Julian Sprung's email.

[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]

Dear Gercende,

Fascinating!  I have never heard of this - I have passed it
onto an aquarist in the Centre for comment.  We have had a
series of small primary polyps form in various parts of an
aquarium with lots of adult (loose) Fungia.  These
presumably have come from sexual reproduction as opposed to
budding.  I have seen buds associated with adult skeletons
in the field which I had always thought were from new
settlers attracted to the dead adult skeletons.   Perhaps
this (budding) is an alternative explanation.

Cheers.

Ove

-----Original Message-----
From: Gercende Courtois [mailto:gtricor at hotmail.com]
Sent: Friday, 15 September 2000 4:38 PM
To: oveh at uq.edu.au
Subject: RE: Julian Sprung's email.


Dear Ove,

Hi, just to talk about a similar phenomenon observed on a
Fungia in one of
our tank here.
One Fungia looked bleached and seemed to have lost its
tissues just a small
part seemed still alive so we left it unattended in a tank
just in case!
Within weeks the part which was bleached and which seemed to
have lost
tissues had completely recovered and the part which was
looking alive died
and got entirely covered with buds. Fungia are apparently
reported to be
effective at producing buds but I have never seen any report
stating such a
regeneration for Fungia so I though it might interest you.
Regards,
Gercende

