From christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de Mon Oct 1 07:45:42 2001 From: christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de (christine.schoenberg) Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2001 13:45:42 +0200 Subject: coral reefs - calcification and bioerosion In-Reply-To: <01d701c147c1$cbcc2b20$3c8dfea9@MyHost> References: <3BADCB97@webmail.ku.edu> Message-ID: Dear list, just a few comments on Mike Risk's latest letter, from a bioeroding sponge worker's point of view: >they have all come up with the same answer: on "normal" reefs, >bioerosion and calcification are in approximate balance. On most fringing >reefs, subject to increasing terrestrial nutrient input, therefore, the >balance has already been shifted towards destructive processes. This matches my own experiences when working on the Central Great Barrier Reef, where the balance may still be better than most other places. We still need to keep an eye on it though. The common sponge Cliona orientalis reacts to elevated nutrient conditions. _Extreme_ situations may have negative effects, however, so that the sponge's growth is slowed. Bioerosion of this sponge appears to be enhanced by a higher concentration of nutrients. This is a sponge, which is just everywhere on Australian (and other Pacific) inshore reefs, which grows over large surfaces, several m in diameter and which is able to invade live coral. Another thing I would like to mention: this sponge also contains zooxanthellae, as do some other successful, competitive bioeroding sponges. Cliona orientalis bleaches under extreme conditions (evidence from the aquarium), but during the 97/98 bleaching on the GBR all sponge colonies I knew survived just nicely (in contrast to most corals on my sample site). Revisiting my site at Orpheus Island end of 2000 showed me a reef much reduced in live coral cover and coral diversity, but the bioeroding sponges did very well and seemed much increased in their abundance (no quantification done). Just some food for thought... Cheers, Christine Dr. Christine Sch?nberg, PhD Dept. of Zoosystematics & Morphology Fachbereich 7 - Biology, Geo- & Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg 26111 OLDENBURG GERMANY ph +49-441-7983373 fax +49-441-7983162 email christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de internet http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zoomorphology/Whoiswho.html ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov Mon Oct 1 09:25:45 2001 From: Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov (Alan E Strong) Date: Mon, 01 Oct 2001 09:25:45 -0400 Subject: New Bleaching Report Listing Message-ID: <3BB86ED9.2D0C5989@noaa.gov> Coral Reef Watch posts new Bleaching Report list: http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/sub/bleaching_report_index.html The above URL takes you to our new composite Table, listing reports we have received from the field. We hope this provides a useful service (your comments are sought). At the moment we are watching this year's warm water pulse move into the northeastern Caribbean. These high SSTs peaked quickly over the Bahamas last week exiting via Turks Caicos to the south and now can be seen in the Virgin Islands and northern Antilles. On Saturday our satellite SSTs revealed that waters around St. Croix and St. John had inched to within 0.1 deg C of the bleaching "threshold": http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/dhw_news.html If brisk (15-25knots - this morning) winds continue any bleaching would hopefully be light. (http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/icg/virg0wind.htm) Cheers, Al NOAA's Coral Reef Watch Project -- **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Alan.E.Strong.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 433 bytes Desc: Card for Alan E. Strong Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011001/b448125c/attachment.vcf From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Mon Oct 1 10:36:40 2001 From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier) Date: Mon, 01 Oct 2001 09:36:40 -0500 Subject: coral reefs - calcification and bioerosion References: <3BADCB97@webmail.ku.edu> Message-ID: <3BB87F78.D56850A7@kgs.ukans.edu> All, Christine's comment raises some points that relate back to Mike's comments and the whole issue of CO2 and carbonate balance. It is important to distinguish between net and gross bioerosion and among the various functional components of bioerosion -- 1. chemical erosion, which returns solid carbonate to dissolved inorganic carbon and is the only kind that is directly involved in CO2 and acid-base considerations; and, 2. mechanical/physical erosion, which reduces the integrity and grain size of solid features (of greatest concern, reef plates and lithified substrate), and which can have two different outcomes: a. change in the structure, relief, and distribution of grain sizes on the reef itself; or b. loss of carbonate material from whatever we choose to define as the reef system. The two forms are related -- a minor amount of chemical erosion can precipitate physical breakup on a much larger scale, and smaller grains resulting from mechanical (bio)erosion have a higher surface-to-mass ratio that facilitaties dissolution, especially in porewater environments. I assume that discussions of the balance between production and bioerosion are referring to a gross balance that includes all forms of bioerosion -- if not, straighten me out on the conventions in the field, please. Note that I'm using 'grain' in the geographic sense of granularity, not in the colloquial sense of 'something small.' All of these, plus the related issue of import of carbonate from elsewhere to a specific reef system, are aqddressed in conceptual models presented by Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W. and Gattuso, J.-P., 2001. Defining 'coral reef' for the age of global change. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90: 426-437. I hope this clears up the point Mike addressed about carbonate models that do or do not include bioerosion. A carbonate budget model of a reef system has to include bioerosion, but a calcium carbonate production or calcification model addresses the gross input to that system. The CO2-caclification models are production models, not total budget models, which require local/regional inpout and calibration, as suggested in the reference given above. Bob Buddemeier "christine.schoenberg" wrote: > Dear list, > > just a few comments on Mike Risk's latest letter, from a bioeroding sponge > worker's point of view: > > >they have all come up with the same answer: on "normal" reefs, > >bioerosion and calcification are in approximate balance. On most fringing > >reefs, subject to increasing terrestrial nutrient input, therefore, the > >balance has already been shifted towards destructive processes. > > This matches my own experiences when working on the Central Great Barrier > Reef, where the balance may still be better than most other places. We > still need to keep an eye on it though. > > The common sponge Cliona orientalis reacts to elevated nutrient conditions. > _Extreme_ situations may have negative effects, however, so that the > sponge's growth is slowed. Bioerosion of this sponge appears to be enhanced > by a higher concentration of nutrients. This is a sponge, which is just > everywhere on Australian (and other Pacific) inshore reefs, which grows > over large surfaces, several m in diameter and which is able to invade live > coral. > > Another thing I would like to mention: this sponge also contains > zooxanthellae, as do some other successful, competitive bioeroding sponges. > Cliona orientalis bleaches under extreme conditions (evidence from the > aquarium), but during the 97/98 bleaching on the GBR all sponge colonies I > knew survived just nicely (in contrast to most corals on my sample site). > Revisiting my site at Orpheus Island end of 2000 showed me a reef much > reduced in live coral cover and coral diversity, but the bioeroding sponges > did very well and seemed much increased in their abundance (no > quantification done). > > Just some food for thought... > > Cheers, Christine > > Dr. Christine Sch?nberg, PhD > Dept. of Zoosystematics & Morphology > Fachbereich 7 - Biology, Geo- & Environmental Sciences > Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg > 26111 OLDENBURG > GERMANY > ph +49-441-7983373 > fax +49-441-7983162 > email christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de > internet http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zoomorphology/Whoiswho.html > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From mnolan at rainforestandreef.org Mon Oct 1 11:56:07 2001 From: mnolan at rainforestandreef.org (Mike Nolan) Date: Mon, 01 Oct 2001 11:56:07 -0400 Subject: Galapagos Field Course for Educators w/optional Rainforest Extension Message-ID: <3BB89216.CF@rainforestandreef.org> LENGTH: 10 Days/9 Nights DATES 2002: Jul 4-Jul 13 FIELD COURSE LEADER: Stam Zervanos, Ph.D. of Penn State University. Dr. Zervanos has taught courses in biodiversity, ecology, evolution, comparative animal and mammalian physiology at Penn State. His research has focused on physiological ecology, with an emphasis on thermoregulation, hibernation and biological rhythms in such diverse habitats as the deserts of Arizona, tundra of Alaska, coastal islands of the eastern U.S. and rainforests of South America. Dr. Zervanos is the author of over 25 research publications and has led groups to Galapagos and Ecuador?s upper Amazon basin; Alaska; Australia and Tanzania. He can be reached by e-mail: smz1 at psu.edu or office phone: 610-396-6166. 3 GRADUATE or UNDERGRADUATE CREDITS AVAILABLE for ATTENDING: Contact Tim Bennett, Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Phone: 616-459-8281x5469. COST: 2650.00US per person. Based on 15 full-paying participants and double occupancy. Includes: Round-trip International airfare Miami-Quito, Ecuador-Miami; Round-trip Domestic airfare Quito-Baltra, Galapagos-Quito; all instruction and Guide services; meals and lodging as stated in the itinerary; all ground, water and air transportation within Ecuador. Does Not Include: Galapagos National Park tax (100.00US per person); International airport departure tax (25.00US per person); gratuities and personal items. REGISTRATION: A 300.00 personal check, money order or cashiers check should be sent to Rainforest and Reef (address below). 150.00 is refundable up to 90 days prior to departure. AIRFARE: Round-trip reservations have been made Miami-Quito-Miami for the group. Please contact Rainforest and Reef for details. Sincerely, Mike Nolan ********************************************************************* Rainforest and Reef 501 (c)(3) non-profit 29 Prospect NE Suite #8 Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA Phone/Fax: 616-776-5928/Toll Free: 877-769-3086 Cell Phone: 616-813-9308 E-mail: mnolan at rainforestandreef.org Web: http://www.rainforestandreef.org "Outstanding-Affordable Field Courses in Rainforest & Marine Ecology" ********************************************************************* ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From paulay at flmnh.ufl.edu Mon Oct 1 13:51:45 2001 From: paulay at flmnh.ufl.edu (Gustav Paulay) Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2001 13:51:45 -0400 Subject: Position in Ecosystem Conservation Message-ID: <000d01c14aa1$bc2efa70$0cbae30a@flmnh.ufl.edu> THE KATHARINE ORDWAY CHAIR OF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION The University of Florida invites applications for the Katharine Ordway Chair of Ecosystem Conservation in the Florida Museum of Natural History. The Ordway Chair carries with it an Eminent Scholar Professorship and Curatorship. A substantial endowment supports the Chair, providing operating and technical support. The successful candidate will be an experienced scholar of international reputation who will work with faculty and students to develop a broad world-class program of ecological research that complements the existing biodiversity and conservation programs of the Florida Museum of Natural History and the University of Florida. Applicants should send a letter of interest and curriculum vitae, along with names and contact data for five references, by December 1, 2001 to: Dr. S. David Webb, Ordway Search Chair Florida Museum of Natural History PO Box 117800 (Museum Road) University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 (352) 392-1721 FAX (352) 392-8783 -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011001/1c9914f6/attachment.html From jporter at arches.uga.edu Mon Oct 1 13:09:22 2001 From: jporter at arches.uga.edu (James W. Porter) Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2001 13:09:22 -0400 Subject: Are coral reefs doomed? // Land based sources of pollution. Message-ID: <011001c14a9b$d122a720$4712c080@ecology.uga.edu> I still have reprints of my Academic Press review on this subject: Porter, J.W., and J.I. Tougas. 2001. Reef ecosystems: Threats to their biodiversity. Encyclop. Biodiver. 5:73-95. Please e-mail me if you would like a free reprint. Include your full mailing address. I will send out reprints as long as the supply lasts. Sincerely, Jim Porter -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011001/a1cce2dc/attachment.html From lisa_browning at madasafish.com Mon Oct 1 15:12:19 2001 From: lisa_browning at madasafish.com (Lisa Browning) Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2001 20:12:19 +0100 Subject: Reef Conservation UK Meeting & Workshops Message-ID: <00f601c14aaf$ee370540$7e40fea9@lisabrowning> The annual Reef Conservation UK meeting is fast approaching. Submissions for poster or oral presentations are still being accepted, but spaces are limited so please send your abstract as soon as possible so as not to be disappointed. See the website listed below for further details. As in previous years the meeting will be held at Zoological Society of London.The date of this year's meeting is 8th December 2001. This year there will also be two Sunday workshops (note that registration for each workshop is a separate fee from that of the meeting registration): Workshop 1: 'Reefs R Us: Marine awareness work with children'. 10am-1pm, Sun 9th December 2001 Participants in this half-day workshop will: - explore the fundamentals of marine awareness and education. - experiment with an extensive range of 'tried and tested' games and activities for children. - work in groups to devise new activities and resources. Further information and registration forms (Education_workshop.doc) can be downloaded from the website listed below Workshop 2: 'Practical coral husbandry ex-situ' Topics for discussion include: Coral TAG (technical advisory group), coral propagation using fragmentation, transport of coral larvae for the aquarium environment. More details will follow but those interested should let us know as soon as possible. It is very important that you register before the meeting so that we can make appropriate arrangements for the catering and the evening reception. So please send in your details immediately. Please circulate this notice to colleagues and friends whom you think would be interested. The meeting details and registration forms can be downloaded from the following web site. http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/files/IYOR-UK/ The RCUK meeting has been well attended in the past with over 100 participants each year who are UK based and involved with coral reefs in some capacity. Come and find out what others are doing related to coral reefs in the UK. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From k.fabricius at aims.gov.au Mon Oct 1 20:24:15 2001 From: k.fabricius at aims.gov.au (Katharina Fabricius) Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2001 10:24:15 +1000 Subject: Are coral reefs doomed? // Land based sources of pollution Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, in which we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. However I'm happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or electronically (colour). Abstract: Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the major benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. Reefs on the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping distributions of in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral richness was strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals was poorly explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with depth. The findings presented here have three major management implications: (1) Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of biodiversity could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly related to environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. Taxonomic inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and cover change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient way if monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather than a single depth. Regards, Katharina Fabricius <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//> Dr. Katharina Fabricius Research Scientist Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au http://www.aims.gov.au http://www.reef.crc.org.au ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From ic771inm at uic.asu.ru Tue Oct 2 01:43:47 2001 From: ic771inm at uic.asu.ru (Ivan N. Marin) Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2001 12:43:47 +0700 Subject: Thanks for help Message-ID: <200110021232.MAA11218@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Coral-lers, I very thankfull to all of You who help me with Dr. Glynn' papers. Dr. Glynn have received my request to and answered. He can help me, but if it will be impossible to find any papers, can I ask you at once? I very, very thankfull to all. Good luck. Sincerely Yours, Marin Ivan P.S. I wanted to send a message personally, but have a some problems with E-mail. I am sorry. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Tue Oct 2 10:59:43 2001 From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier) Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2001 09:59:43 -0500 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <3BB9D65F.624075AE@kgs.ukans.edu> Katharina, or anyone -- Do you have either estimates or expert-judgement opinions on the relative extent to which (or the geographic areas in which) the observed high-turbidity areas are primarily related to: a. medium or large river discharge; b. stream, small river or open coast runoff; or c. local resuspension of existing sediments? Getting some idea of the relative importance of these components of the turbidity forcing is critical to deriving impact predictions from climate, wave, and land-use models. Thanks, Bob Buddemeier Katharina Fabricius wrote: > Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, in which > we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: > > Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: > Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. > Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: > physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. > > The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD > with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we > present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a > single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. However I'm > happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or > electronically (colour). > > Abstract: > Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were > determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). > Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the major > benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 > reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. Reefs on > the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of > taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping distributions of > in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. > Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and > relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral richness was > strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly > positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly > increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals was poorly > explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with depth. > The findings presented here have three major management implications: (1) > Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. > Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well > within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of biodiversity > could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which > generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly related to > environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. Taxonomic > inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and > human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and cover > change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between > reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. > Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient way if > monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather than a > single depth. > > Regards, > > Katharina Fabricius > > <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//> > > Dr. Katharina Fabricius > Research Scientist > Australian Institute of Marine Science > PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia > > Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 > Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 > email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au > > http://www.aims.gov.au > http://www.reef.crc.org.au > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From kleypas at cgd.ucar.edu Tue Oct 2 11:23:09 2001 From: kleypas at cgd.ucar.edu (Joanie Kleypas) Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2001 09:23:09 -0600 (MDT) Subject: coral reefs doomed for sure Message-ID: Thanks to Mike Risk for bringing up some misunderstood issues regarding ocean chemistry changes in response to increased atmospheric CO2 and how coral reefs might respond. Some of his comments are good (e.g. that bioerosion is too often overlooked) but some were broad misrepresentations of science (e.g. his comments about ocean modelers and about the Kleypas et al. paper in Science). So I am compelled to address several of his points: FIRST > Any "reef model" that does not include it [bioerosion]...it's hard > to be polite, here. These models would better be termed > "Less-than-half-of-the-reef models." I agree that any modeling effort needs to take bioerosion into account. (and contrary the claim that the word was not mentioned in the Amer. Zool. special issue, Kleypas et al. in the Am. Zool. issue DO mention bioerosion several times as an important control on coral reef development). We have also discussed bioerosion prominently in a follow-up paper in Int. J. Earth Sci. (Kleypas et al. 2001). Our paper in Science did not model reefs - nor were we trying to model reefs. The thermodynamic calculations and modeling effort concentrated on simply determining carbonate ion concentrations as a function of temperature and pCO2. It is a simple calculation yes, but measured data obtained through the JGOFS, WOCE and other programs illustrate that ocean chemistry is indeed behaving as predicted. So I don't think the challenge to predicted ocean chemistry changes is valid. The chemistry will indeed be complicated in shelf environments by other processes, but the buffering on most reefs, e.g. those which receive significant exchange with open ocean water, will be minimal. SECOND > 3. Oceanic/Climate Models. Notwithstanding their protestations to the > contrary, I have found modellers to be resistant to data that upset their > models, with that resistance being directly proportional to the amount of > federal money invested to date. "One major problem with the current > generation of GCM's is that the treatment of ocean circulation is still very > crude." (Ruddiman, 2001: Earth's Climate). > > The implications of Smith et al, 1997, are that a meltwater pulse can divert > or shut down the Gulf Stream in less than 5 years. To all of you out there: > when the oceanic part of GCM's can model this, then start believing them-not > before. The strong compartmentalisation of the mixed layer to which Bob > refers is metastable, and temporary. > --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prof. Risk misrepresents the science presented in the Kleypas et al. paper. The HAMMOC model results were added to illustrate that the time-scale to bolster alkalinity (via dissolution of reactive sediments in response to increased atmospheric CO2, which depends on deep ocean circulation) was too long to show an appreciable buffering of the system over the next 200 years or so. At least in terms of open ocean geochemistry, there is no source of alkalinity which can adequately buffer the increased atmospheric CO2 for a few centuries, at least. There have been many papers on this and a good place to start is with David Archer's. And in defense of modelers! (I myself am not a modeler, but the coral-list should hear their side): The Smith, Risk, Schwarcz and McConnaughey paper above (Nature 1997) is a nice presentation of isotopic changes in deep-water coral skeletons during the Younger Dryas event. These data undoubtedly record a change in the water mass overlying Orphan knoll (50 26'N 46 22'W and 1600 m depth - note that this location is not really the Gulf Stream, but the North Atlantic Deep Water). However, these data do not *necessarily* record a change in the western boundary current. Western boundary currents can remain unchanged while water masses change (in fact, the Gulf Stream tends to maintain its track under a wide range of conditions). So this challenge (with insult) to modelers to duplicate implied boundary current changes, based on corals from a single location, does not provide adequate evidence that "a meltwater pulse can divert or shut down the Gulf Stream in less than 5 years". Now that being said, in terms of modeling changes in the Gulf Stream (and North Atlantic circulation in general) in response to surface buoyancy changes (i.e., changes in temperature and/or freshwater input), there ARE models that do capture such changes, and they show that the response CAN be rapid (5-10 years). Two examples of such papers: Gerdes and Koberle, 1995. J. Phys. Oceanography 25: 2624-2642. Lohmann and Gerdes. 