fax-(718) 539-8155 ************************************ From carlson at soest.hawaii.edu Sat May 23 19:49:08 1998 From: carlson at soest.hawaii.edu (Bruce Carlson) Date: Sat, 23 May 1998 13:49:08 -1000 (HST) Subject: coral sex change? (fwd) Message-ID: Here's a follow-up on the Sandalolitha spawning that I reported last month (below). This coral spawned on April 21,22 & 23 and spawned again on May 15, 16 & 17. As in April, it produced only sperm (copious amounts!). This coral definitely produced viable eggs in previous years as we were able to rear them to the planula stage. But now it appears to be producing only sperm. The second colony in this aquarium has always produced sperm. It did not spawn in April but did spawn on May 15 -- as a male. Bruce ************************************************************************ Date: Tue, 28 Apr 1998 20:35:03 -1000 (HST) From: Bruce Carlson To: Coral-List Subject: coral sex change? In 1982 I collected a Sandalolitha robusta coral in Palau. In 1992 we noticed it spawning. It may have spawned in previous years and went unnoticed, but since 1992 we have checked for spawning every year. Spawning usually occurs a few days before the new moon in April at 7:00 am. This is in an indoor aquarium on display to the public. There are skylights overhead which is probably how it remains cued in to the phase of the moon even indoors. Last year we obtained fertile eggs which developed into planula (there is a second smaller colony nearby which has always produced sperm). This year we anxiously awaited the spawning event, cameras in hand and egg collectors ready. But instead of eggs, this year it produced sperm! It spawned 3 days in a row and only produced sperm. The other male colony did not spawn this year. Not sure what to make of this but we will check again in May because occasionally it spawns over two months. I haven't checked the literature on sex reversal in fungiid corals, or corals in general, but would appreciate if others have encountered this phenomenon in corals. We definitely have never observed this coral producing sperm in any of the previous years, and it definitely produced no eggs this year at all. Bruce From cshumway at bio.bu.edu Tue May 26 15:11:01 1998 From: cshumway at bio.bu.edu (Caroly Shumway) Date: Tue, 26 May 1998 15:11:01 -0400 Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity Message-ID: <199805271217.MAA23957@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear coral-listers, I am looking for a reference that describes the method for a "rugosity index" to assess habitat complexity of coral reefs,amd hope that a kind soul out there might help. I understand that it uses the measure of chain length to assess surface topology, but would very much like to have a reference, if possible. I've checked BIOSIS and Aquatic Fisheries Abstracts to no avail. Many thanks in advance. Sincerely, Caroly Shumway, Ph.D. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Caroly Shumway, Ph.D. Boston University Marine Program and The Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology 5 Cummington Street Boston University Boston, MA 02215 E-mail: cshumway at bu.edu, cashumway at aol.com Ph: 617-353-6969 Fax: 401-769-4598 From eakin at ogp.noaa.gov Wed May 27 11:16:49 1998 From: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov (Mark Eakin) Date: 27 May 1998 11:16:49 U Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity Message-ID: Reply to: RE>rugosity index for habitat complexity One measurement is the one that I have used in Panama. It was published in: Eakin, C.M. Where have all the carbonates gone? A model comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the 1982-1983 El Nino. Coral Reefs 15(2): 109-119. The description follows: Three dimensional structure (i.e. topographic complexity) was determined by draping a brass chain along the bottom under lines bisecting the center of the quadrat on one of the surveys. The length of chain required to trace the surface under 1 m was recorded for both the east-west (x) and north-south (y) bisecting lines. This was used in adjusting the CaCO3 deposition by coralline algae Unlike the growth form of Pocillopora sp., which is three-dimensionally complex and imparts topographic complexity to the reef, crustose coralline algae form thin crusts that match the fine contours of the underlying substrata. Thus, the area occupied by coralline algae (three dimensional surface area) often is greater than their planar projection, requiring that the deposition rate per unit area measured on a smooth surface (1.9 kg/m2/y, Eakin 1992) be adjusted to quantify growth on natural substrata. Thus, the deposition by coralline algae on a smooth surface was multiplied by an areal adjustment based on topographic complexity: Areal Adjustment = 4/(1/x+1/y)2 where x and y are the two chain lengths (above) in meters. Actual adjustments for individual quadrats ranged from near 1.0 (flat) to 4.0. ------------------ A slightly different formulation was described in my dissertation: Eakin, C.M. 1991 The damselfish-algal lawn symbiosis and its influence on the bioerosion of an El Nino impacted coral reef, Uva Island, Pacific Panama. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Miami, Miami, 158p. That description follows: As variations in the complexity of substrata can be important in providing shelter, topographic complexity was determined as follows. At the first 10 quadrats of the random walk surveys, a rigid 1 m2 quadrat, bisected in the x and y directions by rigid crossbars, was placed level with the uppermost surface of the substratum. A brass chain was then draped along the bottom under one of the 1 m bisecting bars, so that it matched the rise and fall of the substratum. The length of chain required to trace the surface under 1 m was recorded, and repeated for the second crossbar. A single measure of topographic complexity was calculated for each quadrat as: topographic complexity = 1 - (1/x + 1/y)/2 where x and y are the two chain lengths in meters. This yields values ranging from zero to asymptotically approaching unity. As no surfaces in the field were perfectly flat and there were limits to the complexity of surfaces, the values ranged from near zero to 0.5, the latter indicating surfaces producing chain lengths twice that of their planar projections. Good luck, Mark __________________________________________________________ C. Mark Eakin, Ph.D. NOAA/Global Programs, 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1210 Silver Spring, MD USA 20910-5603 Voice: 301-427-2089 ext. 19 Fax: 301-427-2073 Internet: eakin at ogp.noaa.gov Check out the El Nino at http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/enso ***Note: Telephone extensions at OGP will change in mid-June ***My new extension will be 109 From Steneck at maine.maine.edu Wed May 27 12:50:27 1998 From: Steneck at maine.maine.edu (Bob Steneck) Date: Wed, 27 May 98 12:50:27 -0400 Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity Message-ID: <199805271655.MAA25234@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Caroly and other coral reefers, On measure of habitat complexity is the "spatial index" (Rogers et al 1983). It involves stretching a floating (poly) line over the reef marked at 1 m intervals. Then under each interval you determine the linear dimension of all components you can reach. The chain link of a known size is the easiest way to do this. You count the number of links of all components under each meter length and you get a summed value of meters of reef per linear meter. This Spatial Index (SI) is thus expressed as m/m. My work in Jamaica and St. Croix (Steneck 1994) had 4 and 2.75 m/m at 3 and 10 m respectively in 1978 (the value dropped to 1.5 and 1.25 in 1982 after Hurricane Allen). St. Croix had around 2 and 1.5 m/m for 3 and 10 m respectively in 1988. Obviously a featureless pavement will have a value of 1 m/m. Refs: Rogers, C. S., Gilnack, M., Fits, H. C. 1983. Monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects: a study of storm damage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 66: 285 - 300. Steneck, R. S. 1994. Is herbivore loss more damaging to reefs than hurricanes? Case studies from two Caribbean reef systems (1978 - 1988). pp 220 - 226. In: Ginsburg RN (ed) Proc Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards, and History, 1993. Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Cheers, Bob Steneck ---------------------------- Robert S. Steneck Professor, School of Marine Sciences University of Maine Darling Marine Center Walpole, ME 04573 207 - 563 - 3146 e-mail: Steneck at Maine.Maine.EDU The School of Marine Sciences Web site: http://www.ume.maine.edu/~marine/marine.html From rgrigg at iniki.soest.hawaii.edu Wed May 27 14:45:27 1998 From: rgrigg at iniki.soest.hawaii.edu (Rick Grigg) Date: Wed, 27 May 1998 08:45:27 -1000 Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity Message-ID: <199805271916.TAA26084@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Ms. Shumway, A reference in which a rugosity index is described can be found in: Grigg, R.W. 1994. Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity on coral ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103:25-34. See page 27. R. Grigg From wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv Thu May 28 08:23:45 1998 From: wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv (William Allison) Date: Thu, 28 May 1998 05:23:45 -0700 Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity References: <199805271217.MAA23957@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Message-ID: <356D5751.4267@dhivehinet.net.mv> Hello Caroly and others, The chain method is beguiling but consider that two very different habitat scales may produce the same index value. A section of reef with complex, small-scale topographic variation (e.g., a section of Synarea rus) might produce the same "rugosity" value as a section with a simpler pattern but larger scale variation (e.g., a few large Porites colonies sitting on hardground). Another approach involves measuring the vertical distance from a horizontal line to substratum at intervals along the line - tie a weight to a tape measure. A sensitive depth gauge might do the trick too depending on your precision needs. This approach doesn't necessarily pick up complexity but might if you played with the intervals used. You might find the following useful: McCormick, M. (1994). ?Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage.? MEPS 112: 87-96. What you use will depend on your info needs and the time and effort you can or will expend. Good luck, its not a simple question. Bill -- William (Bill) R. Allison Coral Reef Research and Management Ma. Maadheli Majeedhee Magu Male 20-03 MALDIVES ph 960 32 9667 (direct) fx 960 32 6884 (voice, fax) e-mail: wallison at dhivehinet.net.mv From rcgregor at ust.hk Wed May 27 23:23:44 1998 From: rcgregor at ust.hk (Gregor Hodgson) Date: Thu, 28 May 1998 11:23:44 +0800 Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity References: <199805271655.MAA25234@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Message-ID: <356CD8C0.D7963216@ust.hk> Depending on the scale that you are interested in, another approach may be useful. Attach a downloadable dive computer such as the Aladin Pro to a stick and as you move along your transect line hold the stick so that the computer follows the substrate relief. The relief map can then be printed out and stored as a standard file. This is supposed to be accurate to +/- 10 cm. You need to check the speed of the computer logger -- the Aladin Pro is set to log at a 20 second interval and if this is too slow, it might be possible to request the manufacturer to reset it to a faster recording speed. -- Gregor Hodgson, PhD Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Reef Check website: www.ust.hk/~webrc/ReefCheck/reef.html From jaapk at wins.uva.nl Thu May 28 04:02:55 1998 From: jaapk at wins.uva.nl (Jaap Kaandorp) Date: Thu, 28 May 1998 10:02:55 +0200 (MET DST) Subject: rugosity index for habitat complexity Message-ID: <199805280802.KAA26655@lek.wins.uva.nl> Dear Caroly Shumway, A very suitable method (at least from a theoretical point of view, I do not know if it is a very practical method in your case) to estimate the degree of rugosity of a coral reef might be to measure the degree of space- or plane filling of the reef. This can be done by analyzing the fractal dimensions of photographs of the reef. The advantage of this method is that you determine scale invariant properties, which can be directly related to biological or physical properties of the reef. There is one reference in which this method was applied in coral reefs: Bradbury, R.H. and R.E. Reichelt, Fractal dimension of a coral reef at ecological scales, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.10(2):169-172, 1983. There are many references available in which this method was used to study the shape of individual organisms or objects from physics: M. Obert, Microbial growth patterns: fractal and kinetic characteristics of patterns generated by a computer model to simulate fungal growth, Fractals 1:354-374, 1993 E. Sander and L.M. Sander and R.M. Ziff, Fractals and fractal correlations Computers in Physics 8(4):420-425, 1994 J.A. Kaandorp, Analysis and synthesis of radiate accretive growth in three dimensions, J. Theor. Biol. 175:39-55, 1995 J.A. Kaandorp, C. Lowe, D. Frenkel and P.M.A. Sloot, The effect of nutrient diffusion and flow on coral morphology, Phys. Rev. Lett.77(11):2328-2331, 1996 Best regards, Jaap Kaandorp Jaap Kaandorp Parallel Scientific Computing and Simulation Group Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics & Astronomy University of Amsterdam Kruislaan 403 1098 SJ Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone: +31 20 5257539 / +31 20 5257463 email: jaapk at wins.uva.nl fax: +31 20 5257490 URL: http://www.wins.uva.nl/research/pscs/ From reefmonitor at eureka.lk Fri May 29 10:28:19 1998 From: reefmonitor at eureka.lk (reefmonitor at eureka.lk) Date: Fri, 29 May 1998 19:28:19 +0500 Subject: Bleaching in South Asia Message-ID: <1.5.4.32.19980529142819.00f4febc@eureka.lk> Notice from the South Asia Regional Office of the GLOBAL CORAL REEF MONITORING NETWORK (GCRMN South Asia). CORAL BLEACHING IN SOUTH ASIA Below are a few preliminary reports of bleaching in the South Asia region and some notes on near-future plans for assessing and documenting the same. 1. MALDIVES Bleaching in Maldives appears to have been relatively severe in the short-term though there are reportedly