>From: "Ove Hoegh-Guldberg" <oveh at uq.edu.au>
>Reply-To: <oveh at uq.edu.au>
>To: "Cindy Hunter" <cindyh at hawaii.edu>,        "Bruce
Carlson"
><carlson at soest.hawaii.edu>,        "Billy Causey"
<Billy.Causey at noaa.gov>
>CC: "Bernard A. Thomassin" <thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr>,
><coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
>Subject: RE: Julian Sprung's email.
>Date: Fri, 15 Sep 2000 11:58:24 +1000
>
>Hi Cindy,
>
>Yes - fascinating.  This seems and area ripe for research
projects
>(postgrad students!).  Did you
>publish the SICB Boston stuff?  I would be very interested
in having a look
>at it.  The microclimate
>idea also presents an additional explanation for the
resilience of deep
>tissued corals like Porites
>(I discussed this in the 1999  article from a point of view
of reduced
>damage due to to low light
>regions) ...  deep tissues provide that reservior for
promoting regrowth
>etc.
>
>You will be in Bali, right?
>
>Aloha,
>
>Ove
>
>PS Opening ceremonies - right now - did I miss an meeting
or something?
>
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: Cindy Hunter [mailto:cindyh at hawaii.edu]
>Sent: Friday, 15 September 2000 11:51 AM
>To: oveh at uq.edu.au; Bruce Carlson; Billy Causey
>Cc: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
>Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
>
>
>Dear Ove,
>
>The situation of "larger than they should be if they were
from new sexual
>recruits" is reminiscent of the "Phoenix effect" documented
in Hawaii by
>Paul Jokiel and others in Porites compressa.  In this
species, lowered
>salinity caused by episodic rainfall and flooding events
resulted in a
>nearly complete loss of tissue on colony surfaces.  The
colonies most
>affected by the "freshwater kill" were those in the
shallowest water (the
>lens of 15-18 ppt water extended to 1-2 m depth) and
appeared (and smelled)
>to be completely putrefied--covered in gray or black
algal/fungal mats.
>However, within two years, these nearshore reefs were once
again fringed by
>large (up to 1 m diameter) Porites compressa colonies. They
couldn't have
>been from new recruits.
>
>Dave Krupp and I presented an experimental verification of
the phenomenon
>at
>SICB in Boston in 1997. After osmotic shock, a layer of
residual cells and
>zoox shows up deep (0.5-1 cm) within the skeleton; these
"ashes" can
>apparently de- and redifferentiate to form coral tissues
and polyps in a
>matter of weeks.  The twist in what you've seen in
Pocillopora and
>Stylophora (as we did in Montipora) is that these genera
are much less
>perforate than Porites, and the reservoir of  viable
tissues (and zoox)
>appears in shaded undersides or between branches, regrowing
up and around
>the branches rather than from the inside out.
>
>In either case, it demonstrates (again) the remarkable
resiliency that
>resides in these coral-algal associations. What this means
for our thinking
>about their genetics, senescence, etc. is indeed
interesting territory,
>
>Aloha,
>Cindy
>
>P.S. Shouldn't you be at the Opening Ceremonies?
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg <oveh at uq.edu.au>
>To: Bruce Carlson <carlson at soest.hawaii.edu>; Billy Causey
><Billy.Causey at noaa.gov>
>Cc: Bernard A. Thomassin <thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr>;
><coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
>Sent: Thursday, September 14, 2000 2:21 PM
>Subject: RE: Julian Sprung's email.
>
>
> > Dear Bruce,
> >
> > Very interesting - I am extremely interested in tracking
microclimate
>variability as you know.  One
> > thing has struck me (and I have a field observation to
back it up) is
>that
>these less stressful
> > microclimates may represent reservoirs of coral and
dinoflagellate
>tissue
>for regrowth following
> > bleaching events.  After the 1998 bleaching event, we
lost  many corals
>-
>Stylophora and Pocillpora
> > were hit so hard at One tree Island that students who
were working on
>these species had to find
> > alternative species to work on.  I was convinced that
this was akin to a
>"local extinction event".
> > To my surprise, almost the same abundance of large
colonies of these two
>species could be found in
> > surveys done in 2000 as prior to 1998.  The size of the
heads made it
>seem
>impossible for these
> > individuals to be the result of settlement and growth
over 18 months.
>Where did these coral
> > colonies come from? I suspect that the internal areas of
the Stylophora
>and Pocillopora coral heads
> > survived (lower light) and that the coral heads that I
thought were
>completely dead in fact
> > regenerated from these living internal regions.  Could
the internal
>shading provided by coral heads
> > act as a defence against thermal stress?  Interesting
area.
> >
> > Cheers,
> >
> > Ove
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf
Of Bruce Carlson
> > Sent: Monday, 28 August 2000 8:15 AM
> > To: oveh at uq.edu.au; Billy Causey
> > Cc: Bernard A. Thomassin; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> >
> > Ove,
> >
> > Just to add some anecdotal observations I made in Fiji
and Palau that
>seem
> > to be consistent with your hypothesis:  very small
acroporids (better
> > surface to volume ratio?), and those in the shade under
larger colonies
>were
> > the few survivors, and on the Suva barrier reef (where
the water flow is
> > strong), one patch of Acropora muricata that I have
monitored since 1972
>was
> > bleached in April -- or so it appeared on first
inspection.  However,
>the
> > undersides of every branch were brown -- apparently a
shading effect (by
> > brown, I mean "normal" in appearance presumably with
zooxanthellae
>present