1998. J. Climate 11: 2789-2803. THIRD: > So, in short, Kleypas et al: > 1. depends on reef models that ignore >50% of the process > 2. depends on outmoded oceanic circulation models > 3. ignores some fundamental chemical questions. Regarding 3 - Bob Buddemeier has already provided enough answers. Certainly there are complications in carbonate chemistry near continental margins, which will result in a range of reef response to changes in carbonate chemistry. But given the volume of the oceans versus that of river and reef sediments, isn't it likely that coral reefs will be bathed in waters overwhelmed by the increasing pCO2? I personally would like for Mike's #3 to be true, but none of the chemical oceanographers that I have spoken with (Takahashi, Broecker, Archer, Tans, etc.) have pointed to any ignored fundamental chemical question in this hypothesis. My fear is that Mike's statements like those above will convince many to dismiss the carbonate chemistry issue based on hunches rather than adequate scientific justification. FOURTH > My main concern with that paper is that it may have diverted intellectual > and financial resources from more pressing problems. Sure, changes in > saturation state will eventually affect....what? What will be left, in say > 100 years? pH changes in the ocean, in my opinion, don't make the Top Twenty > Reef Threats. The rate of present destruction from land-based sources and > overfishing simply dwarfs everything else. I agree that reefs sadly face many threats. We anticipated the that some scientists would feel that their own "reef issue" would be overshadowed by this problem. Because the calcification question is global in nature, and because it is a direct and predictable consequence of CO2 (even predictions of bleaching involve questions about just how much the oceans will warm), I and others consider this a serious chronic and increasing threat to reefs (and perhaps to other calcifiers such as coccolithophorids - see Riebesell et al. 2000). But politically, the issue is powerful, and any solution which would mitigate increases in CO2 would certainly mitigate many of the other threats to reefs as well. And honestly, this issue has gotten so minimal attention and funding since the paper was published that I can only conclude that most people don't fully understand its scope. I take some of the blame for not pushing it hard enough, but there is also a significant amount of misinformation that is going around. FINALLY Thanks again to Mike for bringing up these issues. cheerio, J Kleypas ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ J. Kleypas Climate & Global Dynamics National Center for Atmospheric Research PO Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307-3000 (For FedEx use: 1850 Table Mesa Drive with zip code: 80305) PH: (303) 497-1316 FAX: (303) 497-1700 kleypas at ncar.ucar.edu ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From szmanta at uncwil.edu Tue Oct 2 12:43:37 2001 From: szmanta at uncwil.edu (Alina M. Szmant) Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2001 12:43:37 -0400 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates In-Reply-To: <3BB9D65F.624075AE@kgs.ukans.edu> References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20011002123523.03050860@pop.uncwil.edu> Hi Bob: I can reply to your questions with regard to the upper and middle Florida Keys, where I had a series of 9 inshore to offshore transects with sediment traps and turbidity loggers for about 1 year. We have been able to explain much of the turbidity and sedimentation variance by statistical correlation with wind speed, duration and direction (C-MAN data), and thus the answer for this area is (c). The sediments are autochonous carbonate and there are no rivers for this area. We do get plumes of resuspended sediments coming out of Florida Bay especially when fronts move through. A minor and more localized source of turbidity is prop wake from large yachts and dive/fishing boats. Inshore waters are greener and more turbid at times due to slightly higher Chla (0.5 to 0.75 ug/l vs 0.25 or less offshore). Suspended particulates even inshore are below 10 mg/L because the resuspended particles are so fine and floculent. Alina At 09:59 AM 10/02/2001 -0500, Bob Buddemeier wrote: >Katharina, or anyone -- > >Do you have either estimates or expert-judgement opinions on the relative >extent >to which (or the geographic areas in which) the observed high-turbidity areas >are primarily related to: >a. medium or large river discharge; >b. stream, small river or open coast runoff; or >c. local resuspension of existing sediments? > >Getting some idea of the relative importance of these components of the >turbidity forcing is critical to deriving impact predictions from climate, >wave, >and land-use models. > >Thanks, > >Bob Buddemeier > >Katharina Fabricius wrote: > > > Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, in which > > we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: > > > > Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: > > Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. > > Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: > > physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. > > > > The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD > > with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we > > present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a > > single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. However I'm > > happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or > > electronically (colour). > > > > Abstract: > > Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were > > determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). > > Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the major > > benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 > > reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. Reefs on > > the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of > > taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping distributions of > > in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. > > Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and > > relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral richness was > > strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly > > positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly > > increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals was poorly > > explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with > depth. > > The findings presented here have three major management implications: (1) > > Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. > > Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well > > within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of biodiversity > > could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which > > generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly related to > > environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. Taxonomic > > inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and > > human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and cover > > change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between > > reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. > > Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient way if > > monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather than a > > single depth. > > > > Regards, > > > > Katharina Fabricius > > > > <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//> > > > > Dr. Katharina Fabricius > > Research Scientist > > Australian Institute of Marine Science > > PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia > > > > Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 > > Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 > > email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au > > > > http://www.aims.gov.au > > http://www.reef.crc.org.au > > ~~~~~~~ > > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > >-- >Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier >Kansas Geological Survey >University of Kansas >1930 Constant Avenue >Lawrence, KS 66047 USA >Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 >Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 >e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu > > >~~~~~~~ >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the >digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the >menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca Tue Oct 2 14:24:21 2001 From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Mike Risk) Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2001 14:24:21 -0400 Subject: coral reefs doomed for sure References: Message-ID: <020901c14b6f$76287320$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Joanie has provided a spirited defense of her and her co-authors' work. I remain far from convinced that some of these matters are solved beyond the need of further debate. I will respond at length soon, after I finish getting in this year's firewood. But some quick comments- It seems that most scientific "clarifications" carry with them the seeds of further misunderstandings. Here are some additions: 1. The comment about climate modellers not wishing to accept data that contradicted their models wasn't mine-it came from a well-known NOAA climate modeller, whom I will mercifully not name. My prior attempts to convince modellers to accept the need for extremely rapid ocean overturning were met with benign neglect. I felt it appropriate, therefore, to accept the valuation of someone in the field. 2. The top of Orphan Knoll lies directly in the Gulf Stream Return Flow, so to suggest it is not connected with the Gulf Stream is misleading. 3. Some modellers listen, and solicit data. We are now working very closely with several groups on the East Coast (BIO modellers and their US colleagues), as we begin to obtain long-term proxy records of the NAO, Labrador Current, and the inner Gulf Stream: information that was previously unavailable. 4. I don't consider that land-based sources of pollution are my "reef issue." (But I admit, I feel they are THE reef issue.) As we have seen, there is zero political will in North America for CO2 reductions. (Canadians are worse than the USA, by the way, just to demonstrate that I am an equal-opportunity slagger.) There will be action on this front only after the enormous public health costs sink in, and even then the response will be slow. In the meantime, something could be done about sewage and sediment stress. This is not rocket science, but would require that at least a large proportion of reef scientists speak with one voice. There is already a trend among reef managers to blame "global change" for impacts that have clear local causes. Back to the maul (not mall). ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From k.fabricius at aims.gov.au Wed Oct 3 01:57:25 2001 From: k.fabricius at aims.gov.au (Katharina Fabricius) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 15:57:25 +1000 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates In-Reply-To: <3BB9D65F.624075AE@kgs.ukans.edu> References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> Hi Bob and others, at present the general assumption seems to be (at least here locally) that turbidity is driven by physics, ie, resuspension forced by wave height, depth, and particle sizes. However, present-day levels of erosion of soils and discharge of sediments may increase in some areas the amount and proportion of clay and other fine material, which creates greater turbidity and remains suspended for longer than equal concentrations of larger particles. Together with a group under Terry Done at AIMS, we just started looking into modelling it all spatially, to create some sort of "turbidity risk map" for the GBR (and we'd appreciate any thoughts/suggestions/ contributions about this). I also have data which show that both sediment quality (eg, concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles) as well as short-term exposure to sedimentation (hours to days) are important factors influencing the scope of coral reefs to be recolonised by corals, and these two factors are often not part of the lines of argumentation put forward by some sedimentolgists. With regards to the debate of whether global climate change, increasing CO2, or run-off are the "greatest" threat to coral reefs, I am getting worried that we may not be getting anywhere with single-cause explanations: the coral reef ecosystem is so complex that reefs are dying of a thousand cuts rather than of just one single cause, as each individual species and life stage has its own little sensitivities to one or the other of the human alterations of their environment - and what will suffer first is biodiversity. But I'm also convinced that run-off is hampering the capacity of reefs to recover from all sorts of disturbances: adult corals can handle relatively high loads of nutrients and sediments, but recruits don't. Once the adults are wiped out by COTS or bleaching, we'll wake up if the juveniles are missing. That's what I'm observing here in some near-shore areas of the GBR close to intense land use at present (but again, we need to be cautios coming to any single-cause conclusions about our low juvenile numbers: we don't have historic data on previous juvenile densities nor on larvae supplies vs surviviorships from the region). Regards, Katharina (for people how may want to send me questions/comments: please apologise delays in my replies, I'm off to Palau tomorrow for 3 weeks) At 09:59 AM 2/10/01 -0500, you wrote: >Katharina, or anyone -- > >Do you have either estimates or expert-judgement opinions on the relative >extent >to which (or the geographic areas in which) the observed high-turbidity areas >are primarily related to: >a. medium or large river discharge; >b. stream, small river or open coast runoff; or >c. local resuspension of existing sediments? > >Getting some idea of the relative importance of these components of the >turbidity forcing is critical to deriving impact predictions from climate, >wave, >and land-use models. > >Thanks, > >Bob Buddemeier > >Katharina Fabricius wrote: > > > Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, in which > > we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: > > > > Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: > > Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. > > Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: > > physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. > > > > The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD > > with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we > > present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a > > single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. However I'm > > happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or > > electronically (colour). > > > > Abstract: > > Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were > > determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). > > Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the major > > benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 > > reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. Reefs on > > the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of > > taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping distributions of > > in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. > > Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and > > relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral richness was > > strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly > > positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly > > increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals was poorly > > explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with > depth. > > The findings presented here have three major management implications: (1) > > Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. > > Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well > > within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of biodiversity > > could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which > > generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly related to > > environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. Taxonomic > > inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and > > human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and cover > > change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between > > reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. > > Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient way if > > monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather than a > > single depth. > > > > Regards, > > > > Katharina Fabricius > > <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+> Dr. Katharina Fabricius Research Scientist Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au http://www.aims.gov.au http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/~crcreef ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Wed Oct 3 07:57:39 2001 From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 06:57:39 -0500 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <3BBAFD33.10C25106@kgs.ukans.edu> List -- Comment first, then some more discussion of (mostly sediment-related) issues. Special thanks to Katharina and Alina for their observations and comments. Katharina is right on with her comments on single variable arguments -- the problem is, we have to understand the variables one by one to get to the point of effective integration, and that seems to tempt a lot of people into the all-or-nothing false dichotomy. Another problem is the gravitation toward polar positions: "reefs are doomed real soon because people are killing them off" vs "not too worry, they're robust and it's just a natural fluctuation." The first is a very slightly more credible position than the second, I think, but only slightly, and the most useful synthesis combines and is offset from that discussional axis. Turbidity and sediment are good examples. Without claiming that they are totally generalizable, let's take the recent contributions to the discussion to show that resuspension of sediment (as opposed to new input) is a significant stress factor. I suggest that this is at least partly a 'natural cycle' development. Continental shelves and shallow coastal areas are excellent sediment traps, retaining a lot of what comes off the land. Our present situation is geologically and environmentally anomalous -- a relatively stable 3-6,000 year sea level high stand (the range of times is because it's local, not eustatic, level that counts operationally, and the Caribbean and much of the Indo-Pacific have different local sea level histories). That accounts for a lot of sediment build-up (with or without human intervention), and I suggest that a number of areas may 'simply' have reached a critical threshold in terms of the inventory or load of resuspendable sediment. A glance at the Pleistocene sea level curve will show why corals and reefs are not necessarily adapted to this kind of environment. I put 'simply' in quotes above to underline Katharina's point that it never is simple -- in this case, one of the complicating human factors is change in the ocean climate. As I understand it, a number of regions of the oceans have shown significant increases in mean wave height over the past few decades. This is the resuspension driver, so it may be that either natural climate cycling or human-induced climate change have pushed the sediment resuspension effects across the threshold very recently. This underlines a point that I hope was obvious from the earlier discussions -- reef researchers need to understand some oceanography, as well as issues of large-scale dynamics (the latter comment is a shameless plug for an upcoming special issue of Coral Reefs -- sorry). It also puts some other perspectives on the questions of reef doom and what to do about it. Note that I am going to talk about a particular variable or suite of variables, and do not intend to imply that there aren't others, that people aren't problems, etc. 1. 'Land sources' in the real-time sense may not be as big a sediment issue as often supposed. Most large and medium -sized drainage basins have had their water flow (for sure) and sediment discharge (proabably but not always) reduced and regulated by damming and diversion. Local coastal runoff and small/undeveloped basins have the potential for dramatic increases in sediment load in response to land use and cover changes, but the acute effects of these are often localized near shore (although there is the general contribution to shelf sediment load build-up). 2. There is no realistic prospect of modifying either the coastal zone sediment inventory or the marine energy regime, so -- if this formulation is valid -- chronic sediment stresses in most offshore areas may be something that simply has to be lived (or died) with. This implies a focus on understanding its contribution to multi-stress synergism in hopes of finding a different factor that can be managed to reduce the combined system impact. 3. Conservation/preservation: I have been beating the drum for a triage approach to reef resarch conservation, and management, and I have also from time to time expressed a fondness for atolls (but outer-shelf reefs can be OK too). I suggest that this example reinforces both -- if continental reefs really have "timed out" in terms of Holocene habitat development, the places to look for healthy or at least preservable systems are in very well-flushed, no-soft-sediment coastal areas or away from terrigenous sediment sources (e.g., ocean islands, especially with small land mass). 4. Research implications: This point goes beyond the sediment resuspension issue to the larger question of combined (and especially land-derived) threats. The idea of chronic stress build-up to a threshold transition that we are now observing implies not only that we are not currently working on normal or 'healthy' systems, but also that what we take as our pre-transition baseline was probably seriously affected at the subclinical level. This means that much of the coral lierature on function and condition has to be interpreted very cautiously if one is interested in determining 'normal' or 'optimal' function. Jeremy Jackson has made this point with respect to anthropogenic ecosystem alterations; I propose extending it to a broader suite of 'natural cycle' considerations including sediment buildup on shelves, the implications (for accomodation space and circulation, among other factors) of reef 'catch-up' with sea level, etc. All of which may help explain why I am of the opinion that most 'reefs-as-we-know-them' are on their way out of the picture, especially if they are closely associated with a major landmass. I would rather not use 'doomed' as a blanket statement, because I think there may be some (significantly altered) oceanic survivors. The moral of the story: Go to sea. Bob Buddemeier Katharina Fabricius wrote: > Hi Bob and others, > > at present the general assumption seems to be (at least here locally) that > turbidity is driven by physics, ie, resuspension forced by wave height, > depth, and particle sizes. However, present-day levels of erosion of soils > and discharge of sediments may increase in some areas the amount and > proportion of clay and other fine material, which creates greater turbidity > and remains suspended for longer than equal concentrations of larger > particles. Together with a group under Terry Done at AIMS, we just started > looking into modelling it all spatially, to create some sort of "turbidity > risk map" for the GBR (and we'd appreciate any thoughts/suggestions/ > contributions about this). > > I also have data which show that both sediment quality (eg, concentrations > of transparent exopolymer particles) as well as short-term exposure to > sedimentation (hours to days) are important factors influencing the scope > of coral reefs to be recolonised by corals, and these two factors are often > not part of the lines of argumentation put forward by some sedimentolgists. > > With regards to the debate of whether global climate change, increasing > CO2, or run-off are the "greatest" threat to coral reefs, I am getting > worried that we may not be getting anywhere with single-cause explanations: > the coral reef ecosystem is so complex that reefs are dying of a thousand > cuts rather than of just one single cause, as each individual species and > life stage has its own little sensitivities to one or the other of the > human alterations of their environment - and what will suffer first is > biodiversity. But I'm also convinced that run-off is hampering the capacity > of reefs to recover from all sorts of disturbances: adult corals can handle > relatively high loads of nutrients and sediments, but recruits don't. Once > the adults are wiped out by COTS or bleaching, we'll wake up if the > juveniles are missing. That's what I'm observing here in some near-shore > areas of the GBR close to intense land use at present (but again, we need > to be cautios coming to any single-cause conclusions about our low juvenile > numbers: we don't have historic data on previous juvenile densities nor on > larvae supplies vs surviviorships from the region). > > Regards, > Katharina > (for people how may want to send me questions/comments: please apologise > delays in my replies, I'm off to Palau tomorrow for 3 weeks) > > At 09:59 AM 2/10/01 -0500, you wrote: > >Katharina, or anyone -- > > > >Do you have either estimates or expert-judgement opinions on the relative > >extent > >to which (or the geographic areas in which) the observed high-turbidity areas > >are primarily related to: > >a. medium or large river discharge; > >b. stream, small river or open coast runoff; or > >c. local resuspension of existing sediments? > > > >Getting some idea of the relative importance of these components of the > >turbidity forcing is critical to deriving impact predictions from climate, > >wave, > >and land-use models. > > > >Thanks, > > > >Bob Buddemeier > > > >Katharina Fabricius wrote: > > > > > Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, in which > > > we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: > > > > > > Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: > > > Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. > > > Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: > > > physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. > > > > > > The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD > > > with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we > > > present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a > > > single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. However I'm > > > happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or > > > electronically (colour). > > > > > > Abstract: > > > Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were > > > determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). > > > Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the major > > > benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 > > > reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. Reefs on > > > the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of > > > taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping distributions of > > > in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. > > > Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and > > > relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral richness was > > > strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly > > > positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly > > > increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals was poorly > > > explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with > > depth. > > > The findings presented here have three major management implications: (1) > > > Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. > > > Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well > > > within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of biodiversity > > > could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which > > > generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly related to > > > environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. Taxonomic > > > inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and > > > human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and cover > > > change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between > > > reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. > > > Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient way if > > > monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather than a > > > single depth. > > > > > > Regards, > > > > > > Katharina Fabricius > > > > > <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+> > Dr. Katharina Fabricius > Research Scientist > Australian Institute of Marine Science > PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia > Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 > Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 > email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au > http://www.aims.gov.au > http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/~crcreef > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: buddrw.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 284 bytes Desc: Card for Bob Buddemeier Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011003/b322d570/attachment.vcf From jporter at arches.uga.edu Wed Oct 3 10:47:17 2001 From: jporter at arches.uga.edu (James W. Porter) Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2001 10:47:17 -0400 Subject: New book on coral reefs Message-ID: <000c01c14c1a$4c2cf540$4712c080@ecology.uga.edu> I wish to announce the publication of our new book on coral reefs. The book contains 35 chapters organized in five sections (The Everglades; Florida Bay; Coral Reefs; Policy, Management, and Conservation; and International Analogies) describing connections between ecosystems in the South Florida hydroscape. This book details the intimate linkages that exist between the land and the reef. It proposes a whole-watershed approach to coral reef mamgement. Porter, J.W. and K.G. Porter. 