already signs of partial recovery. At a recent GCRMN South Asia methods training workshop at Bandos Island in north Male Atoll a limited quantitative exercise was run on the local house-reef on May 12th using LITs. Mean percentages of hard corals wholly or partially bleached on our transects were around 80% on the back reef down to around 45% at 10m on the reef slope. Personal observations indicated that at 20-30m on the reef slope at least 30-40% of hard coral colonies looked to be at least partially affected. A rapid one day assessment in mid-May by Dr Danny Elder on behalf of the Ministry for Planning, Human Resources and Environment confirmed these figures are more or less representative of North Male Atoll as a whole. No assessments by coral reef specialists are yet known to have been conducted in other atolls, but reports to the Marine Research Section in Male from atoll offices and local sea-plane operators indicate that highs level of bleaching have occurred throughout the Maldives. Recovery? William Allison spent the third week in May in South Male and Vaavu Atolls, both south of North Male Atoll. He did not witness the original extent of bleaching at these sites but suspects some recovery is beginning to take place, possibly as a result of currents from the SW monsoon causing upwelling of cooler water on the south and west sides of atolls. Porites spp. appear to be recovering best (or least affected?). Many acroporids appears to have suffered mortality however. 2. SRI LANKA A similar picture is emerging on the SW coast of Sri Lanka. Prof. Suki Ekaratne and co-workers of Colombo University have studied and reported over 70% bleaching at Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary, beginning from around the 10th of April, 1998. Bleaching impacts on a number of coral spp. were recorded photographically continuing from work ongoing over several months at Hikkaduwa. A paper has been prepared. Photographs taken by Arjan Rajasuriya of the National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA) on around 25th April at Hikkaduwa appear to confirm bleaching in excess of 80% on the reef flat - there is no reef slope as such at Hikkaduwa. Rajasuriya also observed bleaching earlier in the year in Jan/Feb on deeper offshore reefs off Colombo, in particular Goniopora colonies and a large tract of soft coral (Dendronephthya sp.). In general though he notes that soft corals appear to have resisted bleaching better than Scleractinia during the recent major event. The Sri Lanka Sub-Aqua Club reported that all hard coral colonies on a sparsely colonised reef at Wellawatte on the south coast were bleached. An informal report from a tourist diver on the NE coast of Sri Lanka (Trincolamalee) in early May on the other hand did not notice any bleaching effects, though he was not specifically looking out for them. It could be he isn't very observant. Local aquarium fish collectors on the SE coast (Battilacoa) reported noticeable bleaching at lower depths (around 20m) in mid-May, so it may be that the NE has also been impacted by now. These two reports are only semi-reliable. 3. INDIA Dr Syed Ismail Koya of the Dept of Science, Technology and Environment in Lakshadweep participated in the GCRMN training workshop in the Maldives in early May and now reports that bleaching at Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep appears similar to what he witnessed in the Maldives, but perhaps somewhat less severe. Sea conditions are too rough for quantitative survey work at present. Rohan Arthur visited the Gulf of Kutch on the northerly Gujarat coast in early-mid May. He has not yet analysed data from random quadrats but the qualitative assessment is that bleaching varied between 10-30%. Bleaching may yet worsen as warm water progresses north. Worth noting that corals in Gulf of Kutch are not representative of other Indian or regional reefs; their northerly location aside, corals there are severely stressed by turbidity, sedimenation and probably hydrocarbon pollution. 4. FUTURE MONITORING PLANS The SW monsoon will make it difficult to get into the water in many areas but a number of in-water assessments are planned. To aid comparability, we are encouraging researchers primarily to rely on LITs for local quantification of bleaching. In Maldives, the Marine Research Section, the Environment Research Unit, William Allison and Danny Elder have all indicated they will try to get into the field over the coming month or so and record quantitative or semi-quantitative data. A group from UK associated with the Dunstanlab, College of Charleston, South Carolina is also planning to visit Maldives in July/August. In Sri Lanka, Dr Suki Ekaratne is continuing bleaching assessment work at Hikkaduwa with regular photography-backed studies on tagged corals. A short paper reporting reef bleaching has already been prepared. NARA