> > in large numbers).  Temperature, sunlight and water flow
must all have
>an
> > effect.  I recorded this on video tape.  I did not
notice this on any of
>the
> > bleached corals on the outer barrier reef where
mortality among
>acroporids
> > approached 100%. I will check this colony again in
November to see if it
>has
> > recovered.
> >
> > Unrelated to bleaching, the Suva barrier reef has been
overgrown by
> > Sargassum since 1972.  I first noticed it growing around
the corals in
>1995,
> > but this year it has taken over on top of the reef (I
have photos
>showing
> > the progression over the years).  It snags on the
Porites cylindrica and
>has
> > killed those large old colonies.  The only coral colony
free of the
> > Sargassum was "my" old A. muricata colony.  Presumably
the large
>Stegastes
> > sp. damsels in that patch are keeping it clean = a small
oasis in a "sea
>of
> > Sargassum".  Why is the Sargassum taking over?  My first
guess would be
> > increased nutrients over the years from farming, coming
down the nearby
>Rewa
> > river delta, but over fishing of herbivores may also be
a factor.
> >
> > Bruce
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg <oveh at uq.edu.au>
> > To: Billy Causey <Billy.Causey at noaa.gov>
> > Cc: Bruce Carlson <carlson at soest.hawaii.edu>; Bernard A.
Thomassin
> > <thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr>;
<coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> > Sent: Sunday, August 27, 2000 11:13 AM
> > Subject: RE: Julian Sprung's email.
> >
> >
> > > Dear Bill,
> > >
> > > Interesting comments.  My feeling is that oxygen is
involved (either
>as
>an
> > promoter of the
> > > photoinhibitory production and build-up of active
oxygen within the
> > zooxanthellae - that is, as a
> > > secondary variable).  We know that thermal stress
collapses oxygen
> > production and increases
> > > respiration (see papers by Coles and Jokiel: Marine
Biology. 1977;
> > 43:209-216, Hoegh-Guldberg and
> > > Smith - J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1989; 129:279-303 and
others). If the
> > photosynthetic production of
> > > oxygen is down and respiration is up (and probably,
bacterial
>consumption
> > up due to decaying
> > > tissue), then oxygen at night over reefs under low
flow (especially on
> > reefs where corals dominate)
> > > would be expected to decrease, perhaps to critical
levels.  While not
>a
> > primary factor, I would see
> > > this as an important follow on effect.  It may
actually be an
>important
> > determinant of mortality.
> > >
> > > I am interested in following up the aggravating effect
of oxygen - it
> > would be useful if oxygen was
> > > monitored during the next set of bleaching events.
Perhaps water
>motion
> > (over small patches of
> > > reef) might help ameliorate the ultimate impact of a
thermal event.
>Just
> > a thought.  That and
> > > shading a reef might be useful for managers of small
show pieces of
>reefs.
> > But - just for those
> > > journalists our there - this would not be useful for
anything more
>than
>a
> > few hundred square metres!
> > >
> > > Cheers to all,
> > >
> > > Ove
> > >
> > > -----Original Message-----
> > > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf
Of Billy Causey
> > > Sent: Monday, 28 August 2000 1:25 AM
> > > To: oveh at uq.edu.au
> > > Cc: Bruce Carlson; Bernard A. Thomassin;
>coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> > >
> > >
> > > Ove and others,
> > >
> > > I am interested in your comments about the role of
oxygen.  For years
>I
> > have sounded like a broken
> > > record, exclaiming that while hot water is one of the
stressors
>leading
>to
> > coral bleaching, that I
> > > suspect the slick-calm, doldrum weather patterns lead
to a drop in
> > dissolved oxygen levels in the
> > > coral
> > > reef environment, especially at night.  I sometimes
think we take the
> > level of dissolved oxygen on
> > > coral reefs for granted .... and tend to not believe
there could be a
> > significant enough change to
> > > affect corals for example.
> > >
> > > During years when we have had severe bleaching in the
Florida Keys, I
>have
> > observed reef fish
> > > respiring
> > > very heavily .... in the middle of the day.  So I have
often suspected
>the
> > oxygen levels as being
> > > low
> > > .... during "hot water" events ... even during
daylight hours.
> > >
> > > Is it possible that the zooxanethellae, existing
inside the coral
>polyp
> > tissue starts competing with
> > > the coral polyp for oxygen at night ... when dissolved
oxygen levels
>are
> > low anyway .... and
> > > something
> > > has to give?  Imagine ... day after day and night
after night, during
> > periods of low mixing and
> > > natural
> > > aeration of surface waters, the oxygen level drops
below a threshold
>and
> > the coral polyp is in a
> > > state
> > > of competing for oxygen with the zooxanethellae.
> > >
> > > Folks ... be kind to me!  I am not a coral
physiologist, in fact I
>wasn't
> > very good in biochemistry
> > > .... just a coral reef manager with thousands of hours
of observations
> > that make me think the coral
> > > bleaching trigger and mechanisms are simpler than we
realize.  I am
> > curious about opinions on this
> > > idea.
> > >
> > > Cheers, Billy Causey
> > >
> > > Ove Hoegh-Guldberg wrote:
> > >
> > > > Flow probably has some effect through the removal of
some of the
> > feedback effects of the high
> > > oxygen
> > > > tensions that occur during the daylight hours.  If
the increased
> > production of active oxygen after
> > > > thermal stress (a'la Jones et al 1998, reviewed in
Hoegh-Guldberg
>1999),
> > then flow might have an