2001. The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL. 1028 pp. This book is available now and can be ordered on line at: www.crcpress.com Jim Porter -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011003/d256e6d7/attachment.html From Tom.Lapointe at noaa.gov Wed Oct 3 12:02:32 2001 From: Tom.Lapointe at noaa.gov (Lapointe_Tom) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 12:02:32 -0400 Subject: My Two Cents: CoRIS Engine Message-ID: <3BBB3697.909616AD@noaa.gov> To CoRIS Working Group members: Yesterday, I spent a good deal of time with the CoRIS search engine. Considerable progress has been made. Everyone involved should pleased that we have an engine in place that the group can comment on. I have one major comment at this stage. When I searched for CoRIS data in southern Florida, I found nine items ranging from bleaching reports to anomaly charts. Clicking on the "Retrieve Full Record" link, provided me with the metadata record and a URL. The URLs were inconsistent, some going directly to products, some going to general home pages, and others going to section pages. I think that focusing on the metadata record as the primary output might be putting the cart before the horse. Just because the metadata drive the search engine does not mean that the metadata record should be the primary viewer to the product. Our experience in NOS is that users are primarily interested in the product, not the metadata. The metadata must be available as supportive information, but the product is first. I also think that focusing on the actual product will force us to "drill down to real products" rather than list generic home pages, or general sections of Web sites. It will also identify shortcomings in the metadata records themselves. The same was true in the library photo gallery. What does the user really want to see: a photograph with a caption, or the metadata record? We all know the answer to that one. Now that we have a working search engine, I believe that we need the discipline of looking at things through a product perspective. This is not a issue for the technical team; it is an issue for the entire working group. My two cents, probably worth less -Tom -- Tom La Pointe 1305 East-West Highway (SSMC4/Room 9537) Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: 301-713-3000x168, Fax: 301-713-4384, Email: Tom.Lapointe at noaa.gov ~~~~~~~ To unsubscribe from the CoRIS list, please send "unsubscribe" in the body of a message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov. From szmanta at uncwil.edu Wed Oct 3 12:35:49 2001 From: szmanta at uncwil.edu (Alina M. Szmant) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 12:35:49 -0400 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates In-Reply-To: <3BBAFD33.10C25106@kgs.ukans.edu> References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> Bob and others: Conrad Neumann and Ian MacIntyre published the phrase years ago about coral reefs being "shot in the back by their own lagoons" Proc 5th Internat Coral Reef Congr, Tahiti 1985: vol 3 pg 105-110), which is the Holocene sea level scenario you described in your email. I agree that for some areas (such as Florida Keys) resuspended sediment is a major factor limiting coral recruitment (especially sand-blasting by coarse sediments during winter storms) and this may have been happening for decades if not longer and thus be one reason why patch reefs in Fl Keys often have higher coral cover and diversity than more offshore (exposed) reefs inspite of the lower water quality (turbidity etc) closer to shore (see Miller et all, Coral Reefs vol 19 (2)). I am always amazed at the high numbers of coral recruits we see on these inshore patch reefs ins spite of what the text books tell us are unfavorable conditions. However, bioerosion is likely higher inshore and not many of these patch reefs amount to much. I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an effect of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut impression that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to in the 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big difference in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". Again, things are much more complicated than one-factor causality, and the various factors work at different time and spatial scales. Effects of elevated temperatures and over-fishing strike pretty much everywhere which is why I think they are at the top of my list of what needs to be addressed by managers; sediments and nutrients are very important in some areas and not others, and should be addressed where appropriate. Some poor reef areas have all of the above impacting them and that is real sad. I agree with those that write that we shouldn't try to make our favorite cause of decline be accepted by everyone as THE ONE to be concerned about, but I think we do need a scientifically founded way to attribute relative effects because whether we like it or not, that is what the managers need. Alina Szmant At 06:57 AM 10/03/2001 -0500, Bob Buddemeier wrote: >List -- > >Comment first, then some more discussion of (mostly sediment-related) issues. > >Special thanks to Katharina and Alina for their observations and comments. >Katharina is right on with her comments on single variable arguments -- >the problem >is, we have to understand the variables one by one to get to the point of >effective >integration, and that seems to tempt a lot of people into the >all-or-nothing false >dichotomy. Another problem is the gravitation toward polar positions: >"reefs are >doomed real soon because people are killing them off" vs "not too worry, >they're >robust and it's just a natural fluctuation." The first is a very slightly >more >credible position than the second, I think, but only slightly, and the >most useful >synthesis combines and is offset from that discussional axis. > >Turbidity and sediment are good examples. Without claiming that they are >totally >generalizable, let's take the recent contributions to the discussion to >show that >resuspension of sediment (as opposed to new input) is a significant stress >factor. >I suggest that this is at least partly a 'natural cycle' >development. Continental >shelves and shallow coastal areas are excellent sediment traps, retaining >a lot of >what comes off the land. Our present situation is geologically and >environmentally >anomalous -- a relatively stable 3-6,000 year sea level high stand (the >range of >times is because it's local, not eustatic, level that counts >operationally, and the >Caribbean and much of the Indo-Pacific have different local sea level >histories). >That accounts for a lot of sediment build-up (with or without human >intervention), >and I suggest that a number of areas may 'simply' have reached a critical >threshold >in terms of the inventory or load of resuspendable sediment. A glance at the >Pleistocene sea level curve will show why corals and reefs are not necessarily >adapted to this kind of environment. > >I put 'simply' in quotes above to underline Katharina's point that it never is >simple -- in this case, one of the complicating human factors is change in the >ocean climate. As I understand it, a number of regions of the oceans have >shown >significant increases in mean wave height over the past few decades. This >is the >resuspension driver, so it may be that either natural climate cycling or >human-induced climate change have pushed the sediment resuspension effects >across >the threshold very recently. > >This underlines a point that I hope was obvious from the earlier >discussions -- >reef researchers need to understand some oceanography, as well as issues of >large-scale dynamics (the latter comment is a shameless plug for an upcoming >special issue of Coral Reefs -- sorry). > >It also puts some other perspectives on the questions of reef doom and >what to do >about it. Note that I am going to talk about a particular variable or suite of >variables, and do not intend to imply that there aren't others, that >people aren't >problems, etc. >1. 'Land sources' in the real-time sense may not be as big a sediment >issue as >often supposed. Most large and medium -sized drainage basins have had >their water >flow (for sure) and sediment discharge (proabably but not always) reduced and >regulated by damming and diversion. Local coastal runoff and >small/undeveloped >basins have the potential for dramatic increases in sediment load in >response to >land use and cover changes, but the acute effects of these are often >localized near >shore (although there is the general contribution to shelf sediment load >build-up). > >2. There is no realistic prospect of modifying either the coastal zone >sediment >inventory or the marine energy regime, so -- if this formulation is valid -- >chronic sediment stresses in most offshore areas may be something that >simply has >to be lived (or died) with. This implies a focus on understanding its >contribution >to multi-stress synergism in hopes of finding a different factor that can be >managed to reduce the combined system impact. >3. Conservation/preservation: I have been beating the drum for a triage >approach >to reef resarch conservation, and management, and I have also from time to >time >expressed a fondness for atolls (but outer-shelf reefs can be OK too). I >suggest >that this example reinforces both -- if continental reefs really have >"timed out" >in terms of Holocene habitat development, the places to look for healthy or at >least preservable systems are in very well-flushed, no-soft-sediment >coastal areas >or away from terrigenous sediment sources (e.g., ocean islands, especially >with >small land mass). >4. Research implications: This point goes beyond the sediment >resuspension issue >to the larger question of combined (and especially land-derived) >threats. The idea >of chronic stress build-up to a threshold transition that we are now observing >implies not only that we are not currently working on normal or 'healthy' >systems, >but also that what we take as our pre-transition baseline was probably >seriously >affected at the subclinical level. This means that much of the coral >lierature on >function and condition has to be interpreted very cautiously if one is >interested >in determining 'normal' or 'optimal' function. Jeremy Jackson has made >this point >with respect to anthropogenic ecosystem alterations; I propose extending >it to a >broader suite of 'natural cycle' considerations including sediment buildup on >shelves, the implications (for accomodation space and circulation, among other >factors) of reef 'catch-up' with sea level, etc. > >All of which may help explain why I am of the opinion that most >'reefs-as-we-know-them' are on their way out of the picture, especially if >they are >closely associated with a major landmass. I would rather not use 'doomed' >as a >blanket statement, because I think there may be some (significantly altered) >oceanic survivors. The moral of the story: Go to sea. > >Bob Buddemeier > >Katharina Fabricius wrote: > > > Hi Bob and others, > > > > at present the general assumption seems to be (at least here locally) that > > turbidity is driven by physics, ie, resuspension forced by wave height, > > depth, and particle sizes. However, present-day levels of erosion of soils > > and discharge of sediments may increase in some areas the amount and > > proportion of clay and other fine material, which creates greater turbidity > > and remains suspended for longer than equal concentrations of larger > > particles. Together with a group under Terry Done at AIMS, we just started > > looking into modelling it all spatially, to create some sort of "turbidity > > risk map" for the GBR (and we'd appreciate any thoughts/suggestions/ > > contributions about this). > > > > I also have data which show that both sediment quality (eg, concentrations > > of transparent exopolymer particles) as well as short-term exposure to > > sedimentation (hours to days) are important factors influencing the scope > > of coral reefs to be recolonised by corals, and these two factors are often > > not part of the lines of argumentation put forward by some sedimentolgists. > > > > With regards to the debate of whether global climate change, increasing > > CO2, or run-off are the "greatest" threat to coral reefs, I am getting > > worried that we may not be getting anywhere with single-cause explanations: > > the coral reef ecosystem is so complex that reefs are dying of a thousand > > cuts rather than of just one single cause, as each individual species and > > life stage has its own little sensitivities to one or the other of the > > human alterations of their environment - and what will suffer first is > > biodiversity. But I'm also convinced that run-off is hampering the capacity > > of reefs to recover from all sorts of disturbances: adult corals can handle > > relatively high loads of nutrients and sediments, but recruits don't. Once > > the adults are wiped out by COTS or bleaching, we'll wake up if the > > juveniles are missing. That's what I'm observing here in some near-shore > > areas of the GBR close to intense land use at present (but again, we need > > to be cautios coming to any single-cause conclusions about our low juvenile > > numbers: we don't have historic data on previous juvenile densities nor on > > larvae supplies vs surviviorships from the region). > > > > Regards, > > Katharina > > (for people how may want to send me questions/comments: please apologise > > delays in my replies, I'm off to Palau tomorrow for 3 weeks) > > > > At 09:59 AM 2/10/01 -0500, you wrote: > > >Katharina, or anyone -- > > > > > >Do you have either estimates or expert-judgement opinions on the relative > > >extent > > >to which (or the geographic areas in which) the observed > high-turbidity areas > > >are primarily related to: > > >a. medium or large river discharge; > > >b. stream, small river or open coast runoff; or > > >c. local resuspension of existing sediments? > > > > > >Getting some idea of the relative importance of these components of the > > >turbidity forcing is critical to deriving impact predictions from climate, > > >wave, > > >and land-use models. > > > > > >Thanks, > > > > > >Bob Buddemeier > > > > > >Katharina Fabricius wrote: > > > > > > > Another, recently published study from the Indo-Pacific province, > in which > > > > we looked at the effects of increasing turbidity on biodiversity: > > > > > > > > Fabricius KE & De'ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: > > > > Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral > taxa. > > > > Pp 127 - 144 in: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral > reefs: > > > > physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, > London. > > > > > > > > The article is best to be read in the original book which contains a CD > > > > with the colour images and animations of processes. In our chapter, we > > > > present a spatial model of increasing turbidtiy (originating from a > > > > single-point-discharge), related to decreasing biodiversity. > However I'm > > > > happy to send out free reprints in paper form (black & white print) or > > > > electronically (colour). > > > > > > > > Abstract: > > > > Spatial patterns and abiotic controls of soft coral biodiversity were > > > > determined from an extensive reef surveys on the Great Barrier Reef > (GBR). > > > > Taxonomic inventories of soft corals, and estimates of cover of the > major > > > > benthos forms and of the physical environment, were obtained from 161 > > > > reefs, spread relatively evenly along and across the whole GBR. > Reefs on > > > > the mid-shelf between latitude 13? and 16? represented the "hotspot" of > > > > taxonomic richness in soft corals on the GBR. Overlapping > distributions of > > > > in-shore and off-shore taxa maximised richness on mid-shelf reefs. > > > > Taxonomic richness decreased with increasing latitude, and was low and > > > > relatively even across the shelf south of 21? lat. Soft coral > richness was > > > > strongly depressed in areas of high turbidity. It was also weakly > > > > positively related to the amount of sediment deposited, and strongly > > > > increased with depth. Total cover of hard corals and soft corals > was poorly > > > > explained by physical and spatial variables, however both varied with > > > depth. > > > > The findings presented here have three major management > implications: (1) > > > > Turbidity and sedimentation affect the generic richness of soft corals. > > > > Reefs with highest soft coral richness are < 20 km from the coast, well > > > > within the range of terrestrial run-off, and hence a loss of > biodiversity > > > > could result if turbidity increases due to land use practices which > > > > generate soil loss; (2) Taxonomic composition is more strongly > related to > > > > environmental conditions than total hard and soft coral cover. > Taxonomic > > > > inventories are thus better indicators of environmental conditions and > > > > human impacts than are assessments of total cover. (3) Richness and > cover > > > > change more within a single site between 0 and 18 m depth, than between > > > > reefs hundreds of kilometers apart along the shelf at the same depth. > > > > Valuable additional information can be gained in a cost-efficient > way if > > > > monitoring and survey programs covered several depth zones rather > than a > > > > single depth. > > > > > > > > Regards, > > > > > > > > Katharina Fabricius > > > > > > > > > <+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+><+><\\//><+> > > Dr. Katharina Fabricius > > Research Scientist > > Australian Institute of Marine Science > > PMB 3, Townsville Qld 4810, Australia > > Fax +61 - 7 - 4772 5852 > > Phone +61 - 7 - 4753 4412 or 4758 1979 > > email k.fabricius at email.aims.gov.au > > http://www.aims.gov.au > > http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/~crcreef > > > > ~~~~~~~ > > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From gigi101 at bellsouth.net Tue Oct 2 10:00:59 2001 From: gigi101 at bellsouth.net (Trish Hunt) Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2001 10:00:59 -0400 Subject: A little education please? Message-ID: <200110031646.QAA14310@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> I am hoping someone can tell me if corals, specifically plate corals (Heliofungia actiniformis ?) can recuperate from tissue damage? A particular specimen I have in my home aquarium (please don?t cringe too hard) wasn?t attached to its rock as well as I thought and had fallen over upside down onto my piping. After setting it right-side up, a small section of the tentacles appear to be damaged in that they are remaining shrunken up, coupled with darker discoloration; but the rest of the animal has extended its tentacles and is ?behaving? normally. Is it possible the damaged tentacles will recover or replace themselves? Is death of the entire coral (est. 5in. diameter) imminent? Is there anything I can do to help it at all? I know many of you cringe at the aquarium industry, but I am keeping this aquarium and just now beginning to keep corals so that I may learn more about their care pending the possibility of necessity of collecting corals and other life forms from a particular area pending a beach restoration project that threatens to bury near shore hardbottom habitat. Neither the county nor the state wants to admit that corals exist in this area or that salutation will have adverse effects on the reef habitat. I had come up with the idea of collecting what I can if the project is permitted, ?babysitting? what I collect until the silt settles after project completion, and then relocating the organisms to their original location. This idea was solidified in my brain and in my heart when I had seen others from other regions of the world asking about coral transplantation after dredging projects. If people from other countries are transplanting corals, why not Americans? Why not me? ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Wed Oct 3 13:06:23 2001 From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 12:06:23 -0500 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> Message-ID: <3BBB458F.D46DAAA3@kgs.ukans.edu> Alina et al. -- 1. Conrad and Ian covered most of the basic points, but I think that what is potentially a new twist is considering the role of the build up of specifically terrigenous sediment (more fines) as a regional, as well as a local lagoon-specific phenomenon. 2. Your wind comments fit will with my memory of encountering the increased wave height findings somewhere -- alas, location forgotten. There are a lot of climate and ocean data available if one pokes around the web... 3. My callous pragmatism says that if all of the factors are operating against a reef, the manager should flick it in and find something that promises to respond better to management -- and that's especially true if any of the stresses are long-term endogenous factors, as existing sediment load could turn out to be. If we try to save everything we may wind up saving nothing, especially in few of the apparently inevitable increase in some of the stress factors (committed warming and CO2 effects). It seems obvious from the exchanges that a lot of us have ideas and observations we never got around to publishing -- maybe the question is how we turn the discussion thread into a minireview of some sort (?). Bob "Alina M. Szmant" wrote: > Bob and others: > > Conrad Neumann and Ian MacIntyre published the phrase years ago about > coral reefs being "shot in the back by their own lagoons" Proc 5th Internat > Coral Reef Congr, Tahiti 1985: vol 3 pg 105-110), which is the Holocene > sea level scenario you described in your email. I agree that for some > areas (such as Florida Keys) resuspended sediment is a major factor > limiting coral recruitment (especially sand-blasting by coarse sediments > during winter storms) and this may have been happening for decades if not > longer and thus be one reason why patch reefs in Fl Keys often have higher > coral cover and diversity than more offshore (exposed) reefs inspite of the > lower water quality (turbidity etc) closer to shore (see Miller et all, > Coral Reefs vol 19 (2)). I am always amazed at the high numbers of coral > recruits we see on these inshore patch reefs ins spite of what the text > books tell us are unfavorable conditions. However, bioerosion is likely > higher inshore and not many of these patch reefs amount to much. > > I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that > it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an effect > of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut impression > that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to in the > 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades > back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in > lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is > lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in > Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of > you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind > records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher > wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some > kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for > 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things > stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended > sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough > resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually > become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy > events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether > net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events > help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes > (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big difference > in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". > > Again, things are much more complicated than one-factor causality, and the > various factors work at different time and spatial scales. Effects of > elevated temperatures and over-fishing strike pretty much everywhere which > is why I think they are at the top of my list of what needs to be addressed > by managers; sediments and nutrients are very important in some areas and > not others, and should be addressed where appropriate. Some poor reef > areas have all of the above impacting them and that is real sad. I agree > with those that write that we shouldn't try to make our favorite cause of > decline be accepted by everyone as THE ONE to be concerned about, but I > think we do need a scientifically founded way to attribute relative effects > because whether we like it or not, that is what the managers need. > > Alina Szmant > > At 06:57 AM 10/03/2001 -0500, Bob Buddemeier wrote: > >List -- > > > >Comment first, then some more discussion of (mostly sediment-related) issues. > > > >Special thanks to Katharina and Alina for their observations and comments. > >Katharina is right on with her comments on single variable arguments -- > >the problem > >is, we have to understand the variables one by one to get to the point of > >effective > >integration, and that seems to tempt a lot of people into the > >all-or-nothing false > >dichotomy. Another problem is the gravitation toward polar positions: > >"reefs are > >doomed real soon because people are killing them off" vs "not too worry, > >they're > >robust and it's just a natural fluctuation." The first is a very slightly > >more > >credible position than the second, I think, but only slightly, and the > >most useful > >synthesis combines and is offset from that discussional axis. > > > >Turbidity and sediment are good examples. Without claiming that they are > >totally > >generalizable, let's take the recent contributions to the discussion to > >show that > >resuspension of sediment (as opposed to new input) is a significant stress > >factor. > >I suggest that this is at least partly a 'natural cycle' > >development. Continental > >shelves and shallow coastal areas are excellent sediment traps, retaining > >a lot of > >what comes off the land. Our present situation is geologically and > >environmentally > >anomalous -- a relatively stable 3-6,000 year sea level high stand (the > >range of > >times is because it's local, not eustatic, level that counts > >operationally, and the > >Caribbean and much of the Indo-Pacific have different local sea level > >histories). > >That accounts for a lot of sediment build-up (with or without human > >intervention), > >and I suggest that a number of areas may 'simply' have reached a critical > >threshold > >in terms of the inventory or load of resuspendable sediment. A glance at the > >Pleistocene sea level curve will show why corals and reefs are not necessarily > >adapted to this kind of environment. > > > >I put 'simply' in quotes above to underline Katharina's point that it never is > >simple -- in this case, one of the complicating human factors is change in the > >ocean climate. As I understand it, a number of regions of the oceans have > >shown > >significant increases in mean wave height over the past few decades. This > >is the > >resuspension driver, so it may be that either natural climate cycling or > >human-induced climate change have pushed the sediment resuspension effects > >across > >the threshold very recently. > > > >This underlines a point that I hope was obvious from the earlier > >discussions -- > >reef researchers need to understand some oceanography, as well as issues of > >large-scale dynamics (the latter comment is a shameless plug for an upcoming > >special issue of Coral Reefs -- sorry). > > > >It also puts some other perspectives on the questions of reef doom and > >what to do > >about it. Note that I am going to talk about a particular variable or suite of > >variables, and do not intend to imply that there aren't others, that > >people aren't > >problems, etc. > >1. 