is planning to visit several sites on the SW coast during the coming 10 days or so, and possibly the east coast within the next month, to conduct LIT surveys. Arjan Rajasuriya (of NARA) will repeat photograph the Hikkaduwa reef to assess recovery of tagged colonies. Ruhuna University's Dept of Fisheries Biology plans to monitor bleaching of Polhena reef on the south coast. In India, Rohan Arthur hopes to visit Lakshadweep in June but may be thwarted by the weather. GCRMN is supporting a pilot monitoring exercise in Lakshadweep with Goa University in September to collect detailed baseline data at Agatti Island. The National Institute of Oceanography plan to begin a monitoring programme at Chetlat Island later in the year. Dr K Venkataraman at the Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India and Dr AK Kumararguru at Madurai-Kamaraj University plan to co-ordinate LIT surveys in the Gulf of Mannar and Dr Soundararajan will continue ongoing LIT surveys in the Andamans during June/July. GCRMN aims to compile an integrated report on bleaching in the South Asia region as soon as information becomes available - by end of July at the earliest. The material will also be included in the regional review paper to be presented at ITMEMS in Townsville in November this year. PLEASE NOTE: IF ANYONE IS PLANNING TO VISIT THE REGION EITHER TO CONDUCT RESEARCH OR AS A DIVING TOURIST I WOULD BE VERY GRATEFUL IF THEY COULD CONTACT ME AT DETAILS BELOW, PREFERABLY BEFOREHAND, BUT CERTAINLY AFTERWARDS IF THEY HAVE ANYTHING TO REPORT ON THE STATE OF ANY REEFS THEY MAY VISIT. WE WILL INCLUDE ANY INFO. IN FUTURE REGIONAL REPORTS ON THIS LIST. THANK YOU. Will also be glad to faciliatate contact between coral-listers and South Asia regional researchers, some do not have e-mail access. Regards -------------- Jason Rubens Regional Co-ordinator GCRMN South Asia IOC-UNESCO/ UNEP/ IUCN 48 Vajira Road Colombo 5 Sri Lanka Tel: + 94 74 511166 Fax: + 94 1 580202 GCRMN South Asia is supported by DFID, UK From kava at bu.edu Fri May 29 17:56:32 1998 From: kava at bu.edu (Kathryn Kavanagh) Date: Fri, 29 May 1998 17:56:32 -0400 Subject: DNA degradation Message-ID: <1.5.4.32.19980529215632.00a5d948@bio.bu.edu> I'm hoping someone can help me with a DNA problem, or refer me to someone who might help: We have been trying to isolate DNA from the pomacentrid fish _Acanthochromis polyacanthus_. Both frozen tissue and fin clips from live fish have produced highly-degraded DNA, using a typical lysis/prot.K/phenol/chloroform method of isolation. The fin clip tissue was prepared immediately so there was not much time for degradation. Does anyone have any ideas about what might be causing this problem? Has anyone experienced a similar problem? Any clues are greatly appreciated!! _______________________________________________________________ Kathryn Kavanagh, Ph.D. Research Associate email: kava at bu.edu Department of Biology office telephone:(617) 353-6992 Boston University lab telephone: (617) 353-6965 5 Cummington St. fax: (617) 353-6340 Boston, MA 02215 USA ________________________________________________________________ From dbaker at tm.net.my Sat May 30 20:50:19 1998 From: dbaker at tm.net.my (DBaker) Date: Sun, 31 May 1998 08:50:19 +0800 Subject: Red Tide Syndrome Message-ID: <3570A94B.EF1@tm.net.my> Hello Coral-Lers, Can anyone point me to data/pubs about any aspects of red tide correlating with high nutrient coastal waters..and coral bleaching? Is there any type of correlation? High nutrient loads => weaker coral/zoxx relationship? Looking forward to replies. Regards, Don Baker The Reef Project Sabah, Malaysia From zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il Sat May 30 12:21:34 1998 From: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il (zakai david) Date: Sat, 30 May 1998 19:21:34 +0300 Subject: Coral Beach Nature Reserve at Eilat Message-ID: <199806011224.MAA21557@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> I need help concerning a walkway that is constructed along the coast line of Coral Beach Nature Reserve at Eilat, Israel. One of the problems with it is light. Do anyone have any experience with such a project?? What are the points that have to be addressed so the effects of light will have a minimal damage? Are there any recommended wave lengths or light Intensity that do not disturb biological processes on the reef?? Thanks for your time and effort, David. ===================================================================== David Zakai, Red Sea marine biologist Department of Life Science Nature Reserves Authority of Israel Bar-Ilan University Eilat district, P.O.Box 667 Ramat-Gan Israel, 88105 Israel, 52100 Ph:+972-7-6373988 +972-7-6360117 Fax:+972-7-6375047 +972-7-6375329 Home:+972-7-6330373 Email: zakaid at popeye.cc.biu.ac.il =====================================================================