> > > > ameliorating effect through the decreased boundary
layer thickness
>and
> > hence oxygen tensions close
> > > > to coral surfaces.
> > > >
> > > > Survival near rivers might be related to the
decreased light stress
>due
> > to the higher turbidity of
> > > > rivers.
> > > >
> > > > Just some ideas ...
> > > >
> > > > Cheers,
> > > >
> > > > Ove
> > > >
> > > > Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
> > > > Director, Centre for Marine Studies
> > > > University of Queensland
> > > > St Lucia, 4072, QLD
> > > >
> > > > Director, Heron, Stradborke and Low Isles Research
Stations
> > > > President, Australian Coral Reef Society
> > > >
> > > > Phone:  +61 07 3365 4333
> > > > Fax:       +61 07 3365 4755
> > > > Email:    oveh at uq.edu.au
> > > > http://www.marine.uq.edu.au/ohg/index.htm
> > > >
> > > > -----Original Message-----
> > > > From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > > > [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On
Behalf Of Bruce
>Carlson
> > > > Sent: Saturday, 26 August 2000 4:15 AM
> > > > To: Bernard A. Thomassin;
coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > > > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> > > >
> > > > Bernard,
> > > >
> > > > Did you also notice that corals in areas with swift
flowing water
> > (usually
> > > > from tides) also survived better than nearby reefs
with low flows?
>I
> > > > noticed this in Fiji on the shallow barrier reef of
the University
>of
> > the
> > > > South Pacific, and in Palau near the lighthouse
reef -- both are
>similar
> > > > reef environments with strong laminar water flow
(the water is
>shallow
> > > > enough to stand up at mid-tide, but the current
knocks you over -- I
> > don't
> > > > have a more precise current measurement).  Why would
flow rate
>matter?
> > > > Perhaps there is something related to diffusion
rates (which would
> > increase
> > > > in strong water flow) which offers some protection
during
>bleaching????
> > If
> > > > Ove is right about superoxides forming during warm
water events,
>maybe
> > this
> > > > observation is relevant.
> > > >
> > > > Also, in Fiji, we noticed that reefs near river
mouths also showed
>good
> > > > survival rates.  The outer barrier reefs in Palau
and Fiji seemed to
>be
> > hit
> > > > the hardest.
> > > >
> > > > Bruce
> > > >
> > > > ----- Original Message -----
> > > > From: Bernard A. Thomassin
<thomassi at com.univ-mrs.fr>
> > > > To: <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> > > > Sent: Friday, August 25, 2000 6:30 AM
> > > > Subject: Re: Julian Sprung's email.
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Jonathan.Kelsey at noaa.gov wrote :
> > > > >
> > > > > >-Are these generally accepted concepts?
> > > > > >-Can one accurately assess coral mortality rates
associated with
>a
> > > > bleachin
> > > > > >event after "a matter of just a few days"?
> > > > > >-Are there quantitative studies showing that
there is a greater
> > bleaching
> > > > > >survival rate among corals in polluted waters
versus those in
> > > > non-polluted
> > > > > >water? -Any comments and/or further discussion
would be greatly
> > > > appreciated.
> > > > >
> > > > > We will presented a poste about the subject at
bali meeting. In
> > Mayotte
> > > > > Is., North Mozambique Channel, a huge bleaching
occurred in 1998
> > spring
> > > > > (end of summer season there) and most of 90
percent of the shallow
> > coral
> > > > of
> > > > > the barrier reefs died.
> > > > > Those corals that surveyed the best are from the
muddy
>environnements
> > in
> > > > > bays, on fringing reef fronts and patches, even
the harbour !why ?
> > Because
> > > > > the corals living in oceanic cooler waters of the
barrier reef
>belt
> > (170
> > > > km
> > > > > long) are less adapted to tolerate hot waters and
high level of
>light
> > > > (some
> > > > > got "sun burns" as table acroporas). In opposite
population of
>corals
> > > > (same
> > > > > species) living in neritic coastal waters, in
inner areas of the
> > lagoon,
> > > > > are genetically more adapted to tolerate : high
temperature,
>turbid
> > waters
> > > > > after rainfalls, even falls of salinity. Today in
Mayotte,
>probably
> > the
> > > > > recovering ibn coral of the mid-lagoon patch reefs
(recruitement)
>is
> > due
> > > > to
> > > > > larvae coming from these coastal coral
populations. These is one
>of
> > the
> > > > > main reasons to protect these "special" reefs in
muddy
>environments
> > from
> > > > > all the effects of coastal works (marinas,
dredgings, infilling of
> > > > littoral
> > > > > for roads, etc...).
> > > > >
> > > > > This is a good way for researches.. and from where
larvae that
>recruit
> > are
> > > > > coming.
> > > > >
> > > > > Bernard A. Thomassin
> > > > > Directeur de recherches au C.N.R.S.
> > > > >
> > > > > G.I.S. "Lag-May"
> > > > > (Groupement d'Int=E9r=EAt Scientifique
Environnement marin et
>littoral
> > de
> > > > > Mayotte")
> > > > > & Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille,
> > > > > Station Marine d'Endoume,
> > > > > rue de la Batterie des Lions,
> > > > > 13007 Marseille
> > > > > 9l. (33) 04 91 0416 17
> > > > > 9l. GSM 06 63 14 91 78
> > > > > fax. (33) 04 91 04 16 35 (0 l'attention de...)
> > > > > e-mail : thomassi at sme.com.univ-mrs.fr
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > >
> > > --
> > > Billy D. Causey, Superintendent
> > > Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
> > > PO Box 500368
> > > Marathon, FL 33050
> > > Phone (305) 743.2437, Fax (305) 743.2357
> > > http://www.fknms.nos.noaa.gov/
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> >
> >
>
>

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