'Land sources' in the real-time sense may not be as big a sediment > >issue as > >often supposed. Most large and medium -sized drainage basins have had > >their water > >flow (for sure) and sediment discharge (proabably but not always) reduced and > >regulated by damming and diversion. Local coastal runoff and > >small/undeveloped > >basins have the potential for dramatic increases in sediment load in > >response to > >land use and cover changes, but the acute effects of these are often > >localized near > >shore (although there is the general contribution to shelf sediment load > >build-up). > > > >2. There is no realistic prospect of modifying either the coastal zone > >sediment > >inventory or the marine energy regime, so -- if this formulation is valid -- > >chronic sediment stresses in most offshore areas may be something that > >simply has > >to be lived (or died) with. This implies a focus on understanding its > >contribution > >to multi-stress synergism in hopes of finding a different factor that can be > >managed to reduce the combined system impact. > >3. Conservation/preservation: I have been beating the drum for a triage > >approach > >to reef resarch conservation, and management, and I have also from time to > >time > >expressed a fondness for atolls (but outer-shelf reefs can be OK too). I > >suggest > >that this example reinforces both -- if continental reefs really have > >"timed out" > >in terms of Holocene habitat development, the places to look for healthy or at > >least preservable systems are in very well-flushed, no-soft-sediment > >coastal areas > >or away from terrigenous sediment sources (e.g., ocean islands, especially > >with > >small land mass). > >4. Research implications: This point goes beyond the sediment > >resuspension issue > >to the larger question of combined (and especially land-derived) > >threats. The idea > >of chronic stress build-up to a threshold transition that we are now observing > >implies not only that we are not currently working on normal or 'healthy' > >systems, > >but also that what we take as our pre-transition baseline was probably > >seriously > >affected at the subclinical level. This means that much of the coral > >lierature on > >function and condition has to be interpreted very cautiously if one is > >interested > >in determining 'normal' or 'optimal' function. Jeremy Jackson has made > >this point > >with respect to anthropogenic ecosystem alterations; I propose extending > >it to a > >broader suite of 'natural cycle' considerations including sediment buildup on > >shelves, the implications (for accomodation space and circulation, among other > >factors) of reef 'catch-up' with sea level, etc. > > > >All of which may help explain why I am of the opinion that most > >'reefs-as-we-know-them' are on their way out of the picture, especially if > >they are > >closely associated with a major landmass. I would rather not use 'doomed' > >as a > >blanket statement, because I think there may be some (significantly altered) > >oceanic survivors. The moral of the story: Go to sea. > > > >Bob Buddemeier > > > > ~~~~~~~ > > > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > > > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > > > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Mark.McCaffrey at noaa.gov Wed Oct 3 13:12:52 2001 From: Mark.McCaffrey at noaa.gov (Mark Mc Caffrey) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 11:12:52 -0600 Subject: My Two Cents: CoRIS Engine References: <3BBB3697.909616AD@noaa.gov> Message-ID: <3BBB4714.3263F3F2@noaa.gov> Tom: Agreed. Why develop metadata in the first place if it doesn't point directly to the data? Mark McCaffrey Lapointe_Tom wrote: > To CoRIS Working Group members: > > Yesterday, I spent a good deal of time with the CoRIS search engine. > Considerable progress has been made. Everyone involved should pleased > that we have an engine in place that the group can comment on. > > I have one major comment at this stage. When I searched for CoRIS data > in southern Florida, I found nine items ranging from bleaching reports > to anomaly charts. Clicking on the "Retrieve Full Record" link, > provided me with the metadata record and a URL. The URLs were > inconsistent, some going directly to products, some going to general > home pages, and others going to section pages. > > I think that focusing on the metadata record as the primary output might > be putting the cart before the horse. Just because the metadata drive > the search engine does not mean that the metadata record should be the > primary viewer to the product. Our experience in NOS is that users are > primarily interested in the product, not the metadata. The metadata > must be available as supportive information, but the product is first. > I also think that focusing on the actual product will force us to "drill > down to real products" rather than list generic home pages, or general > sections of Web sites. It will also identify shortcomings in the > metadata records themselves. > > The same was true in the library photo gallery. What does the user > really want to see: a photograph with a caption, or the metadata > record? We all know the answer to that one. > > Now that we have a working search engine, I believe that we need the > discipline of looking at things through a product perspective. This is > not a issue for the technical team; it is an issue for the entire > working group. > > My two cents, probably worth less > > -Tom > > -- > Tom La Pointe > 1305 East-West Highway (SSMC4/Room 9537) > Silver Spring, MD 20910 > Phone: 301-713-3000x168, Fax: 301-713-4384, Email: Tom.Lapointe at noaa.gov > > ~~~~~~~ > To unsubscribe from the CoRIS list, please send "unsubscribe" > in the body of a message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov. -- Mark McCaffrey Science Communications Specialist NOAA Paleoclimatology Program/National Geophysical Data Center 325 Broadway, E/GC DSRC Room 1B704 Boulder, CO 80305-3328 E-mail: mark.mccaffrey at noaa.gov Phone: 303.497.6939 Fax: 303.497.6513 ~~~~~~~ To unsubscribe from the CoRIS list, please send "unsubscribe" in the body of a message to majordomo at coral.aoml.noaa.gov. From Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov Wed Oct 3 13:25:49 2001 From: Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov (Alan E Strong) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 13:25:49 -0400 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> Message-ID: <3BBB4A1D.801F7974@noaa.gov> Alina -- An interesting observation.....Folks we have been working with in the GBR see evidence of increased pressure offshore in the recent decade....does this mean greater sea-breezes from increased ocean-land temperature/pressure differences? It may also have something to do with PDO...that the latest GRL tells us is equatorally driven!? We hope to be looking at this more closely in the years ahead... Cheers, Al "Alina M. Szmant" wrote: > Bob and others: > ... > I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that > it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an effect > of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut impression > that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to in the > 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades > back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in > lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is > lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in > Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of > you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind > records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher > wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some > kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for > 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things > stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended > sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough > resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually > become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy > events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether > net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events > help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes > (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big difference > in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". > ... > > Alina Szmant **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Alan.E.Strong.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 433 bytes Desc: Card for Alan E. Strong Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011003/7b206f30/attachment.vcf From David.Philliskirk at intec-hou.com Wed Oct 3 14:17:00 2001 From: David.Philliskirk at intec-hou.com (David Philliskirk) Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2001 13:17:00 -0500 Subject: DEEPWATER CARBONATE PINNACLES Message-ID: I am attempting to quantify twilight zone corals and correlate to deepwater carbonate pinnacles (600 ft +). I believe that there have been corals recoded at abyssal depths on the West coast of Scotland. I seek references to deepwater corals and in particular, references for the Gulf of Mexico. Thanks ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Bprecht at pbsj.com Wed Oct 3 14:48:45 2001 From: Bprecht at pbsj.com (Precht, Bill) Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2001 13:48:45 -0500 Subject: FW: Coral disease Message-ID: <53BEAAB43520D4119CAE00902785C38A016B3F34@MIAMIMBX> Dear Coral List: Many of you are familar with the wonderful coral reef book entitled "The Enchanted Braid" by Osha Grey Davidson that was published a few years ago... Well he has a new book that was just released yesterday... It is entitled "Fire in the Turtle House" (see attached hotlinks)... I think this will be a must read for both scientists and those who just care about the oceans... cheers to all, Bill William F. Precht, P.G. Ecological Sciences Program Manager PBS&J 2001 NW 107th Avenue Miami, FL 33172 305-592-7275 fax:305-594-9574 1-800-597-7275 bprecht at pbsj.com "Fire in the Turtle House" http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/books/fire.html Book Tour: http://oshadavidson.com/TurtleTour.htm The Turtle House Foundation: www.turtlehousefoundation.org ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From emueller at mote.org Wed Oct 3 15:44:48 2001 From: emueller at mote.org (Erich Mueller) Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2001 15:44:48 -0400 (Eastern Daylight Time) Subject: Fire in the Turtle House Message-ID: Dear All, I would like to second Bill Precht's comments regarding Osha Gray Davidson's new book, "Fire in the Turtle House." Although focused on the plight of sea turtles and the rise of fibropapilloma incidence, Osha brings in some of the other problems of marine epizootics as well. Like the "Enchanted Braid", his earlier book on reef issues, Osha has carefully and eloquently described marine issues to bring them to a wide audience. Hopefully, policemakers and those that fund marine research are listening... I have repeated the Web sites that Bill listed. Osha is beginning his tour very shortly; check the site below to see if he will be in your area. Erich Mueller "Fire in the Turtle House" http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/books/fire.html Book Tour: http://oshadavidson.com/TurtleTour.htm The Turtle House Foundation: www.turtlehousefoundation.org <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Erich Mueller, Ph.D., Director Phone: (305) 745-2729 Mote Marine Laboratory FAX: (305) 745-2730 Center for Tropical Research Email: emueller at mote.org 24244 Overseas Highway (US 1) Summerland Key, FL 33042 Center Website-> http://www.mote.org/~emueller/CTRHome.phtml Mote Marine Laboratory Website-> http://www.mote.org Remarks are personal opinion and do not reflect institutional policy unless so indicated. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From osha at oshadavidson.com Wed Oct 3 19:26:39 2001 From: osha at oshadavidson.com (Osha Gray Davidson) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 18:26:39 -0500 Subject: Turtle Book Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20011003181234.00b1b930@mail.oshadavidson.com> Dear List-Members, I was planning on writing my own message about my book, but Bill and Erich beat me to it. Yes, it's about sea turtles and the disease that's killing them. But it's also a way to discuss the implications of a possible increase in marine epidemics--including those that have devastated corals in many areas (including White Band Disease and in the Caribbean.) The thesis of the book is that anthropogenic changes--many of them currently under discussion in the "are reefs doomed?" thread--may be creating a "pathogen friendly" environment that threatens biodiversity in coastal waters. There's a lot more to it than that, of course, but that's the central theme and the turtle tumor disease is examined in that light. Thanks to the many list members who walked me through their areas of expertise, so that I could connect the dots. Of course, if I connected them improperly--that's my fault and not theirs. Cheers, Osha ================================ Osha Gray Davidson Home page: www.OshaDavidson.com 14 S. Governor St. Phone: 319-338-4778 Iowa City, IA 52240 E-Mail: osha at oshadavidson.com USA "Fire in the Turtle House" http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/books/fire.html Book Tour: http://oshadavidson.com/TurtleTour.htm The Turtle House Foundation: www.turtlehousefoundation.org ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From gcarter at orf.org Wed Oct 3 23:40:49 2001 From: gcarter at orf.org (Greg Carter) Date: Wed, 03 Oct 2001 20:40:49 -0700 Subject: Fire in the Turtle House References: Message-ID: <3BBBDA40.44848E75@orf.org> For those interested in ordering Osha's new book and at the same time helping marine conservation, you may place an order through the Oceanic Resource Foundation (ORF) bookstore at www.orf.org/bookstore.html and check out the new arrivals section. Some of the recent coarl reef publications are also listed. Best regards, Greg @ ORF Erich Mueller wrote: > Dear All, > > I would like to second Bill Precht's comments regarding Osha Gray > Davidson's new book, "Fire in the Turtle House." Although focused on the > plight of sea turtles and the rise of fibropapilloma incidence, Osha > brings in some of the other problems of marine epizootics as well. Like > the "Enchanted Braid", his earlier book on reef issues, Osha has > carefully and eloquently described marine issues to bring them to a wide > audience. Hopefully, policemakers and those that fund marine research > are listening... > > I have repeated the Web sites that Bill listed. Osha is beginning his tour > very shortly; check the site below to see if he will be in your area. > > Erich Mueller > > "Fire in the Turtle House" > http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/books/fire.html > > Book Tour: http://oshadavidson.com/TurtleTour.htm > > The Turtle House Foundation: www.turtlehousefoundation.org > > <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > Erich Mueller, Ph.D., Director Phone: (305) 745-2729 > Mote Marine Laboratory FAX: (305) 745-2730 > Center for Tropical Research Email: emueller at mote.org > 24244 Overseas Highway (US 1) > Summerland Key, FL 33042 > > Center Website-> http://www.mote.org/~emueller/CTRHome.phtml > > Mote Marine Laboratory Website-> http://www.mote.org > > Remarks are personal opinion and do not reflect institutional > policy unless so indicated. > > <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de Thu Oct 4 06:59:32 2001 From: christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de (christine.schoenberg) Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2001 12:59:32 +0200 Subject: delbeek@waquarium.org Message-ID: Charles Delbeek wrote: At 01:45 PM 10/1/2001 +0200, you wrote: > >they have all come up with the same answer: on "normal" reefs, > >bioerosion and calcification are in approximate balance. On most fringing > >reefs, subject to increasing terrestrial nutrient input, therefore, the > >balance has already been shifted towards destructive processes. > >This matches my own experiences when working on the Central Great Barrier >Reef, where the balance may still be better than most other places. We >still need to keep an eye on it though. > >The common sponge Cliona orientalis reacts to elevated nutrient conditions. >_Extreme_ situations may have negative effects, however, so that the >sponge's growth is slowed. Bioerosion of this sponge appears to be enhanced >by a higher concentration of nutrients. This is a sponge, which is just >everywhere on Australian (and other Pacific) inshore reefs, which grows >over large surfaces, several m in diameter and which is able to invade live >coral. It seems the word "nutrient" is a bit of a catch-all phrase when it comes to describing decline of reef organisms. Has some demarcation been demonstrated as to which "nutrients" have what negative effects i.e. organic vs. inorganic? nitrogen vs. phosphorous? increases of elements normally considered minor or trace? Aloha! J. Charles Delbeek Aquarium Biologist Waikiki Aquarium 2777 Kalakaua Ave. Honolulu, HI, USA 96815 808-923-9741 808-923-1771 FAX Dear Charles, even though sometimes a quick comment can be sufficient you are right to ask. I will elaborate for better understanding: I conducted one experiment at the Townsville Aquarium, being allowed to set up my sponge grafts in the two big exhibit tanks. The Aquarium provided me with data about water conditions in those tanks. Whereas the average nutrient level in the reef tank was 0.3 microMol NO2/3, the concentration was 600 microMol NO2/3 in the shark tank. I did not receive information about P-levels. Flow strength was between 13 and 31 cm/sec, depending on the site. My results indicated that higher flow rates were overall positive for the sponge, whereas the very extreme nutrient condition in the shark tank generally affected the sponge negatively (lower growth rate), but it increased the bioerosion rate. Not all results were significant, however. Overall it can be said that the sponge survived and functioned in the shark tank, despite the extreme conditions. The grafts grew onto and into the limestone blocks I attached them to. The experiment ran for about 7 months. There was another experiment where I investigated particle load (POM, measured by photometry and nutrient analysis of different components) as influence the sponge's functions. This experiment didn't work out the way I wanted it, because the sponge grafts gradually died off in the tanks. However, they survived best in the tanks with filtered seawater and in the tanks, which contained particle-enriched seawater. This is a somewhat puzzling result, but there may be a trade-off between benefits from the symbiotic zooxanthellae and the filter feeding. Anyway, I didn't evaluate this experiment in detail, because of the poor results. I am presently busy preparing similar studies on bioeroding sponges and will keep people informed. Regards, Christine Dr. Christine Sch?nberg, PhD Dept. of Zoosystematics & Morphology Fachbereich 7 - Biology, Geo- & Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg 26111 OLDENBURG GERMANY ph +49-441-7983373 fax +49-441-7983162 email christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de internet http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zoomorphology/Whoiswho.html ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca Thu Oct 4 09:54:14 2001 From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Mike Risk) Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2001 09:54:14 -0400 Subject: nutrients and interdisciplinarity References: Message-ID: <008d01c14cdc$0e266d40$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Hiya Christine. I was interested in your studies on C. Orientalis, and look forward to the rest of the stuff coming out. More and more, it appears to me that we are looking down the barrel of a gun that says "End-Oligocene Extinction Event." Or a parallel thereof. Some comments re nutrients: Yes, we often say "nutrients" when we mean "phosphates and nitrates." There is a conundrum here, however: after roughly 30 years' worth of nutrient studies on reefs, the picture of reef response to nutrients (a.k.a. phosphates and nitrates) is still unclear-and it should have been. (Am I the only one who has noticed this?) I think it is time for us to bite the bullet, and admit that phosphates and nitrates are only imperfect proxies of important biological processes. This will be a hard addiction to kick, because they are easy to measure, everyone does it...but it is time to start analysing the organics. Notwithstanding the notorious reluctance of the coral reef research community ever to agree on common methodology-I suggest that a reasonable start would be to adopt, as a first step, Chlorophll A column measurements as a water quality indicator. Then we could begin to winkle out cause-and-effect relations. Further comments on turbidity, suspension, resuspension, etc etc: this is why every coral reef research program has to include at least one sedimentologist. Those people had this all worked out decades ago, it's all in the sedimentology literature. Mike ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu Thu Oct 4 10:40:14 2001 From: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu (Bob Buddemeier) Date: Thu, 04 Oct 2001 09:40:14 -0500 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> <4.3.2.7.2.20011004093042.00d0c100@email.aims.gov.au> <3BBBD4A6.EBCDBB41@noaa.gov> Message-ID: <3BBC74CE.28578338@kgs.ukans.edu> William/list: Thanks -- I suspect this will be mirrored in other places when people look (by the way, it is analogous to findings that in some areas there has been a significant increase of the fraction of the total precipitation falling in relatively intense as opposed to mild and moderate events). Question -- relevance to bleaching is likely to depend on the seasonal distribution of the effect -- if it increases mixing in the normally warm and calm period of the year it could be really important, but if the changes primarily effect the seasons when things don't bleach anyway, not so. Do you have statistics on the wind distributions and pattern shifts relative to SST? Comment -- this has general implications for connectivity and disturbance, as well as the sediment resuspension and turbidity context in which the point was originally made. Bob Alan E Strong wrote: > William, > > A silver lining??...wonder how global change models are treating this? > > Al > > William Skirving wrote: > > > Hi Al and others, > > > > Yes we have found that the wind in the GBR region has been increasing > > (we've only looked at summer winds over the past 50 years). We think that > > it is because we are getting more highs and lows over our region during the > > summer, rather than having dominant lows. The transition between a high > > and low gives rise to increased pressure gradients and hence increased > > winds. This has been a steady increase over the past 50 years and seems to > > be correlated with increased temperatures (ie global warming). This is > > only statistical yet, and we have yet to put our finger on the exact cause. > > > > The high pressure events seem to be associated with increased ridging up > > the east coast of Australia, which is also a typical ENSO response. > > > > Now for the interesting stuff. There is a significant decrease in winds > > 0-10 km/h, a slight decrease in winds 11-20 km/h, a significant increase in > > winds 21-30 km/h, a slight increase in winds 31-40 km/h and no detectable > > change in winds greater than 40 km/h. > > > > So yes, we are seeing a change in winds which seems to be associated with > > global warming. > > > > This has interesting implications for coral bleaching, since more wind > > means more mixing, more mixing can mean less extreme SSTs and therefore > > potentially less coral bleaching! > > > > William Skirving > > > > At 01:25 PM 10/3/01 -0400, Alan E Strong wrote: > > >Alina -- An interesting observation.....Folks we have been working with in > > >the GBR > > >see evidence of increased pressure offshore in the recent decade....does > > >this mean > > >greater sea-breezes from increased ocean-land temperature/pressure > > >differences? It > > >may also have something to do with PDO...that the latest GRL tells us is > > >equatorally > > >driven!? > > > > > >We hope to be looking at this more closely in the years ahead... > > > > > >Cheers, > > >Al > > > > > >"Alina M. Szmant" wrote: > > > > > > > Bob and others: > > > > ... > > > > I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that > > > > it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an effect > > > > of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut impression > > > > that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to in the > > > > 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades > > > > back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in > > > > lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is > > > > lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in > > > > Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of > > > > you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind > > > > records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher > > > > wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some > > > > kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for > > > > 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things > > > > stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended > > > > sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough > > > > resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually > > > > become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy > > > > events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether > > > > net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events > > > > help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes > > > > (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big difference > > > > in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". > > > > ... > > > > > > > > Alina Szmant > > > > > >**** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* > > >Alan E. Strong > > >Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division > > >Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) > > >Phys Scientist/Oceanographer > > > NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 > > > NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W > > > 5200 Auth Road > > > Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 > > > Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov > > > 301-763-8102 x170 > > > FAX: 301-763-8572 > > > http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad > > > > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047 USA Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From smiller at gate.net Thu Oct 4 11:20:03 2001 From: smiller at gate.net (Steven Miller) Date: Thu, 04 Oct 2001 11:20:03 -0400 Subject: Coral reefs doomed for sure? Continued Message-ID: <3BBC7E23.CAD35F57@gate.net> I've read with interest the recent email thread by the esteemed scientists who contributed their opinions and expertise about the causes of coral reef decline and the fate of coral reefs. Thanks to all who have taken the time (and have the nerve) to contribute in this public forum. My experience is related to what I've seen in the Caribbean and the work I've done in Florida. My experience also dates to the late 1970s before the devastation of white band disease and the loss of Diadema reshaped the way most reefs look and function in the Caribbean and Florida. Fishing was also significant as was coastal development back then, so I recognize and agree that multiple factors are responsible for coral reef decline. However, against this background of devastation and change I'd like to suggest a few positive things to help balance the gloom and doom. First, we have victories to claim related to new marine protected areas. And while it's uncertain what effect the MPAs will have on corals, we know that a result of protection will be more and larger fish, and increased numbers of invertebrates related to fishing and the aquarium trade. This is the most important positive ACTION being done to protect coral reefs at local and regional scales. Public support to establish marine reserves is strong, and fewer hurdles exist to establish reserves than are typically associated with trying to mitigate the effects of existing coastal development. Eventually, success stories related to the effectiveness of marine reserves will reinforce the public will to fight for more and larger reserves. Second, there will be battles to fight to save individual reefs that still survive in relatively good condition as developers try to claim more of the coast. There will be success stories here too. This is, I believe, what Bob was talking about when he said that we need to be selective about what reefs we try and save. As the current email thread suggests, a lot of effort is currently directed toward a big question - will coral reefs survive? Without getting into semantics about how to define a coral reef, the answer to this question is already clear for the previously widespread acropora-dominated Caribbean coral reefs: they are gone. A. palmata and A. cervicornis (the only two species of Acropora in the Caribbean, maybe three if you include A. prolifera) are not extinct but they are currently reduced to scattered fragments or remnants of their former abundance and distribution. Something similar happened when billions of trees were lost in the northeast and midwest, when Chestnut Blight and Dutch Elm Disease ravaged landscapes. But we still have forests because other species filled in. Unfortunately for Caribbean reefs, where coral species richness is limited, there are no replacement species for Acropora. By comparison, the Pacific has about 25 species of Acropora. Cycles of damage and recovery from storms and Acanthaster are well documented in the Pacific. Only declines are found in the Caribbean. The point here is that ecology matters too, especially related to species richness and the ability of a reef (or region) to recover - or not. Back to something positive. The distinction above highlighting the loss of the shallow Acropora reefs is important because there are vast stretches of shallow and deep hard-bottom communities throughout the Caribbean and Florida that are characterized by low hard coral cover that are probably little changed over the same time period, and these communities are extremely significant as a coastal resource. They may not fit some definitions of a coral reef, but they are extremely diverse and they support significant fisheries. They may also be sites where reefs develop in the future. Thus, the reefs that are typically described as the ones that need "saving" represent only a fraction of total coral habitat along most coasts. But people care about the pretty places. An important question to ask, spinning off from the larger debate about coral survival, is: can scientists contribute in a meaningful way to save or protect coral reefs? First, I think debate among coral reef scientists about survival at geologic vs. ecologic time scales, adaptation vs. acclimation, and even the definition of a coral reef while important within the discipline, does not help the public understand the problem, and it provides marginal help to managers faced with solving problems. The public doesn't know what to believe because they get nearly all their information from the press, and the press takes the easy way out by reporting conflict and controversy. This distracts from what I believe are important take-home messages about the condition of coral reefs, and their fate. Again, referencing the Caribbean, I think the public needs to know that it's already too late for most of the reefs people want to save. In Florida, the trajectory of many offshore reefs, previously dominated by Acroporids, is likely toward hard bottom communities. I'm sure this statement will throw the environmental advocacy groups into a fit. Note that the deeper reefs have been this way for thousands of years as evidenced by the thin Holocene veneer on top of the Pleistocene foundation. I believe that if people understand how bad things are then you have a chance to make them care. Unfortunately, few coral reef scientists are trained or talented enough to connect in meaningful ways with the public on a regular basis. But we must try. For what it's worth, a good example that I use that seems to resonate with public groups is related to the devastation of our "landscapes" caused by Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight (as mentioned above). Before and after pictures make a useful point about losing these trees to disease. I then show what's happened to our "seascape" in the Caribbean as a result of whiteband disease, blackband disease, White Plague Type II, AND coral bleaching. The before and after coral reef pictures are quite dramatic. The point is easy to make that the underwater coral reef realm has changed dramatically and most people are shocked when they learn the geographic scale of the problem. You might be surprised to learn that the public approves substantial funding to fight Dutch Elm Disease at local levels ($2 million alone in Winnipeg each year). A fraction of this amount is spent annually to study all coral diseases, and of course almost nothing is being done in a practical manner to understand the cause of coral disease, or to treat coral disease. Few marine scientists are even trained to address the coral disease challenges. After this example I find it easier to talk additionally about global change (warming, and yes, even carbonate chemistry) and pollution threats to reefs, and the value of coral reefs. So, one thing we can do is to talk (and write) about coral reefs in more public forums, explain factors affecting the loss and condition of coral reefs, and explain what we do and why it's important. If what you do isn't easily explained to the public, or relevant to their interests, you might consider diverting some of your effort to more relevant projects. I predict that funding agencies will be responsive to this approach. We need to talk more about marine reserves too. People respond to the idea that we need to protect the ocean like we protect National Parks. And we need to do more than just talk about reserves. As scientists, we better be ready with research programs to document what happens to our ocean when it's protected. We need to help managers with results that can be used to implement and maintain the next generation of protected areas. This is perhaps the greatest challenge to coral reef scientists and managers who want to do something practical and visible in their own lifetimes. So, talking and fighting for marine reserves are two more things we can do to help save the best reefs that remain. And our research programs should contribute to knowledge about how marine reserves function. But against a backdrop of perhaps overwhelming global influence does it really matter whether or not we engage in the fight to save coral reefs? In my opinion, yes. It's clear that we can make things worse at the local level by polluting and over fishing our coastal systems. For this reason it's important to fight these battles to give our existing best sites a chance to survive. Finally, coral reef scientists have been wrong before about the fate of coral reefs. The Acanthaster story is a good example, but I'm sure we could all tell stories about how we got something wrong during our careers. One of our former staff (Dave Ward) printed t-shirts after working several years with marine scientists, helping them dive, fixing their equipment, and running boats. The t-shirt quoted Einstein, "If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?" Dave's observation was classic and he couldn't print the shirts fast enough. So, what about the big questions asked and answered during the current email thread? Could corals adapt to warmer temperatures in meaningful ways? Maybe. Could we be surprised about what we don't know related to the saturation kinetics of carbonate in seawater and global warming? Maybe. Do disease resistant strains of coral exist that might repopulate our reefs in Florida? Maybe. Will Diadema recover? Maybe. Will innovative reef restoration methods ever scale up to the reef level? Maybe. Will the public embrace marine reserves? Probably (they already have). Will scientists discover important things about coral reef ecosystems as marine reserves mature? Probably. It seems to me that it's too early to give up on coral reefs. Spectacular reefs still exist in Florida and I'm sure that most on this list could say the same for places they know throughout the Caribbean. For now, there's too much work to be done that can still make a difference in our lives and the lives of our children. Regards to all. Steven Miller, Ph.D. Center Director National Undersea Research Center University of North Carolina at Wilmington -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: smiller.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 71 bytes Desc: Card for Steven Miller Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011004/b39d5f13/attachment.vcf From szmanta at uncwil.edu Thu Oct 4 11:47:31 2001 From: szmanta at uncwil.edu (Alina M. Szmant) Date: Thu, 04 Oct 2001 11:47:31 -0400 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates In-Reply-To: <4.3.2.7.2.20011004093042.00d0c100@email.aims.gov.au> References: <3BBB4A1D.801F7974@noaa.gov> <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20011004114553.00a57dc0@pop.uncwil.edu> Really interesting stuff!!! The increase in winds 21-30 km/h would be in the range that could result in a lot more resuspension of finer sediments (i.e. turbidity). Anyone doing such analyses for the Caribbean and Florida areas? Alina Szmant At 09:47 AM 10/04/2001 +1000, William Skirving wrote: >Hi Al and others, > >Yes we have found that the wind in the GBR region has been increasing >(we've only looked at summer winds over the past 50 years). We think that >it is because we are getting more highs and lows over our region during >the summer, rather than having dominant lows. The transition between a >high and low gives rise to increased pressure gradients and hence >increased winds. This has been a steady increase over the past 50 years >and seems to be correlated with increased temperatures (ie global >warming). This is only statistical yet, and we have yet to put our finger >on the exact cause. > >The high pressure events seem to be associated with increased ridging up >the east coast of Australia, which is also a typical ENSO response. > >Now for the interesting stuff. There is a significant decrease in winds >0-10 km/h, a slight decrease in winds 11-20 km/h, a significant increase >in winds 21-30 km/h, a slight increase in winds 31-40 km/h and no >detectable change in winds greater than 40 km/h. > >So yes, we are seeing a change in winds which seems to be associated with >global warming. > >This has interesting implications for coral bleaching, since more wind >means more mixing, more mixing can mean less extreme SSTs and therefore >potentially less coral bleaching! > > >William Skirving > > > >At 01:25 PM 10/3/01 -0400, Alan E Strong wrote: >>Alina -- An interesting observation.....Folks we have been working with >>in the GBR >>see evidence of increased pressure offshore in the recent decade....does >>this mean >>greater sea-breezes from increased ocean-land temperature/pressure >>differences? It >>may also have something to do with PDO...that the latest GRL tells us is >>equatorally >>driven!? >> >>We hope to be looking at this more closely in the years ahead... >> >>Cheers, >>Al >> >>"Alina M. Szmant" wrote: >> >> > Bob and others: >> > ... >> > I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that >> > it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an >> effect >> > of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut >> impression >> > that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to >> in the >> > 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades >> > back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in >> > lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is >> > lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in >> > Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of >> > you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind >> > records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher >> > wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some >> > kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for >> > 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things >> > stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended >> > sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough >> > resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually >> > become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy >> > events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether >> > net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events >> > help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes >> > (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big >> difference >> > in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". >> > ... >> > >> > Alina Szmant >> >>**** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* >>Alan E. Strong >>Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division >>Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) >>Phys Scientist/Oceanographer >> NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 >> NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W >> 5200 Auth Road >> Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 >> Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov >> 301-763-8102 x170 >> FAX: 301-763-8572 >> http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov Thu Oct 4 13:26:31 2001 From: Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov (Alan E Strong) Date: Thu, 04 Oct 2001 13:26:31 -0400 Subject: Land based sources of pollution//source estimates References: <3.0.5.32.20011002102415.008fe320@email.aims.gov.au> <4.3.2.7.2.20011003141823.00d6fa60@email.aims.gov.au> <5.1.0.14.2.20011003120426.02c18a30@pop.uncwil.edu> <4.3.2.7.2.20011004093042.00d0c100@email.aims.gov.au> <3BBBD4A6.EBCDBB41@noaa.gov> <3BBC74CE.28578338@kgs.ukans.edu> Message-ID: <3BBC9BC7.703A1981@noaa.gov> Bob/William/list: All the more reason for an integrated activity for considering/utilizing many types of observations that have a bearing on reefs: SST Insolation Winds [QuickScat, etc.] Cloud cover Chlorophyll/turbidity Water level ... ' Cheers, Al Bob Buddemeier wrote: > William/list: > > Thanks -- I suspect this will be mirrored in other places when people look (by the > way, it is analogous to findings that in some areas there has been a significant > increase of the fraction of the total precipitation falling in relatively intense as > opposed to mild and moderate events). > > Question -- relevance to bleaching is likely to depend on the seasonal distribution > of the effect -- if it increases mixing in the normally warm and calm period of the > year it could be really important, but if the changes primarily effect the seasons > when things don't bleach anyway, not so. Do you have statistics on the wind > distributions and pattern shifts relative to SST? > > Comment -- this has general implications for connectivity and disturbance, as well as > the sediment resuspension and turbidity context in which the point was originally > made. > > Bob > > Alan E Strong wrote: > > > William, > > > > A silver lining??...wonder how global change models are treating this? > > > > Al > > > > William Skirving wrote: > > > > > Hi Al and others, > > > > > > Yes we have found that the wind in the GBR region has been increasing > > > (we've only looked at summer winds over the past 50 years). We think that > > > it is because we are getting more highs and lows over our region during the > > > summer, rather than having dominant lows. The transition between a high > > > and low gives rise to increased pressure gradients and hence increased > > > winds. This has been a steady increase over the past 50 years and seems to > > > be correlated with increased temperatures (ie global warming). This is > > > only statistical yet, and we have yet to put our finger on the exact cause. > > > > > > The high pressure events seem to be associated with increased ridging up > > > the east coast of Australia, which is also a typical ENSO response. > > > > > > Now for the interesting stuff. There is a significant decrease in winds > > > 0-10 km/h, a slight decrease in winds 11-20 km/h, a significant increase in > > > winds 21-30 km/h, a slight increase in winds 31-40 km/h and no detectable > > > change in winds greater than 40 km/h. > > > > > > So yes, we are seeing a change in winds which seems to be associated with > > > global warming. > > > > > > This has interesting implications for coral bleaching, since more wind > > > means more mixing, more mixing can mean less extreme SSTs and therefore > > > potentially less coral bleaching! > > > > > > William Skirving > > > > > > At 01:25 PM 10/3/01 -0400, Alan E Strong wrote: > > > >Alina -- An interesting observation.....Folks we have been working with in > > > >the GBR > > > >see evidence of increased pressure offshore in the recent decade....does > > > >this mean > > > >greater sea-breezes from increased ocean-land temperature/pressure > > > >differences? It > > > >may also have something to do with PDO...that the latest GRL tells us is > > > >equatorally > > > >driven!? > > > > > > > >We hope to be looking at this more closely in the years ahead... > > > > > > > >Cheers, > > > >Al > > > > > > > >"Alina M. Szmant" wrote: > > > > > > > > > Bob and others: > > > > > ... > > > > > I have a hypothesis that I have been bandying around for a few years that > > > > > it's been more windy since the mid 1980s and 1990s which could be an effect > > > > > of global warming (more heat, more wind) [this is based on a gut impression > > > > > that in spite of having bigger and better boats than I had access to in the > > > > > 1970's, we have more days that we are weathered out now than a few decades > > > > > back]. More frequent or more severe storms all year long could result in > > > > > lower overall water clarity in areas like the Florida Keys where there is > > > > > lots of sediment to resuspend (I gave a presentation about all this in > > > > > Bali, but mea culpa, mea culpa I haven't written it up yet). If those of > > > > > you that like to work with climate data would have access to good wind > > > > > records, I suggest someone look at the frequency and duration of higher > > > > > wind events over the past 50 years or more, by passing the data thru some > > > > > kind of filter that looks for the higerh energy events (e.g. 15+ knots for > > > > > 24+ hrs): it takes a minimum period of high winds to really get things > > > > > stirred up, but if the rough conditions persist for too long, suspended > > > > > sediments are likely flushed out of the system). Thus, not enough > > > > > resuspension could result in fine sediments building up to eventually > > > > > become a problem (nutrients will also build up); frequent moderate energy > > > > > events may make the system turbid a lot of the time depending on whether > > > > > net flow rids the system of the resuspended fines; occasional major events > > > > > help flush the system of both sediments and nutrients. Thus wind regimes > > > > > (and their change over time as climate changes) could make a big difference > > > > > in the environment conditions reefs have to deal with, and their "health". > > > > > ... > > > > > > > > > > Alina Szmant > > > > > > > >**** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* > > > >Alan E. Strong > > > >Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division > > > >Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) > > > >Phys Scientist/Oceanographer > > > > NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 > > > > NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W > > > > 5200 Auth Road > > > > Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 > > > > Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov > > > > 301-763-8102 x170 > > > > FAX: 301-763-8572 > > > > http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad > > > > > > > > ~~~~~~~ > > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > > -- > Dr. Robert W. Buddemeier > Kansas Geological Survey > University of Kansas > 1930 Constant Avenue > Lawrence, KS 66047 USA > Ph (1) (785) 864-2112 > Fax (1) (785) 864-5317 > e-mail: buddrw at kgs.ukans.edu -- **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Alan.E.Strong.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 433 bytes Desc: Card for Alan E. Strong Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011004/b572f4f5/attachment.vcf From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca Thu Oct 4 23:38:38 2001 From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Mike Risk) Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2001 23:38:38 -0400 Subject: Beyond bioerosion. References: Message-ID: <003f01c14d4f$39b36da0$3c8dfea9@MyHost> I feel there is more that needs to be said on this, and other, issues. This will, however, be my last submission on this particular topic. Given the involvement of CO2, I am moved to consider the analogy of scientific papers as automobiles. I view most of my papers as I view my 12-year-old Subaru, that sits mutely rusting outside: inconspicuous, easily ignored, battered and beaten-but dependable transportation nonetheless. Should someone volunteer to put some Bondo on it to fill in some of the holes-well, be my guest. (You have Bondo? We need it up here.) The responses of Kleypas and co-authors to my comments on Kleypas et al (hereafter KEA, not to be confused with KIE) put me in mind of someone waxing a brand-new BMW: putting further polish on that which is already near perfection. Woe betide those who would point out dents in a fender, or nicks in a windshield...I had hoped for a response something along the lines of: "OK, we know there were some holes in the first version. We invite you all to help us do better next time."-but that isn't going to happen here. The difference between a discussion and an argument is: in an argument, no one has any intention of changing their mind. This is an argument, one that has gone on for over a month. In that month, I estimate (using totally questionable assumptions!) that SE Asia will have lost 2-3 coral species, and that coral cover on some of the Florida Keys will have dropped another 2%. Reefs are in the midst of a mass extinction event right now, and pH hasn't budged. (Yes, I know about the open-ocean estimates-irrelevant, as you point out.) In the time I have spent crafting these responses, I could have written a formal rebuttal of KEA, and that is what I will now set out to do. I also sense that the tone of the exchanges is becoming harsher, which is upsetting. I realise I am to a large extent at fault, here, being a direct and rude type. Those who know me may feel I have been well- behaved, whereas those who don't may wonder why Jim Hendee let this raving maniac on in the first place. So. After this one, I will give up. I have concluded that there will be no substantive response to any of my comments. I remain, as always, available for comments and exchanges, and would be delighted to give of advice or information in any of the areas in which I have some competence, as soon as I figure out what those areas may be. PREDICTIONS To begin with: KEA have made their predictions, based on models they have described in print and on the list. I am a field man (Omega, to me, always meant expensive wristwatches), so I tend to look at field evidence. Just about every reef worker (including Gattuso and Buddemeier) reports solution of carbonate at night, when CO2 is elevated-and Halley's work shows that this is solution of HMC. Additionally, KEA predict that corals should show a 6-11% decline in calcification since about 1880. Lough and Barnes (2000) show an INCREASE in calcification of 4%, an increase that closely matched the prediction of increased calcification from elevated SST's. So at least one of their predictions is wrong already. When I first saw KEA, I predicted that it would be used by managers to divert resources away from local problems. This has already happened. In addition, my doomsday scenario (Twenty and Out) is still running well, and I will finish no worse than .500. OCEAN MODELS My rude comments about modellers (which really weren't mine, as I point out-although I ascribe to them) were met by Dr. Kleypas with the following series of responses (paraphrasing): -KEA really only used the HAMMOC model to illustrate the long time-scale to buffering (although the model doesn't react quickly) -there are models out there now that CAN react quickly (but we haven't used them) -and besides, there are all these famous oceanographers out there who agree with us. What can I possibly do, faced with this response, but retreat licking my wounds? Seriously now, this is not convincing. Dr. Kleypas attempts to bolster her defense of the ocean models by denigrating/downplaying the importance of Smith et al, Nature 1997 (that's OK, so do the modellers). While she claims "corals from a single location...do not provide adequate evidence" , that same finding was trumpeted, by one of her own quoted oceanographers, as "The New Archive that we've all been waiting for." Would you have asked Newton to wait for MORE apples??? Sure, it's only one location-but it's the most precisely constrained major climatic event ever to be described from the ocean record. The results won't go away. The implications are that the Gulf Stream Return Flow disappeared/deviated/whatever in 5 years. This implies a fundamental mixing of the oceans during major climate changes, mixing which will screw up the rest of the predictions in KEA. (I treat these postings as my lectures-I only repeat myself if I feel the audience wasn't listening.) Note: for those of you interested in paleoclimatology: Smith et al 1997, and the companion piece, Smith et al, 2000 (PALAIOS), provide an isotopic Rosetta Stone, a solution to the annoying effects of KIE (this is a process which makes many coral isotopic climate records simply undependable). Precise water temperatures, any ocean, any coral, any depth. The "lines" paper, in PALAIOS, took corals from all over the world, used thousands of isotopic measurements to show that the slopes of lines in O-C space, independent of KIE, were a thermometer. BIOEROSION After Dr. Kleypas' response, I went back, and I searched through that Am. Zool. volume, and By God I found it! In Kleypas et al, on p. 153, we see (refs removed to save typing) "...nutrient excess probably limits reefs indirectly by enhancing macroalgal competition for space, phtoplankton competition for light, and bioerosion." And that's all. Instead of claiming to have "mentioned bioerosion several times as an important control on reef development," I think she should have 'fessed up, said "OK, we left it out, we'll do better next time. Can you help us?" Ain't going to happen. (By the way, the Gattuso et al paper in that same volume is one of the nicest summaries of coral gas and nutrient metabolism I have read.) I'd like to go over some of this again. I do apologise in advance for some of the self-citations: there has already been too much of this in these exchanges. I do so only when one of my rusty old beaters was the only one on the lot at the time... The classic studies on reef budgets were done in the early 70's, based on field work done (in some cases) commenced in the 60's. The results have never been challenged: bioerosion equals calcification, with large errors. (Where calcification spikes up, we get reefs-where it does not...sediment.) There have been a few studies directly relating bioerosion rates to nutrient concentrations. Rose and Risk (1985-Mar Ecol 6: 345-363) found that density of Cliona delitrix increased in lockstep with the abundance in the water column of fecal bacteria. (No phosphates, no nitrates-plain old poop. Turtle poop.) Since the early 70's, when those papers were done, coastal nutrient concentrations/eutrophication levels have AT LEAST doubled. In other words, bioerosion is now FAR MORE IMPORTANT than the corals! The treatment of this subject in the Amer Zool volume simply exposes the huge lacuna in the skill-set of today's reef biologists. So reef monitoring programs that omit bioerosion are a joke, as are reef growth models. It is to be hoped that rapid readjustments are under way as we speak. But let us examine the role of bioerosion in calcification budgets/alkalinity reduction studies. Microborers have been around since the PreCambrian, and comprise several phyla: blue-green algae (yeah, I know, Cyanobacteria-but geologists still call them blue-greens), greens, reds, fungi...They are in every grain of sediment, every coral, every shell, every coral that has ever been stuck into a metabolic chamber...most of the destruction is done by the green algae, via secretion of short-chain organic acids, such as formic, oxalic (good for taking rust off cars), malic. As usual, the stoichiometry eludes me, but here is what I see: -because they manufacture short organic acids thru photosynthesis, the CO2 balance may be close to a push (one in, couple out). -their eroding activities, however, crank up alkalinity values, via a process that appears in the gas-exchange models as PS. In other words, the O2 production of the corals, which is calcification, is mixed with the O2 production by alkalinity-pushers. That's just the greens. There is evidence that the blue-greens may be heterotrophic-like graduate students, there's no telling WHAT they do at night...the fungi are saprobic, dikaryomycotan anamorphs-common terrestrial fungi. You have some in your fridge now, on the bottom shelf, at the back there. (Kendrick et al. 1982, Bull Mar Sci 32: 862). They invaded via beachrock or.....African dust! I had hoped that Bellamy and Risk (1982: Science 215: 1618-1619) would have been more widely absorbed by calcification modellers: we found very large amounts of oxygen, produced by boring algae, stored in the tips of Millepora on the GBR. If you "ping off" a tip, not only will you see clouds of bubbles, you may even hear the hiss of escaping gas. (No, please don't do it!) Shasher and colleagues, in Israel, in a series of elegant experiments on "life in extreme environments", estimated that the amount of respiration, the metabolism, of boring algae lying directly under live coral tissue was small-so perhaps they may safely be ignored? No. On the contrary: the ones in corals are light-limited. In sediments and hardgrounds, they have a major impact. Tudhope and Risk (1985: J. Sedimentary Petrology 55: 440-447) estimated that boring algae dissolved between 18 and 30% of the TOTAL sediment input into GBR lagoons. These were extremely conservative estimates, and the real value is undoubtedly higher. In that paper, there is a section on the relevance of the results to whole-reef calcification estimates using alkalinity reduction techniques. P. 446: "...loss of carbonate from the reef system due to dissolution of sediments by microborers is a more important factor in whole-reef budgets than previously recognised"-and it remains unrecognised. I would invite KEA to explain to me, and the list, how the influence of microborers on gas exchange over reefs has been handled in their models. Finally, I am deeply distressed that my anguish at the demise of the ecosystem in which I have spent most of my life should be dismissed as pique at "my own reef issue being overshadowed" by the predictions in KEA. Firstly, I don't think their predictions are worth much-but far more importantly: I am as far as I know the only reef scientist who has had the courage to speak out in print against the factionalism that paralyses reef science (Risk 1999, Mar. FW Res 50: 831-837). It is unacceptable to me that I be accused of the same turf-war mentality. It is unacceptable, and I am very angry about it. Message ends-thank you all for your indulgence. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From c.wilkinson at aims.gov.au Fri Oct 5 05:07:00 2001 From: c.wilkinson at aims.gov.au (Clive Wilkinson) Date: Fri, 05 Oct 2001 19:07:00 +1000 Subject: coral reefs doomed for sure In-Reply-To: <020901c14b6f$76287320$3c8dfea9@MyHost> References: Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20011005190700.008e6210@email.aims.gov.au> Mike and others I have watched this from afar - but feel that I must comment. "land-based sources of pollution ... are THE reef issue." This is attempting to put the magic solution of a single cause to a problem, when in fact there are often multiple causes of reef decline. Pollution by nutrients and sediments are very pertinent on reefs surrounded by shallow water, with lagoons or in embayments; these are minor issues for remote oceanic reefs with deep water adjacent and strong currents. In SE Asia and nearby, the major destructive forces for such remote clean-water reefs are destructive fishing, especially blast fishing. However, of the 11% of reefs reported lost in the last Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000 report, most were either dredged up, smothered in sediment, or had airports and the like built on them. A further 16% were severely damaged in 1998 during the major El Nino / La Nina climate switches. Many of the others are severely threatened by the usual mix of impacts - pollution, sediments, over-exploitation including coral mining, and engineering activities. Many of these threats act together and Global Climate Change will probably add to all of these while also causing bleaching. So reef loss will rarely be attributed to a single cause. Clive At 02:24 PM 10/2/01 -0400, Mike Risk wrote: >Joanie has provided a spirited defense of her and her co-authors' work. I >remain far from convinced that some of these matters are solved beyond the >need of further debate. I will respond at length soon, after I finish >getting in this year's firewood. But some quick comments- > >It seems that most scientific "clarifications" carry with them the seeds of >further misunderstandings. Here are some additions: > >1. The comment about climate modellers not wishing to accept data that >contradicted their models wasn't mine-it came from a well-known NOAA climate >modeller, whom I will mercifully not name. My prior attempts to convince >modellers to accept the need for extremely rapid ocean overturning were met >with benign neglect. I felt it appropriate, therefore, to accept the >valuation of someone in the field. > >2. The top of Orphan Knoll lies directly in the Gulf Stream Return Flow, so >to suggest it is not connected with the Gulf Stream is misleading. > >3. Some modellers listen, and solicit data. We are now working very closely >with several groups on the East Coast (BIO modellers and their US >colleagues), as we begin to obtain long-term proxy records of the NAO, >Labrador Current, and the inner Gulf Stream: information that was previously >unavailable. > >4. I don't consider that land-based sources of pollution are my "reef >issue." (But I admit, I feel they are THE reef issue.) As we have seen, >there is zero political will in North America for CO2 reductions. (Canadians >are worse than the USA, by the way, just to demonstrate that I am an >equal-opportunity slagger.) There will be action on this front only after >the enormous public health costs sink in, and even then the response will be >slow. In the meantime, something could be done about sewage and sediment >stress. This is not rocket science, but would require that at least a large >proportion of reef scientists speak with one voice. There is already a >trend among reef managers to blame "global change" for impacts that have >clear local causes. > >Back to the maul (not mall). > >~~~~~~~ >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the >digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the >menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Fri Oct 5 08:22:48 2001 From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee) Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2001 08:22:48 -0400 (EDT) Subject: on flaming Message-ID: flaming -- the use of speech in a metaphorical flame-throwing-like action to demean the intended victim. [I made that one up--I hope it fits.] I don't think we've seen any of this lately in the current "are coral reefs doomed?" discussion, but it might be appropriate at this time to say that debate is okay, personal attacks are not. As long as we maintain proper decorum in our debates/arguments, stick to the facts and/or the literature (!), and realize that there are points at which further discussion is pointless (i.e., saying the same thing over-and-over; or more appropriate to take it offline), then I think it is instructive to us all to maintain dailogue. Cheers, Jim coral-list admin ------------- "Never argue with a man who buys ink by the gallon." -- Tommy Lasorda (legendary L.A. Dodgers baseball coach) ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov Fri Oct 5 09:45:20 2001 From: Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov (Alan E Strong) Date: Fri, 05 Oct 2001 09:45:20 -0400 Subject: Beyond bioerosion - the last word? References: <003f01c14d4f$39b36da0$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Message-ID: <3BBDB970.2554A9C@noaa.gov> Mike, Why isn't anyone talking about how much coral we have ADDED since the 1998 bleaching event! At least I assume that what I hear from places like Fiji, USVI, Bahamas, Palau, GBR...is correct...? Clive, would you concur? You stated: "The difference between a discussion and an argument is: in an argument, no one has any intention of changing their mind. This is an argument, one that has gone on for over a month." (your words)...by your own definition it would appear that there can be no "substantive response."! If you intended this as an "argument" all along why was it posted and debated???? Good-bye, Al Mike Risk wrote: > I feel there is more that needs to be said on this, and other, issues. This > will, however, be my last submission on this particular topic. > > Given the involvement of CO2, I am moved to consider the analogy of > scientific papers as automobiles. I view most of my papers as I view my > 12-year-old Subaru, that sits mutely rusting outside: inconspicuous, easily > ignored, battered and beaten-but dependable transportation nonetheless. > Should someone volunteer to put some Bondo on it to fill in some of the > holes-well, be my guest. (You have Bondo? We need it up here.) > > The responses of Kleypas and co-authors to my comments on Kleypas et al > (hereafter KEA, not to be confused with KIE) put me in mind of someone > waxing a brand-new BMW: putting further polish on that which is already near > perfection. Woe betide those who would point out dents in a fender, or nicks > in a windshield...I had hoped for a response something along the lines of: > "OK, we know there were some holes in the first version. We invite you all > to help us do better next time."-but that isn't going to happen here. The > difference between a discussion and an argument is: in an argument, no one > has any intention of changing their mind. This is an argument, one that has > gone on for over a month. > > In that month, I estimate (using totally questionable assumptions!) that SE > Asia will have lost 2-3 coral species, and that coral cover on some of the > Florida Keys will have dropped another 2%. Reefs are in the midst of a mass > extinction event right now, and pH hasn't budged. (Yes, I know about the > open-ocean estimates-irrelevant, as you point out.) In the time I have spent > crafting these responses, I could have written a formal rebuttal of KEA, and > that is what I will now set out to do. > > I also sense that the tone of the exchanges is becoming harsher, which is > upsetting. I realise I am to a large extent at fault, here, being a direct > and rude type. Those who know me may feel I have been well- behaved, whereas > those who don't may wonder why Jim Hendee let this raving maniac on in the > first place. So. After this one, I will give up. I have concluded that there > will be no substantive response to any of my comments. > > I remain, as always, available for comments and exchanges, and would be > delighted to give of advice or information in any of the areas in which I > have some competence, as soon as I figure out what those areas may be. > > PREDICTIONS > To begin with: KEA have made their predictions, based on models they have > described in print and on the list. I am a field man (Omega, to me, always > meant expensive wristwatches), so I tend to look at field evidence. Just > about every reef worker (including Gattuso and Buddemeier) reports solution > of carbonate at night, when CO2 is elevated-and Halley's work shows that > this is solution of HMC. Additionally, KEA predict that corals should show a > 6-11% decline in calcification since about 1880. Lough and Barnes (2000) > show an INCREASE in calcification of 4%, an increase that closely matched > the prediction of increased calcification from elevated SST's. So at least > one of their predictions is wrong already. > > When I first saw KEA, I predicted that it would be used by managers to > divert resources away from local problems. This has already happened. In > addition, my doomsday scenario (Twenty and Out) is still running well, and I > will finish no worse than .500. > > OCEAN MODELS > My rude comments about modellers (which really weren't mine, as I point > out-although I ascribe to them) were met by Dr. Kleypas with the following > series of responses (paraphrasing): > -KEA really only used the HAMMOC model to illustrate the long time-scale > to buffering (although the model doesn't react quickly) > -there are models out there now that CAN react quickly (but we haven't > used them) > -and besides, there are all these famous oceanographers out there who > agree with us. > What can I possibly do, faced with this response, but retreat licking my > wounds? Seriously now, this is not convincing. > > Dr. Kleypas attempts to bolster her defense of the ocean models by > denigrating/downplaying the importance of Smith et al, Nature 1997 (that's > OK, so do the modellers). While she claims "corals from a single > location...do not provide adequate evidence" , that same finding was > trumpeted, by one of her own quoted oceanographers, as "The New Archive that > we've all been waiting for." Would you have asked Newton to wait for MORE > apples??? Sure, it's only one location-but it's the most precisely > constrained major climatic event ever to be described from the ocean record. > The results won't go away. The implications are that the Gulf Stream Return > Flow disappeared/deviated/whatever in 5 years. This implies a fundamental > mixing of the oceans during major climate changes, mixing which will screw > up the rest of the predictions in KEA. (I treat these postings as my > lectures-I only repeat myself if I feel the audience wasn't listening.) > > Note: for those of you interested in paleoclimatology: Smith et al 1997, and > the companion piece, Smith et al, 2000 (PALAIOS), provide an isotopic > Rosetta Stone, a solution to the annoying effects of KIE (this is a process > which makes many coral isotopic climate records simply undependable). > Precise water temperatures, any ocean, any coral, any depth. The "lines" > paper, in PALAIOS, took corals from all over the world, used thousands of > isotopic measurements to show that the slopes of lines in O-C space, > independent of KIE, were a thermometer. > > BIOEROSION > After Dr. Kleypas' response, I went back, and I searched through that Am. > Zool. volume, and By God I found it! In Kleypas et al, on p. 153, we see > (refs removed to save typing) "...nutrient excess probably limits reefs > indirectly by enhancing macroalgal competition for space, phtoplankton > competition for light, and bioerosion." And that's all. Instead of claiming > to have "mentioned bioerosion several times as an important control on reef > development," I think she should have 'fessed up, said "OK, we left it out, > we'll do better next time. Can you help us?" Ain't going to happen. (By the > way, the Gattuso et al paper in that same volume is one of the nicest > summaries of coral gas and nutrient metabolism I have read.) > > I'd like to go over some of this again. I do apologise in advance for some > of the self-citations: there has already been too much of this in these > exchanges. I do so only when one of my rusty old beaters was the only one > on the lot at the time... > > The classic studies on reef budgets were done in the early 70's, based on > field work done (in some cases) commenced in the 60's. The results have > never been challenged: bioerosion equals calcification, with large errors. > (Where calcification spikes up, we get reefs-where it does not...sediment.) > There have been a few studies directly relating bioerosion rates to nutrient > concentrations. Rose and Risk (1985-Mar Ecol 6: 345-363) found that density > of Cliona delitrix increased in lockstep with the abundance in the water > column of fecal bacteria. (No phosphates, no nitrates-plain old poop. Turtle > poop.) > > Since the early 70's, when those papers were done, coastal nutrient > concentrations/eutrophication levels have AT LEAST doubled. In other words, > bioerosion is now FAR MORE IMPORTANT than the corals! The treatment of this > subject in the Amer Zool volume simply exposes the huge lacuna in the > skill-set of today's reef biologists. > > So reef monitoring programs that omit bioerosion are a joke, as are reef > growth models. It is to be hoped that rapid readjustments are under way as > we speak. > > But let us examine the role of bioerosion in calcification > budgets/alkalinity reduction studies. > > Microborers have been around since the PreCambrian, and comprise several > phyla: blue-green algae (yeah, I know, Cyanobacteria-but geologists still > call them blue-greens), greens, reds, fungi...They are in every grain of > sediment, every coral, every shell, every coral that has ever been stuck > into a metabolic chamber...most of the destruction is done by the green > algae, via secretion of short-chain organic acids, such as formic, oxalic > (good for taking rust off cars), malic. As usual, the stoichiometry eludes > me, but here is what I see: > -because they manufacture short organic acids thru photosynthesis, the > CO2 balance may be close to a push (one in, couple out). > -their eroding activities, however, crank up alkalinity values, via a > process that appears in the gas-exchange models as PS. In other words, the > O2 production of the corals, which is calcification, is mixed with the O2 > production by alkalinity-pushers. > > That's just the greens. There is evidence that the blue-greens may be > heterotrophic-like graduate students, there's no telling WHAT they do at > night...the fungi are saprobic, dikaryomycotan anamorphs-common terrestrial > fungi. You have some in your fridge now, on the bottom shelf, at the back > there. (Kendrick et al. 1982, Bull Mar Sci 32: 862). They invaded via > beachrock or.....African dust! > > I had hoped that Bellamy and Risk (1982: Science 215: 1618-1619) would have > been more widely absorbed by calcification modellers: we found very large > amounts of oxygen, produced by boring algae, stored in the tips of Millepora > on the GBR. If you "ping off" a tip, not only will you see clouds of > bubbles, you may even hear the hiss of escaping gas. (No, please don't do > it!) Shasher and colleagues, in Israel, in a series of elegant experiments > on "life in extreme environments", estimated that the amount of respiration, > the metabolism, of boring algae lying directly under live coral tissue was > small-so perhaps they may safely be ignored? No. > > On the contrary: the ones in corals are light-limited. In sediments and > hardgrounds, they have a major impact. Tudhope and Risk (1985: J. > Sedimentary Petrology 55: 440-447) estimated that boring algae dissolved > between 18 and 30% of the TOTAL sediment input into GBR lagoons. These were > extremely conservative estimates, and the real value is undoubtedly higher. > In that paper, there is a section on the relevance of the results to > whole-reef calcification estimates using alkalinity reduction techniques. P. > 446: "...loss of carbonate from the reef system due to dissolution of > sediments by microborers is a more important factor in whole-reef budgets > than previously recognised"-and it remains unrecognised. > > I would invite KEA to explain to me, and the list, how the influence of > microborers on gas exchange over reefs has been handled in their models. > > Finally, I am deeply distressed that my anguish at the demise of the > ecosystem in which I have spent most of my life should be dismissed as pique > at "my own reef issue being overshadowed" by the predictions in KEA. > Firstly, I don't think their predictions are worth much-but far more > importantly: I am as far as I know the only reef scientist who has had the > courage to speak out in print against the factionalism that paralyses reef > science (Risk 1999, Mar. FW Res 50: 831-837). It is unacceptable to me that > I be accused of the same turf-war mentality. It is unacceptable, and I am > very angry about it. > > Message ends-thank you all for your indulgence. > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Alan.E.Strong.vcf Type: text/x-vcard Size: 433 bytes Desc: Card for Alan E. Strong Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011005/5711b3c2/attachment.vcf From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca Fri Oct 5 10:24:05 2001 From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Mike Risk) Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2001 10:24:05 -0400 Subject: coral reefs doomed for sure References: <3.0.5.32.20011005190700.008e6210@email.aims.gov.au> Message-ID: <008e01c14da9$9e125d60$3dc17182@MyHost> (This response doesn't count, as it's on a different topic.) I must thank Clive for telling us what we all knew before-there are multiple causes of reef death. My ranking of land-based sources of pollution at the top of the list is not a personal bias, as some seem to conclude, but has been forced upon me by the data on hand. But of course there are many stresses (duh), and the trick will be to prioritise and organise. Clive: here is some material from the primary literature, of which you may be unaware (From Risk, Heikoop, Edinger and Erdmann, 2001: The assessment toolbox. Bull Mar Sci vol. 68): "...the available evidence on the impacts of marine pollution and destructive fishing is quite clear: reefs have already suffered worldwide degradation due to human activities." On the following page is a review of blast fishing in SE Asia, which I commend to your attention. It is important to separate chronic from episodic stress on reefs. When I first proposed "triage" for reefs over 10 years ago, I suggested that episodic stresses could be overcome by concerted effort. If blast fishing can be stopped (ways to do this are outlined in my reports for COREMAP) then the reefs will recover. "Rates of reef destruction by human activities (direct and indirect) are much greater than the rates of destruction from global change. Both are cause for concern, but on different time scales. Reefs in some areas can recover from the damage done by blast and cyanide fishing-coral recruits can usually be seen in bomb craters (in relatively clean waters) that are a few months old." And more on the same vein, the point being that the reefs of Tukang Besi will recover if and when blast fishing shuts down, but the reefs of Jakarta will not, or at least not until tectonics welds that accretionary wedge to the plate. Same story everywhere. It's all there, Clive, in the primary literature. Should you wish to know more about the relative impacts of blast fishing, industrial development, sediments, sewage etc. in Asia, there are several excellent publications I would be glad to send you. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From deevon at bellsouth.net Fri Oct 5 10:36:48 2001 From: deevon at bellsouth.net (Deevon Quirolo) Date: Fri, 05 Oct 2001 10:36:48 -0400 Subject: FW: Coral disease In-Reply-To: <53BEAAB43520D4119CAE00902785C38A016B3F34@MIAMIMBX> Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011005103420.00a41ec0@mail.bellsouth.net> For any Osha Davidson fans on the coralist, please note that Reef Relief will host a book signing with Osha to celebrate the release of "Fire in the Turtle House: The Green Sea Turtle and the Fate of the Ocean" in Key West from 6--8 pm Saturday, October 13th, in addition to hosting an online cybersigning at www.reefrelief.org. Regards, DeeVon Quirolo, Ex. Dir. REEF RELIEF At 01:48 PM 10/3/01 -0500, Precht, Bill wrote: >Dear Coral List: > >Many of you are familar with the wonderful coral reef book entitled "The >Enchanted Braid" by Osha Grey Davidson that was published a few years ago... > >Well he has a new book that was just released yesterday... It is entitled >"Fire in the Turtle House" (see attached hotlinks)... > >I think this will be a must read for both scientists and those who just care >about the oceans... > >cheers to all, > >Bill > >William F. Precht, P.G. >Ecological Sciences Program Manager >PBS&J >2001 NW 107th Avenue >Miami, FL 33172 >305-592-7275 >fax:305-594-9574 >1-800-597-7275 >bprecht at pbsj.com > > >"Fire in the Turtle House" http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/books/fire.html > >Book Tour: http://oshadavidson.com/TurtleTour.htm > >The Turtle House Foundation: www.turtlehousefoundation.org >~~~~~~~ >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the >digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the >menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. DeeVon Quirolo, Executive Director Reef Relief, a non profit grassroots organization dedicated to Preserve and Protect Living Coral Reefs through Local, Regional and International Efforts www.reefrelief.org P.O. Box 430, Key West, Fl. 33041 tel (305) 294-3100 fax (305) 293-9515 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From sience at gektidis.de Fri Oct 5 12:25:20 2001 From: sience at gektidis.de (marcos) Date: Fri, 05 Oct 2001 18:25:20 +0200 Subject: Beyond bioerosion - the last word? Message-ID: <200110051639.QAA19652@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear colleques, I d like to add a short calculation to the discussion: There are about 600 thousand square meter of coral rubble out there (number propably to low since it accounts for tropical regions only). Every single piece of coral rubble, from the supratidal down to 30m (and further) is bored by microendolithic algae (see Gektidis 1999 for an example of a pacific location). The removal of calciumcarbonate equals approx. 600g per squaremeter per year (see Vogel et al. 2000 or Chazottes et al. 1995). That makes it a 360 tons of carbonate per year that microborers dissolve worldwide in coral rubble only. We will have to add microbioerosion of living coral skeletons, consolidated carbon and carbonate sediments like the ooid banks of the bahama platform. And these are the tropics, only. As Mike pointed out there are the heterotrophs (boring fungi) that erode carbonates in deep waters, high latitudes and propably 24h a day as well. So, I would think that microbioerosion has to be included in any carbonate budget model for reef systems worth speaking off. A CO2-calcification model, as Bob mentions, is just one part of the equation. And even there, microbioerosion should be considered as part of the model as well, maybe as a conversion factor as it exists in oceanographic budgets. The reason is simple: microbioerosion starts as soon as a carbonate surface is exposed to the water. Biocalcification is never taking place without an instant erosion of the freshly precipitated material. Our data show measurable activity of microboring algae after 1 week of exposure. Please excuse my english, cheers, Marcos Dr. Marcos Gektidis http://www.gektidis.de Geologisch Pal?ontologisches Institut Senckenberganlage 32-34 60054 Frankfurt am Main Germany CHAZOTTES, V., LE CAMPION-ALSUMARD, T., PEYROT-CLAUSADE, M., (1995): Bioerosion rates on coral reefs: interaction between macroborers, microborers and grazers (Moorea, French Polynesia).- Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol., 113: 189-198; Amsterdam. GEKTIDIS, M. (1999): Cyanobacteria and associated microorganisms characterize coarse shoarline carbonates of One Tree Island, Australia.- Marine Cyanobacteria (Charpy, L. & Larkum, A. W. D., editors), Bulletin de l? Institut Oc?anographique, Monaco, special issue. VOGEL, K.; GEKTIDIS, M.; GOLUBIC, S.; KIENE, W.; & RADTKE, G. (2000): Experimental studies on microbial bioerosion at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas and One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Implications for paleoecological reconstructions.- Lethaia, 33: 190-204, Oslo 2000. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From O.Costa at plymouth.ac.uk Fri Oct 5 14:24:19 2001 From: O.Costa at plymouth.ac.uk (Ozeas da Silva Costa Jr) Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2001 18:24:19 GMT Subject: 5th ICRS editors and publisher In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011005103420.00a41ec0@mail.bellsouth.net> References: <53BEAAB43520D4119CAE00902785C38A016B3F34@MIAMIMBX> Message-ID: Dear colleagues, Does anybody have the names of the editors and the publisher of the Fifty ICRS (in this case ICRC) proceedings? Although I have some papers from that conference, they do not contain this information. I've also tried a search on the net but nothing came up... The symposium was held in Tahiti, French Polynesia in 1985 (I haven't got the dates either...) Any help in this matter will be most appreciated! I also take this opportunity to announce that my two recent papers on Brazilian coral reefs are available to download in PDF format: COSTA O.S. Jr., ATTRILL M.J., PEDRINI A.G., DE-PAULA J.C. (in press). Benthic macroalgal distribution in coastal and offshore reefs at Porto Seguro Bay, Brazilian Discovery Coast. Proceedings, 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia, October 23-27, 2000. http://www.geocities.com/z_ocean/9ICRS.pdf COSTA O.S. Jr., LEAO Z.M.A.N., NIMMO M., ATTRILL M.J. (2000). Nutrification impacts on coral reefs from northern Bahia, Brazil. Hydrobiologia, 440:307-315 http://www.geocities.com/z_ocean/hydro.pdf Sincerely yours, Ozeas ========================================== Ozeas da Silva Costa Junior Benthic Ecology Research Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Plymouth Room 606 - Davy Building PL4 8AA Plymouth UK Tel(home): +44 (0)1752 311760 Tel (lab): +44 (0)1752 232951 Fax: +44 (0)1752 232970 e-mail: O.Costa at plymouth.ac.uk http://www.geocities.com/z_ocean ICQ uin 60998433 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From rein at erim-int.com Fri Oct 5 17:11:21 2001 From: rein at erim-int.com (rein at erim-int.com) Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2001 17:11:21 -0400 Subject: Call for Papers - Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments Message-ID: <200110052347.XAA20596@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Call for Papers You are invited to attend the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, 20-22 May 2002 at the Hyatt Regency Miami in Miami, Florida, USA. Often called the "Capital of the Americas," Miami's multi-cultural flair, ocean beaches, and proximity to unique aquatic resources make this cosmopolitan city an ideal setting for this conference. This international conference focuses on the application of remote sensing and advanced geospatial information technologies in marine, inland water, and coastal environments to address real-world problems and improve decision-making. The conference also includes field trips, workshops, and an exhibition of products and services. The conference is organized by Veridian. Paper Submission You are invited to submit an abstract (250 words maximum) by 26 October 2001 to be considered for plenary or poster presentation. Abstracts received after this date will be considered for poster presentation only. Include the conference topic addressed and preferred type of presentation. Notification of your paper's acceptance will be mailed in December 2001. Complete papers for the proceedings will be due 22 February 2002. Accepted summaries received electronically will be posted on the Web before and after the conference. Electronic submission: E-mail: marine at veridian.com www.erim-int.com/CONF/marine/MARINE.html Written and faxed abstracts: Veridian Marine Conference P.O. Box 134008 Ann Arbor, MI 48113-4008 USA Fax: 1 734 994 5123 Inquiries only: Tel: 1 734 994 1200, ext. 3234 nancy.wallman at veridian.com Please provide complete mailing/delivery address and fax number on all correspondence. Conference Topics Sensors, Processing, and Data Sources ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From UcHammerheads at aol.com Sat Oct 6 10:18:26 2001 From: UcHammerheads at aol.com (UcHammerheads at aol.com) Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2001 10:18:26 EDT Subject: Can I learn SCUBA to enhance my career from a good Instructor??? Message-ID: <109.6ad9f23.28f06cb2@aol.com> Does anyone know any diving instructors that teach SCUBA with a direction towards Marine Science participants. Someone that teaches the essence of diving??? ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca Sat Oct 6 11:16:15 2001 From: riskmj at mcmail.cis.mcmaster.ca (Mike Risk) Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2001 11:16:15 -0400 Subject: on flaming References: Message-ID: <002001c14e7b$71bde9a0$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Jim: Effective immediately, I am removing my name from Coral-list. First, it's not doing my psyche any good. I find that I am beginning to descend into the same sort of behaviour for which I have castigated others. Second, I'm not sure it's doing the reefs any good. It seems that my messages, whatever they may be, are not getting across. I can only hope that they are like those coated aspirins I take for hangovers: they don't dissolve right away in your stomach, because they might cause upset, but are absorbed later on. (This analogy better end here!) As always, I remain eager to interact with colleagues. Should anyone out there wish to communicate with me, please feel free to do so: riskmj at mcmaster.ca Thanks for doing a great job. See you. From hendee at aoml.noaa.gov Mon Oct 8 08:05:42 2001 From: hendee at aoml.noaa.gov (Jim Hendee) Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2001 08:05:42 -0400 (EDT) Subject: heated debate In-Reply-To: <002001c14e7b$71bde9a0$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Message-ID: Mike, Contrary to your opinion that your messages are falling on deaf ears, I think you have awakened a lot of us to issues we were unaware of, or did not consider enough, or even at all. My message on flaming was meant to be a gentle reminder to everyone so that the dialogue could continue. I just wanted to tone things down a little because I was beginning to see from the messages in this thread (and from "behind the scenes" from a variety of subscribers) that this was a very emotional issue for some. It is GOOD that we see passion in this issue, because this is what it takes to get past the formidable hurdles of beaurocracy and other obstructions. We feel this way because of the urgency of the situation, and we care. I definitely do not mean to stifle discourse on this subject! I have hope that the thread will continue, with decorum, which I believe it has for the most part. You obviously have a great command of the literature and issues pertaining to coral reef research. I would encourage you NOT to unsubscribe (maybe just take a "breather?"). Sincerely yours, Jim On Sat, 6 Oct 2001, Mike Risk wrote: > Jim: > > Effective immediately, I am removing my name from Coral-list. > > First, it's not doing my psyche any good. I find that I am beginning to > descend into the same sort of behaviour for which I have castigated others. > > Second, I'm not sure it's doing the reefs any good. It seems that my > messages, whatever they may be, are not getting across. I can only hope that > they are like those coated aspirins I take for hangovers: they don't > dissolve right away in your stomach, because they might cause upset, but are > absorbed later on. (This analogy better end here!) > > As always, I remain eager to interact with colleagues. Should anyone out > there wish to communicate with me, please feel free to do so: > riskmj at mcmaster.ca > > Thanks for doing a great job. See you. > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From thompaula_2000 at yahoo.com Mon Oct 8 17:07:18 2001 From: thompaula_2000 at yahoo.com (Paula Morgan) Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2001 14:07:18 -0700 (PDT) Subject: Essence of diving? In-Reply-To: <109.6ad9f23.28f06cb2@aol.com> Message-ID: <20011008210718.63761.qmail@web20601.mail.yahoo.com> Dear Hammerheads, re your question below:Does anyone know any diving instructors that teach SCUBA with a direction towards Marine Science participants. Someone that teaches the essence of diving??? ~~~~~~~ My students and I are wondering what you mean by teaching "the essence of diving?" To us, the dive is the essence of itself. The Reef Rangers (mid school, high school, early college students) gleaned marine science from a regular dive shop! We even learned how to conduct a linear transect there! Paula Morgan, Director, The Reef Ranger Project in the Virgin Islands The River Ranger Project <>< ><> The Reef Ranger Project Helping to Protect the Living Planet -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011008/5651e9cd/attachment.html From PFLETCHER at broward.org Fri Oct 5 15:27:21 2001 From: PFLETCHER at broward.org (PAM FLETCHER) Date: Fri, 05 Oct 2001 15:27:21 -0400 Subject: Florida Artificial Reef Summit Announcement Message-ID: <200110091135.LAA08166@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> 2001 Florida Artificial Reef Summit Artificial Reefs: "INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM"=20 October 17, 2001 Through October 20, 2001 Fort Lauderdale, Florida For the past thirteen years the State of Florida has sponsored artificial = reef summits for the purpose of bringing together people involved in = artificial reef projects throughout the state to discuss a variety of = issues relating to legislation, construction, and management. Emergent = themes from these sessions included trends in materials used, funding = sources, and recognition of the importance artificial reef research.=20 The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Broward County = Department of Planning and Environmental Protection, Nova Southeastern = University, and Florida Sea Grant will host the 2001 Florida Artificial = Reef Summit, to be held in greater Fort Lauderdale from October 17 -20, = 2001. This will be the fifth state-wide conference on artificial reefs and = will encompass legislation, technology and research. Previous conferences = were held in Miami (1987), Tallahassee (1990 & 1993) and in Palm Beach = County (1998). Federal, state, and local government representatives as = well as scientist, researchers, regulators, program managers and others = interested persons from around the state will attend.=20 AGENDA WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 17, 2001, 7-10 p.m. Welcome Reception - Sponsored by NSU National Coral Reef Institute will be = held at the NSU Oceanographic Center, 8000 North Ocean Drive in Dania = Beach. THURSDAY OCTOBER 18, 2001, 8 a.m. The morning session will include introductions and updates from artificial = reef program coordinators and governmental units involved with artificial = reef issues. Afternoon sessions will feature local reef program updates = as well as news of international reef activities and state program = monitoring activities. An evening session will focus on ships as reefs = with discussions on derelict vessels, MARAD and military vessel issues. FRIDAY OCTOBER 19, 2001, 8 a.m. This session will focus on the technology of artificial reefs with several = case studies of actual reef projects. Sessions include research projects, = mitigation reefs and reef construction presentations. The afternoon will = have presentations on marine protected areas and artificial reefs.=20 An evening poster session will begin at 7 p.m. at the Holiday Inn Fort = Lauderdale Beach. SATURDAY OCTOBER 20, 2001, 8 a.m. This session will focus on monitoring issues with a workshop by Bill = Seaman, with Florida Sea Grant. This two-hour session will guide and = educate local reef managers and monitoring teams in the methods and = protocols for artificial reef monitoring. Updates from representative = local volunteer teams will close out the morning session.=20 A recap of the Summit will be presented with workshop summaries and = significant issues, followed by closing remarks. Adjournment will be at 1 = p.m. An afternoon field trip is scheduled to take place at 2 p.m. Those = wishing to participate should contact Southeast Oceanic Services at = 954.922.8134, space will be limited and will be offered on a first come = first serve basis. REGISTRATION Registration forms are available on the internet at the pages listed = below. Walk-ins are welcome. Registration will be $45.00 or $15.00 per = day attended (includes lunches and breaks). Please make checks payable to = Nova Southeastern University. =20 Send registrations to: NSU National Coral Reef Institute 8000 North Ocean Drive Dania Beach, Florida 33004 For more information about the Artificial Reef Summit you may access = either: http://marinefisheries.org/conferences/index.htm or www.broward.o= rg/bri01900.htm ACCOMMODATIONS Room rates of $65 are reserved for Summit '01 participants. Please reserve = your rooms directly with the hotel as early as you can, and let them know = you are with the Florida Artificial Reef Summit '01. For tax exemption = please provide a valid State of Florida tax-exempt certificate. Holiday Inn Fort Lauderdale Beach 999 North Atlantic Boulevard (A1A) Corner of A1A and Sunrise Boulevard Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33304-3398 Telephone: 954-563-5961 Guest Fax: 954-564-5261 Sales Fax: 954-568-3003 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu Tue Oct 9 12:07:19 2001 From: jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu (John McManus) Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2001 12:07:19 -0400 Subject: Beyond bioerosion - the last word? Message-ID: <200110091643.QAA09470@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> On the positive side, there are points at which this discussion has been at the highest levels of scientific discourse, and many of us are grateful for the opportunity to see the important points defended through citation and example. Please keep smiling and keep going! John _________________________________________________________ John W. McManus, PhD Director, National Center for Caribbean Coral Reef Research (NCORE) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS) University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149. jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu Tel. (305) 361-4814 Fax (305) 361-4600 www.ncoremiami.org -----Original Message----- From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Alan E Strong Sent: Friday, October 05, 2001 9:45 AM To: Mike Risk; Clive Wilkinson Cc: Joanie Kleypas; coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov Subject: Re: Beyond bioerosion - the last word? Mike, Why isn't anyone talking about how much coral we have ADDED since the 1998 bleaching event! At least I assume that what I hear from places like Fiji, USVI, Bahamas, Palau, GBR...is correct...? Clive, would you concur? You stated: "The difference between a discussion and an argument is: in an argument, no one has any intention of changing their mind. This is an argument, one that has gone on for over a month." (your words)...by your own definition it would appear that there can be no "substantive response."! If you intended this as an "argument" all along why was it posted and debated???? Good-bye, Al Mike Risk wrote: > I feel there is more that needs to be said on this, and other, issues. This > will, however, be my last submission on this particular topic. > > Given the involvement of CO2, I am moved to consider the analogy of > scientific papers as automobiles. I view most of my papers as I view my > 12-year-old Subaru, that sits mutely rusting outside: inconspicuous, easily > ignored, battered and beaten-but dependable transportation nonetheless. > Should someone volunteer to put some Bondo on it to fill in some of the > holes-well, be my guest. (You have Bondo? We need it up here.) > > The responses of Kleypas and co-authors to my comments on Kleypas et al > (hereafter KEA, not to be confused with KIE) put me in mind of someone > waxing a brand-new BMW: putting further polish on that which is already near > perfection. Woe betide those who would point out dents in a fender, or nicks > in a windshield...I had hoped for a response something along the lines of: > "OK, we know there were some holes in the first version. We invite you all > to help us do better next time."-but that isn't going to happen here. The > difference between a discussion and an argument is: in an argument, no one > has any intention of changing their mind. This is an argument, one that has > gone on for over a month. > > In that month, I estimate (using totally questionable assumptions!) that SE > Asia will have lost 2-3 coral species, and that coral cover on some of the > Florida Keys will have dropped another 2%. Reefs are in the midst of a mass > extinction event right now, and pH hasn't budged. (Yes, I know about the > open-ocean estimates-irrelevant, as you point out.) In the time I have spent > crafting these responses, I could have written a formal rebuttal of KEA, and > that is what I will now set out to do. > > I also sense that the tone of the exchanges is becoming harsher, which is > upsetting. I realise I am to a large extent at fault, here, being a direct > and rude type. Those who know me may feel I have been well- behaved, whereas > those who don't may wonder why Jim Hendee let this raving maniac on in the > first place. So. After this one, I will give up. I have concluded that there > will be no substantive response to any of my comments. > > I remain, as always, available for comments and exchanges, and would be > delighted to give of advice or information in any of the areas in which I > have some competence, as soon as I figure out what those areas may be. > > PREDICTIONS > To begin with: KEA have made their predictions, based on models they have > described in print and on the list. I am a field man (Omega, to me, always > meant expensive wristwatches), so I tend to look at field evidence. Just > about every reef worker (including Gattuso and Buddemeier) reports solution > of carbonate at night, when CO2 is elevated-and Halley's work shows that > this is solution of HMC. Additionally, KEA predict that corals should show a > 6-11% decline in calcification since about 1880. Lough and Barnes (2000) > show an INCREASE in calcification of 4%, an increase that closely matched > the prediction of increased calcification from elevated SST's. So at least > one of their predictions is wrong already. > > When I first saw KEA, I predicted that it would be used by managers to > divert resources away from local problems. This has already happened. In > addition, my doomsday scenario (Twenty and Out) is still running well, and I > will finish no worse than .500. > > OCEAN MODELS > My rude comments about modellers (which really weren't mine, as I point > out-although I ascribe to them) were met by Dr. Kleypas with the following > series of responses (paraphrasing): > -KEA really only used the HAMMOC model to illustrate the long time-scale > to buffering (although the model doesn't react quickly) > -there are models out there now that CAN react quickly (but we haven't > used them) > -and besides, there are all these famous oceanographers out there who > agree with us. > What can I possibly do, faced with this response, but retreat licking my > wounds? Seriously now, this is not convincing. > > Dr. Kleypas attempts to bolster her defense of the ocean models by > denigrating/downplaying the importance of Smith et al, Nature 1997 (that's > OK, so do the modellers). While she claims "corals from a single > location...do not provide adequate evidence" , that same finding was > trumpeted, by one of her own quoted oceanographers, as "The New Archive that > we've all been waiting for." Would you have asked Newton to wait for MORE > apples??? Sure, it's only one location-but it's the most precisely > constrained major climatic event ever to be described from the ocean record. > The results won't go away. The implications are that the Gulf Stream Return > Flow disappeared/deviated/whatever in 5 years. This implies a fundamental > mixing of the oceans during major climate changes, mixing which will screw > up the rest of the predictions in KEA. (I treat these postings as my > lectures-I only repeat myself if I feel the audience wasn't listening.) > > Note: for those of you interested in paleoclimatology: Smith et al 1997, and > the companion piece, Smith et al, 2000 (PALAIOS), provide an isotopic > Rosetta Stone, a solution to the annoying effects of KIE (this is a process > which makes many coral isotopic climate records simply undependable). > Precise water temperatures, any ocean, any coral, any depth. The "lines" > paper, in PALAIOS, took corals from all over the world, used thousands of > isotopic measurements to show that the slopes of lines in O-C space, > independent of KIE, were a thermometer. > > BIOEROSION > After Dr. Kleypas' response, I went back, and I searched through that Am. > Zool. volume, and By God I found it! In Kleypas et al, on p. 153, we see > (refs removed to save typing) "...nutrient excess probably limits reefs > indirectly by enhancing macroalgal competition for space, phtoplankton > competition for light, and bioerosion." And that's all. Instead of claiming > to have "mentioned bioerosion several times as an important control on reef > development," I think she should have 'fessed up, said "OK, we left it out, > we'll do better next time. Can you help us?" Ain't going to happen. (By the > way, the Gattuso et al paper in that same volume is one of the nicest > summaries of coral gas and nutrient metabolism I have read.) > > I'd like to go over some of this again. I do apologise in advance for some > of the self-citations: there has already been too much of this in these > exchanges. I do so only when one of my rusty old beaters was the only one > on the lot at the time... > > The classic studies on reef budgets were done in the early 70's, based on > field work done (in some cases) commenced in the 60's. The results have > never been challenged: bioerosion equals calcification, with large errors. > (Where calcification spikes up, we get reefs-where it does not...sediment.) > There have been a few studies directly relating bioerosion rates to nutrient > concentrations. Rose and Risk (1985-Mar Ecol 6: 345-363) found that density > of Cliona delitrix increased in lockstep with the abundance in the water > column of fecal bacteria. (No phosphates, no nitrates-plain old poop. Turtle > poop.) > > Since the early 70's, when those papers were done, coastal nutrient > concentrations/eutrophication levels have AT LEAST doubled. In other words, > bioerosion is now FAR MORE IMPORTANT than the corals! The treatment of this > subject in the Amer Zool volume simply exposes the huge lacuna in the > skill-set of today's reef biologists. > > So reef monitoring programs that omit bioerosion are a joke, as are reef > growth models. It is to be hoped that rapid readjustments are under way as > we speak. > > But let us examine the role of bioerosion in calcification > budgets/alkalinity reduction studies. > > Microborers have been around since the PreCambrian, and comprise several > phyla: blue-green algae (yeah, I know, Cyanobacteria-but geologists still > call them blue-greens), greens, reds, fungi...They are in every grain of > sediment, every coral, every shell, every coral that has ever been stuck > into a metabolic chamber...most of the destruction is done by the green > algae, via secretion of short-chain organic acids, such as formic, oxalic > (good for taking rust off cars), malic. As usual, the stoichiometry eludes > me, but here is what I see: > -because they manufacture short organic acids thru photosynthesis, the > CO2 balance may be close to a push (one in, couple out). > -their eroding activities, however, crank up alkalinity values, via a > process that appears in the gas-exchange models as PS. In other words, the > O2 production of the corals, which is calcification, is mixed with the O2 > production by alkalinity-pushers. > > That's just the greens. There is evidence that the blue-greens may be > heterotrophic-like graduate students, there's no telling WHAT they do at > night...the fungi are saprobic, dikaryomycotan anamorphs-common terrestrial > fungi. You have some in your fridge now, on the bottom shelf, at the back > there. (Kendrick et al. 1982, Bull Mar Sci 32: 862). They invaded via > beachrock or.....African dust! > > I had hoped that Bellamy and Risk (1982: Science 215: 1618-1619) would have > been more widely absorbed by calcification modellers: we found very large > amounts of oxygen, produced by boring algae, stored in the tips of Millepora > on the GBR. If you "ping off" a tip, not only will you see clouds of > bubbles, you may even hear the hiss of escaping gas. (No, please don't do > it!) Shasher and colleagues, in Israel, in a series of elegant experiments > on "life in extreme environments", estimated that the amount of respiration, > the metabolism, of boring algae lying directly under live coral tissue was > small-so perhaps they may safely be ignored? No. > > On the contrary: the ones in corals are light-limited. In sediments and > hardgrounds, they have a major impact. Tudhope and Risk (1985: J. > Sedimentary Petrology 55: 440-447) estimated that boring algae dissolved > between 18 and 30% of the TOTAL sediment input into GBR lagoons. These were > extremely conservative estimates, and the real value is undoubtedly higher. > In that paper, there is a section on the relevance of the results to > whole-reef calcification estimates using alkalinity reduction techniques. P. > 446: "...loss of carbonate from the reef system due to dissolution of > sediments by microborers is a more important factor in whole-reef budgets > than previously recognised"-and it remains unrecognised. > > I would invite KEA to explain to me, and the list, how the influence of > microborers on gas exchange over reefs has been handled in their models. > > Finally, I am deeply distressed that my anguish at the demise of the > ecosystem in which I have spent most of my life should be dismissed as pique > at "my own reef issue being overshadowed" by the predictions in KEA. > Firstly, I don't think their predictions are worth much-but far more > importantly: I am as far as I know the only reef scientist who has had the > courage to speak out in print against the factionalism that paralyses reef > science (Risk 1999, Mar. FW Res 50: 831-837). It is unacceptable to me that > I be accused of the same turf-war mentality. It is unacceptable, and I am > very angry about it. > > Message ends-thank you all for your indulgence. > > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. -- **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov Tue Oct 9 15:53:24 2001 From: Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov (Alan E Strong) Date: Tue, 09 Oct 2001 15:53:24 -0400 Subject: Test SST Anomaly and Coral Bleaching HotSpots Message-ID: <200110092113.VAA09996@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Potential Bleaching for Palau: http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/PSB/EPS/icg/cl2.html The WebSite shown above is our revised Hotspot chart based on new Pathfinder SSTs (we believe are improved from our original charts). The SST time series shows: http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/sub/sst_series_palau_cur.html SSTs now are higher than the previous event back in June and early July, when some slight paling was reported at Palau, and have risen rapidly this month. Hopefully this high temperature episodes is short lived... Verification (positive or negative) appreciated. Regards, Al Strong NOAA's Coral Reef Watch Project -- **** <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* <>< ******* Alan E. Strong Acting Chief, Oceanic Research & Applications Division Team Leader, Marine Applications Science Team (MAST) Phys Scientist/Oceanographer NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ORAD -- E/RA3 NOAA Science Center -- RM 711W 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304 Alan.E.Strong at noaa.gov 301-763-8102 x170 FAX: 301-763-8572 http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Gang.Liu at noaa.gov Wed Oct 10 10:55:09 2001 From: Gang.Liu at noaa.gov (Gang Liu) Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2001 09:55:09 -0500 Subject: Information on Okinawa bleaching event Message-ID: <200110101402.OAA11842@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Some available information on Okinawa bleaching event in the past few months is posted on NOAA/NESDIS Web page: http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/sig_event_txt.html by NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program (http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/coral_bleaching_index.html). Additional information will be appreciated. Gang ============================ Gang Liu, Ph.D. NOAA/NESDIS/ORA E/RA3 NOAA Science Center, Rm 711 5200 Auth Road Camp Springs, MD 20746 Tel: 301-763-8176 ext 30 Fax: 301-763-8108 Email: Gang.Liu at noaa.gov ============================ ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From paul.holthus at aquariumcouncil.org Wed Oct 10 14:45:06 2001 From: paul.holthus at aquariumcouncil.org (Paul Holthus) Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2001 08:45:06 -1000 Subject: Marine Aquarium Council News: 3rd Quarter 2001 Message-ID: <200110111036.KAA05483@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL Certification for Quality and Sustainability in the Collection, Culture and Commerce of Marine Ornamentals MAC News??????????? =?????? 3rd Quarter 2001 Welcome In this issue of MAC News, we are pleased to announce the upcoming launch of the MAC Certification system and to recognize industry operators, public aquarium personnel and private hobbyists who are already committed to its success. You will also be updated on the MAC feasibility studies and test cases and learn about our upcoming marketing campaign. Answers to your Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on certification are now posted on the MAC Website. MAC Certification Launch and Logo Unveiling Set for November The MAC Certification system will be launched Nov. 27, 2001, during the 2nd International Conference on Marine Ornamentals, Orlando, Fla. The MAC Certification label will also be unveiled at this time. The certification launch means collection areas and industry operators can become MAC Certified, using the MAC Standards and accreditation and certification system that will have been finalized following completion of field tests. Numerous marine aquarium industry operators, especially exporters and importers, have signaled their plans to become certified as soon as possible. For more information, contact David.Vosseler at aquariumcouncil.org. Industry Statement of Commitment to MAC Certification Now Available Companies interested in becoming MAC Certified are being asked to send MAC a signed "Statement of Commitment."? Companies that sign the statement will be listed on the MAC Web site as having made this commitment. By signing the "Statement of Commitment," companies agree to =B7?????Seek to become certified as soon as possible and inform their suppliers and buyers of this. =B7?????Actively educate their suppliers and buyers about the benefits of following standards for an environmentally sound and sustainable industry and being MAC Certified. =B7?????Promote MAC Certification as evidence of their company=92s commitment. =B7?????Use their best efforts to seek suppliers and buyers who also follow the MAC Standards. =B7?????Distribute MAC brochures and other materials with shipments to suppliers and buyers. =B7?????Send to MAC, in confidence, a list of their suppliers and buyers to assist industry outreach. =B7?????Provide import/export data, in confidence, to the Global Marine Aquarium Database. Interested industry operators can download the statement (www.aquariumcouncil.org Industry Responds Favorably to MAC Outreach U.S. importers, wholesalers and retailers showed overwhelming support for MAC Certification during recent industry outreach efforts. In August, presentations by MAC Executive Director Paul Holthus and others at the Marine Aquarium Conference of North America (MACNA) Conference in Baltimore, Md., were enthusiastically received. In his keynote speech, JEN (Charlie) Veron, author of Corals of the World, praised MAC efforts to ensure the marine ornamental trade is sustainable. The MAC booth distributed hundreds of brochures, and the MAC Network grew to nearly 2,700 members. Industry support for MAC continued strong in September during meetings with major marine aquarium importers and wholesalers in the Los Angeles area. Eight agreed to participate in the MAC Certification test cases in October and others committed to becoming MAC Certified as soon as possible. MAC Industry Coordinator David Vosseler spearheaded the East and West Coasts efforts and will target the Chicago area in October in conjunction with the Backer Trade Show and the Florida area in November in conjunction with the Marine Ornamentals Conference. In Indonesia, the Association of Coral and Fish Exporters (AKKII) has agreed to =B7?????Activ= ely promote MAC Certification among AKKII members; =B7?????Enco= urage AKKII members to seek MAC Certified organisms from all of its suppliers and work to ensure that its buyers become MAC Certified; and =B7?????Provide support to all capacity building activities conducted by MAC partner organizations. Public Aquarium Partnerships Continue to Strengthen Public aquarium support for MAC Certification is making headway on several fronts. =B7?????The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA), which met this September in Saint Louis, is finalizing its draft acquisition policy, which strongly supports MAC Certification. =B7?????The Ocean Project (TOP)?a collaboration of aquariums, zoos, museums and other educational instituitons?continues to feature MAC in its quarterly newsletters. =B7?????SeaW= eb is working with MAC to broker relationships with public aquariums interested in hosting national and regional media events promoting MAC Certification. Pubic aquariums are being asked to support MAC Certification through these activities: =B7?????Commi= t to buying only MAC Certified organisms when available and advertise that commitment to suppliers and the public. =B7?????Adve= rtise support for MAC in aquarium display areas, Web sites, newsletters, public forums, etc., and distribute MAC information on sustainable fisheries. Hobbyist Outreach Efforts Ramp Up A presentation for hobbyist clubs and aquarium societies on sustainable aquarium fisheries is being developed to increase consumer awareness of and confidence in MAC Certification. It will initially be delivered by MAC spokespersons and eventually be available on video. MAC is also beefing up its presence on the Internet. Mary Middlebrook, an importer/wholesaler in the Los Angeles area, hosted a chat session that promoted MAC on reefs.org on Sept. 23. The transcript is available at www.reefs.org/library/info at aquariumcouncil.org. Update: Certification Feasibility Studies and Test Cases The Philippines Feasibility Studies indicate that several reef-to-export chains can participate in the certification test cases at the end of October 2001. Most encouraging is the very high level of achievement of less than 1 percent dead on arrival (DOA) from reef to collector and in many cases 0 percent DOA. MAC=92s partner in the Philippines feasibility work, International Marinelife Alliance, has trained several collector cooperatives in the independent certification process. Interaction and feedback from the sessions are enabling the training manuals for collectors to be finalized and published prior to the certification test cases. Test case participants will include Philippines reef-to-export chains and U.S. and European import-to-retail chains. New MAC Staff Sylvia Spalding and Michelle Lam joined the MAC staff recently. Sylvia heads the MAC communications efforts and is based in Honolulu. Michelle coordinates MAC efforts in the South Pacific and is based in Honiara, Solomon Islands. She replaced Esaroma Ledua, who was based in Fiji and resigned in July. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From carib at seas.marine.usf.edu Thu Oct 11 09:14:08 2001 From: carib at seas.marine.usf.edu (Frank Muller-Karger) Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2001 09:14:08 -0400 Subject: Landsat RSE Special Issue - congrats! Message-ID: <200110111321.NAA01178@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Colleagues: The special issue of Remote Sensing of Environment dedicated to Landsat is out. Congratulations to the Landsat ST for a job well done! This volume includes several papers that are relevant to aquatic/marine applications of Landsat data. These papers represent a very substantial step in making Landsat more useful to a larger community. The following titles are of interest to the marine science community, including in particular coral reef researchers: Remote Sensing of Environment (Elsevier) Volume 78, Issues 1-2, Pages 1-220 (October 2001) -------------------------------------------------- Landsat 7's long-term acquisition plan an innovative approach to building a global imagery archive, Pages 13-26 Terry Arvidson, John Gasch and Samuel N. Goward Atmospheric correction and cross-calibration of LANDSAT-7/ETM+ imagery over aquatic environments: A multiplatform approach using SeaWiFS/MODIS, Pages 99-107 Chuanmin Hu, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Serge Andrefouet and Kendall L. Carder Calibration of Landsat thermal data and application to water resource studies, Pages 108-117 John R. Schott, Julia A. Barsi, Bryce L. Nordgren, Nina Gibson Raque?o and Dilkushi de Alwis Change detection in shallow coral reef environments using Landsat 7 ETM+ data, Pages 150-162 Serge Andr?fou?t, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Eric J. Hochberg, Chuanmin Hu and Kendall L. Carder ------------------------------------------- The paper by Terry Arvidson, John Gasch and Samuel N. Goward (Landsat 7's long-term acquisition plan an innovative approach to building a global imagery archive, Pages 13-26) documents the very significant effort that NASA and the USGS have placed in covering global coral reefs. As a result of the Landsat data acquisition plan, there is a very complete inventory of images covering coral reef areas around the globe. Most areas have been acquired more than once. Thanks to NASA and the USGS for this support. Frank -- ______________ FMK ______________ Frank Muller-Karger Remote Sensing/Biological Oceanography College of Marine Science University of South Florida 140 7th Ave. South St Petersburg, FL 33701 Phones: (727) 553-3335 Office (727) 553-1186 Lab. (727) 553-1103 FAX e-mail/www: << carib at carbon.marine.usf.edu >> << http://paria.marine.usf.edu>> _________________________________ ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From howzit at turtles.org Thu Oct 11 19:04:26 2001 From: howzit at turtles.org (Ursula Keuper-Bennett) Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2001 19:04:26 -0400 Subject: purple brown "holes" in P. meandrina Message-ID: <200110121030.KAA03413@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Hi all, Our corals didn't do very well this summer. Many (P. meandrina) got killed by a Cladophora algae bloom. Of those that did survive several looked "pocked" with purply-brown blemishes like this example. In Summer 2000 one of our favourite corals had also showed this condition. Upon our return in July 2001, it was dead and smothered with algae. Anyone know what those purply-brown "holes" are? Thanks, Ursula Keuper-Bennett TURTLE TRAX http://www.turtles.org ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From milviapin at yahoo.com Thu Oct 11 19:07:45 2001 From: milviapin at yahoo.com (Silvia Pinca) Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2001 16:07:45 -0700 (PDT) Subject: nutrient analysis in RMI? Message-ID: <200110121031.KAA03420@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear listers, living in the Marshall Islands and working in a small community college doesn't make research easy. Lack of reference resources is the major obstruction to it. Can you please help? We are trying to set up a water quality assessment plan, while training local students to it. WE desperatly need protocols for nutrients analysis (Tot N and tot P, essentially). Does anybody have a PDF or TXT format protocol to donate to the College of the MArshall islands? Thank you very much in advance, Sincerely, ===== Silvia Pinca, Marine Science Program College of the Marshall Islands P.O. Box 1258 Majuro, MH 96960 ph. 692-625-5903 __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Make a great connection at Yahoo! Personals. http://personals.yahoo.com ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From smiller at gate.net Fri Oct 12 09:25:38 2001 From: smiller at gate.net (Steven Miller) Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2001 09:25:38 -0400 Subject: job opportunity in Florida Message-ID: <200110121330.NAA03852@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT Research Associate for Coral Reef Rapid Assessment and Monitoring Program in the Florida Keys University of North Carolina at Wilmington 515 Caribbean Drive Key Largo, Florida 33037 (position is located in Key Largo, Florida) DESCRIPTION One person will be hired to work full time as part of UNCW's rapid assessment and monitoring program in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The program focus includes marine protected areas and also addresses community structure and condition at multiple spatial scales in nearshore to offshore habitats. The position involves extensive fieldwork using scuba diving and rapid turn-around of data for analysis and publications. Field work includes 3-5 trips each year that average 7-14 days throughout the Keys, as well as daily excursions from Key Largo and other locations. Fieldwork includes scuba diving from depths of 5-30 m. Underwater tasks include rapid assessments of community structure and condition. Taxonomic expertise, especially species level identification skills for Caribbean/Florida fauna and flora, in two or more of the following groups is required: gorgonians, sponges, corals. Taxonomic expertise with one or more the following groups is desired: decapods, gastropods, anemones, algae, or fish. Data are collected using pencils and slates so the ability to work efficiently and accurately underwater is required. Experience organizing and conducting extended field operations is desirable. The position requires at B.S. (M.S. or Ph.D. preferred) in biology or marine science, knowledge of ecological sampling techniques, dive and small boat experience, and familiarity with computers (experience with large data sets preferred) and statistical programs (SAS preferred). The position will be hired at the Research Associate level through UNCW's Center for Marine Science, with responsibilities including the field work described above, and laboratory work related to data management, statistical analysis, and writing. The position is for one year with the possibility of additional support for several years. HIRING RANGE: $28,000 - $34,000: commensurate with experience. DEADLINE TO APPLY: Priority consideration will be given to applications received before November 2, 2001, however applications will be accepted until the position is filled. START DATE: Negotiable. Applicants should send a letter that outlines experience related to the above description, a resume, three letters of reference, and an official college transcript to: Dr. Steven L. Miller, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, National Undersea Research Center, 515 Caribbean Drive, Key Largo, Florida 33037. For questions or further information please contact Steven Miller (Tel: 305-451-0233, email: millers at uncwil.edu). "UNCW is Equal opportunity, affirmative action employer." --------------5633EB8DB3F06425028D6D5F Content-Type: text/x-vcard; charset=us-ascii; name="smiller.vcf" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Description: Card for Steven Miller Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="smiller.vcf" begin:vcard n:; x-mozilla-html:FALSE adr:;;;;;; version:2.1 end:vcard --------------5633EB8DB3F06425028D6D5F-- ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jonathan.kelsey at noaa.gov Fri Oct 12 10:48:25 2001 From: jonathan.kelsey at noaa.gov (Jonathan Kelsey) Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2001 10:48:25 -0400 Subject: Coral Reef Coordinator Vacancy - Saipan, CNMI Message-ID: <200110121503.PAA04054@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> The following is a vacancy announcement for a Coral Reef Coordinator position located within the Coastal Resources Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Please direct inquiries to the appropriate individuals, as identified in the announcement below. Apologies for cross-postings. POSITION VACANCY Title: Coral Reef Coordinator Agency: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) Coastal Resources Management Office Location: Saipan, CNMI Background Coral reef ecosystems are vitally important to the cultural and economic sustainability of residents in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). In addition to providing income and traditional and cultural uses, the structures produced by healthy coral reefs are the Island?s principle source of against storm events. As development and tourism prosper, it is important to evaluate, monitor, and manage surrounding reefs. As a founding member of the United States Coral Reef Task Force (US CRTF), the CNMI has developed, received funding, and initiated a comprehensive program aimed at conserving their coral reef resources. The program, the CNMI Coral Reef Initiative is made up of a number of individual projects focused on specific coral reef issues and is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of Interior (DOI). Projects range from the development of marine protected areas to establishing Island-wide coral reef monitoring programs. Other U.S. Island members of the Task Force have similarly developed and received funding for their own initiatives. The Coral Reef Initiative in CNMI, due in part to the trans-boundary nature of coral reef management issues, is a cooperative effort driven by a number of territorial and federal agencies. The Coordinator works in the CNMI?s federally approved Coastal Resources Management Office (CRMO). In addition to serving as the land use planning and permitting agency for the Commonwealth, the CRMO has also been designated the point of contact for federally funded coral reef activities stemming from the Coral Reef Task Force. Other Commonwealth agencies involved in coral reef issues include the Department of Environmental Quality and Division of Fish and Wildlife. Recently the CRMO, in cooperation with these agencies, has guided CNMI to the legislation of its first marine protected area. Responsibilities The Coordinator will be the primary point of contact for coral reef management issues and activities in the CNMI. The responsibilities of the Coordinator are multi-dimensional and include: ? Coordinate and provide leadership among the various territorial, regional, and federal agencies active in local, regional, and national coral reef management. ? Coordinate and cooperate with the various territorial, regional, and federal agencies to develop a comprehensive coral reef monitoring program that includes benthic cover, coral communities, fish abundance, macro-invertebrate abundance, water quality, and biodiversity. ? Analyze data and help prepare annual state of the reef report. ? Assists developers in creating marine monitoring plans for permitted projects. ? Develop relationships with local communities to build support for marine protected areas and coral reef conservation. ? Develop management plans for coastal and marine areas, including marine protected areas. ? The development of coral reef education and outreach material and activities for a wide range of audiences including school children, resource users such as fishermen and recreational operators, legislators, and the general public. ? Federal grant management and reporting. Qualifications Applicants must be United States (US) Citizens or qualified CNMI Resident Workers per 3CMC Section 4412 (n). Applicants should have an academic and professional background in natural resource management, with specific experience in tropical marine ecosystems. Successful applicants will have an advanced degree in marine resource management, coastal zone management, or marine science with an emphasis on tropical ecosystems. In addition, successful applicants will have at least five (5) years experience in the following areas: ? Comprehensive understanding of current practices and issues related to the long-term management of coastal and marine natural resources, particularly coral reefs. ? Developing management plans for multi-use marine resource and protected areas. ? Meeting facilitation, conflict resolution, and collaborative planning among stakeholders with diverse backgrounds and conflicting interests. ? Developing and carrying out coral reef and water quality monitoring programs. ? Effectively coordinating multi-agency working groups. ? Developing and implementing a variety of outreach and educational materials for a wide range of audiences. ? Working with the issues of remote, small island states. ? SCUBA Certification. Interested Applicants Those interested in applying should submit the following: ? Cover letter ? Resume or CV ? Copy of transcripts for all colleges and universities attended ? Completed CNMI Government Application (faxed upon request) ? Police Clearance (valid within 1 year) ? At least one letter of recommendation Applications and documents should be directed to: Joaquin D. Salas, Acting Administrator CNMI Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor P.O. Box 10007 2nd Floor Morgen Building San Jose Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Fax: (670) 234-0007 Questions and/or request for CNMI Government Application should be directed to: Bernie Pangelinan, Administrative Assistant Phone: (670) 234-6623 Email: c/o crm.permit at saipan.com Closing Date Applications and documents should be postmarked no later than 31 October 2001. -- Jonathan D. Kelsey Coastal Management Specialist, Pacific Region NOAA/NOS/Coastal Programs Division 1305 East-West Highway, 11th Floor, N/ORM3 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: (301) 713-3155 x137 Fax: (301) 713-4367 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From gcfi at gcfi.org Sat Oct 13 08:04:29 2001 From: gcfi at gcfi.org (gcfi at gcfi.org) Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2001 08:04:29 -0400 Subject: 54th GCFI and Caribbean MPA Symposium Message-ID: <200110141518.PAA08676@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> In it's 54th year, the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute continues to unite managers, scientists, and NGOs to exchange the latest findings on a variety of issues related to the management and sustainability of the marine resources of the wider Caribbean. Proceedings of the institute are generated from the presentations and distributed to all attendees. This year our 54th Institute is in the Turks and Caicos Islands from 12 - 17 November 2001. The meeting is sponsored by The Department of Environment and Coastal Resources of the Turks and Caicos Islands, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Defense, The Nature Conservancy, and the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations. There will be a special two-day Symposium on Caribbean Marine Protected Areas: Practical Approaches to Achieve Economic and Conservation Goals with sessions dedicated to Case Studies, Connectivity at Differing Spatial Scales, and Capacity and Community Involvement. A special peer-reviewed publication will be generated from this unprecedented Symposium and will be distributed to all attendees. Other Special Sessions are on U.S./Caribbean Fisheries Policies Interactions and Conservation of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations. Other sessions include Marine Fisheries Management, Invertebrate Biology and Fisheries, Recreational Fisheries, Developments in Caribbean Aquaculture with a focus on Offshore Aquaculture, and Biology of Reef and Pelagic Fishes. Complete registration is only $100 US ($50 US for students). For more information about the meeting or GCFI, go to http://www.gcfi.org/54th_gcfi.htm. The program is located at http://www.gcfi.org/54th/54thprogram.htm. Robert Glazer Chairman Board of Directors ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From PFLETCHER at broward.org Mon Oct 15 09:13:00 2001 From: PFLETCHER at broward.org (PAM FLETCHER) Date: Mon, 15 Oct 2001 09:13:00 -0400 Subject: Florida Artificial Reef Summit 2001 Update Message-ID: <200110151327.NAA10453@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> For more information about the Summit visit http://www.marinefisheries.org/= conferences/index.htm 2001 Florida Artificial Reef Summit Artificial Reefs: "INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM"=20 October 17, 2001 Through October 20, 2001 Fort Lauderdale, Florida=20 For the past thirteen years the State of Florida has sponsored artificial = reef summits for the purpose of bringing together people involved in = artificial reef projects throughout the state to discuss a variety of = issues relating to legislation, construction, and management. Emergent = themes from these sessions included trends in materials used, funding = sources, and recognition of the importance artificial reef research.=20 The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Broward County = Department of Planning and Environmental Protection, Nova Southeastern = University, and Florida Sea Grant will host the 2001 Florida Artificial = Reef Summit, to be held in greater Fort Lauderdale from October 17 - 20, = 2001. This will be the fifth state-wide conference on artificial reefs and = will encompass legislation, technology and research. Previous conferences = were held in Miami (1987), Tallahassee (1990 & 1993) and in Palm Beach = County (1998). Federal, state, and local government representatives as = well as scientist, researchers, regulators, program managers and others = interested persons from around the state will attend.=20 AGENDA Wednesday, October 17, 2001 7:00 to 10:00 pm Welcome Reception, NOVA Oceanographic Center, Dania = Beach=20 All other conference activities will be held at the Holiday Inn, Fort = Lauderdale Beach, 999 Fort Lauderdale Beach Boulevard, Fort Lauderdale, = Florida 33304=20 Thursday, October 18, 2001- Welcome and Updates=20 8:00 - 9:00 am Registration at the Holiday Inn, Fort Lauderdale Beach=20 9:00 - 9:15 Summit Overview and Welcome Eric Myers - Broward County Department of Planning and Environmental = Protection (DPEP) Dr. Roy Crabtree - Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission = (FWCC)=20 Dr. Richard Dodge - Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, = National Coral Reef Institute 9:15 - 9:30 FWCC Artificial Reef Program Activities - Jon Dodrill, FWCC 9:30 - 9:45 National Issues Update - Ron Lukens, Gulf States Marine = Fisheries Commission 9:45 -10:00 Essential Fish Habitat Issues - Mike Johnson, National Marine = Fisheries Service=20 10:00 - 10:15 Break=20 Government Agency Updates 10:15 - 10:30 Army Corps of Engineers - Clif Payne, Pensacola Regulatory = Office 10:30 - 10:45 United States Coast Guard - Officer Dan Gronski 10:45 - 11:00 Maritime Administration (MARAD) - Curt Michanczyk, Ship = Disposal Program 11:00 - 11:15 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Ken = Forster, Charting 11:15 - 11:30 Florida Department of Environmental Protection - Timothy = Rach, Permitting 11:30 - 11:45 Florida Bureau of Marine Enforcement - Captain Mike = Lamphear=20 11:45 - 1:00 pm Lunch=20 Artificial Reef Program Updates 1:00 - 1:15 Florida Sea Grant Activity Update - Rich Novak, Florida Sea = Grant Florida's County Programs - Regional Updates 1:15 - 1:30 Southeast Region - Brian Flynn, Miami-Dade County 1:30 - 1:45 Northeast Region - Joe Nolin, Volusia County 1:45 - 2:00 Southwest Region - Chris Koepfer, Lee County=20 2:00 - 2:15 Northwest Region - Robert Turpin, Escambia County 2:15 - 2:45 International Reef Activities - Dr. Bill Seaman, Florida Sea = Grant=20 2:45 - 3:00 pm Break=20 Artificial Reef Monitoring Programs 3:00 - 3:30 FWCC Monitoring Grants Program - Bill Horn, Fish Census = Database 3:30 - 4:00 Alabama Artificial Reef Research: A Case Study - Andy = Strelcheck, FWCC=20 4:00 pm End of Day Sessions=20 5:00 - 8:00 pm Workshop - Ships as Artificial Reefs=20 Moderator: Kurtis Gregg, Florida Department of Environmental Protection = Intergovernmental Programs Speakers include: Denis Rushworth, MSCL, Inc. on the RAND Report and Tom = Maher, Marine Habitats Inc., on the progress of the two proposed vessels = for the Florida Keys .=20 Friday, October 19, 2001 - Technology Artificial Reef Developments 8:30 - 9:00 Artificial Reef Research in Broward County 1993 - 2000 - Dr. = Richard Spieler, NOVA Southeastern University Oceanographic Center 9:00 - 9:30 Comparisons of Five Reef Materials - Dr. Heyward Matthews, St. = Petersburg College 9:30 - 10:00 Socio-Economic Study of Reef Resources in Southeast Florida = and the Florida Keys - Dr. Grace Johns, Hazen and Sawyer, P.C.=20 10:00 -10:15 Break=20 10:15 - 10:45 Overview of Artificial Reef Use and Marine Protected Areas = (MPA) - James Bohnsack, National Marine Fisheries Service 10:45 - 11:15 Stability Analysis - Dr. Lee Harris, Florida Institute of = Technology 11:15 - 11:45 GIS Data Management - Christopher Friel, GIS Solutions, = Inc.=20 11:45 - 1:00 PM Lunch=20 Artificial Reef Mitigation=20 1:00 - 1:30 Qualities of Mitigation Habitat - Walt Jaap, Florida Marine = Research Institute 1:30 - 2:00 Palm Beach County Mitigation Projects - Carmen Vare, Department= of Environmental Resource Management 2:00 - 2:30 Broward County Mitigation Projects - Ken Banks, DPEP=20 2:30 - 2:45 Break=20 Artificial Reefs and Marine Protected Areas 2:45 - 3:15 Reef Environmental Education Foundation - Laddie Akins, = Executive Director 3:15 - 3:45 Marine Protected Zones & Artificial Reefs - Mel Bell, South = Carolina 3:45 - 4:15 MPA' s & Artificial Reefs - Jonathan Gorham, Indian River = County 4:15 - 4:45 Cedar Key Research Updates - Dr. Bill Lindberg, University of = Florida=20 4:45 End of Day Sessions=20 5:00 - 8:00 pm Poster and Video Reception=20 Saturday, October 20, 2001 - Monitoring Artificial Reef Monitoring Programs 8:30 - 10:45 Artificial Reef Evaluation Workshop, Florida Sea Grant Dr. Bill Seaman, Moderator with presenters: Drs. Steve Bortone, Bill = Lindberg, Walter Milon, Margaret Miller and Peter Sheng=20 10:45 - 11:00 Break=20 Regional Reef Research Teams - Monitoring Grant Project Updates 11:00 - 11:15 Palm Beach County Reef Research Team - Janet & Glenn Phipps 11:15 - 11:30 Jacksonville Reef Research Team - Lex Waters11:30 - 11:45 = Charlotte County Marine Research Team - Jon Hubertz 11:45 - 12:00 Organization for Artificial Reefs - Scott Vascavage Reef Summit 2001 Overview 12:00 - 12:30 Workshop Summaries - Jon Dodrill, FWCC 12:30 - 1:00 Summit Overview - Jon Dodrill, FWCC=20 1:00 pm Adjourn=20 2:00 pm Optional Local Dive Trip=20 REGISTRATION Registration forms are available on the internet at the page listed above. = Walk-ins are welcome. Registration will be $45.00 or $15.00 per day = attended (includes lunches and breaks).=20 ACCOMMODATIONS Holiday Inn, Fort Lauderdale Beach honors the government room rate of $65 = for Summit ''01 participants. Please reserve your rooms directly with the = hotel as early as you can, and let them know you are with the Florida = Artificial Reef Summit '01. For tax exemption please provide a valid State = of Florida tax-exempt certificate. Holiday Inn Fort Lauderdale Beach 999 North Atlantic Boulevard (A1A) Corner of A1A and Sunrise Boulevard Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33304-3398 Telephone: 954-563-5961 Guest Fax: 954-564-5261 Sales Fax: 954-568-3003 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu Mon Oct 15 11:37:00 2001 From: jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu (John McManus) Date: Mon, 15 Oct 2001 11:37:00 -0400 Subject: Oct. 26 deadline: 7th Intl Conf on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments Message-ID: <200110151541.PAA10842@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Just a reminder that the 7th International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments will be in Miami in May. The deadline for submission of summaries for proposed papers and posters is October 26. Please find information and register the summaries electronically via www.erim-int.com/CONF/marine/MARINE.html. It would be great to have a strong showing in coral reef remote sensing. I also encourage interested non-presenters to register for the conference. The presentations in this series of conferences are generally fascinating and occasionally spectacular. Here is the briefing on the Conference that I sent out earlier: "The Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments will be held 20-22 May 2002 at the Hyatt Regency Miami in Miami, Florida, USA. The three-day international conference will focus on the application of remote sensing and advanced geospatial information technologies to address real-world problems and improve decision-making in marine, inland water, and coastal environments. The conference also explores technology implementation strategies, while helping to shape future research directions. The technical program of plenary sessions, interactive poster presentations, and exhibits is designed to benefit all users of remote sensing with an interest in our aquatic and coastal resources. The applications-oriented program addresses all aspects of remote sensing, from fundamental processes and techniques to advanced data processing and information fusion, exploitation, and application. Technical sessions will address such topics as Sensors, Processing, and Data Sources; Ocean Processes; Biological and Geological Resources; Aquatic and Coastal Environments; Ecosystem Monitoring; and Climate and Meteorology. This diversity of topics provides a unique and rewarding opportunity for dialogue among ocean scientists and engineers; marine, freshwater, and coastal planners; natural resource managers; industry leaders; remote sensing specialists; local, state, and federal agencies; non-governmental organizations; educators and students. For more information, contact: Veridian International Conferences, P.O. 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From gtg842d at prism.gatech.edu Mon Oct 15 13:22:22 2001 From: gtg842d at prism.gatech.edu (kenyon mobley) Date: Mon, 15 Oct 2001 13:22:22 -0400 Subject: Post-Doc opportunities at Georgia Institute of Technology Message-ID: <200110151735.RAA11074@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Note: This message is advertised: http://www.biology.gatech.edu/postdoc_openings.html Applications are currently being reviewed and considered. Please do not respond to sender but to those directly to those involved School of Biology Postdoctoral Fellow Openings Georgia Tech's Schools of Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Civil and Environmental Engineering are searching for as many as 6 Post-Doctoral Fellows to join an interdisciplinary group in Aquatic Chemical Signaling and Ecology. Georgia Tech's new program in Aquatic Chemical Signaling invites recent Ph.D.s to apply for post-doctoral positions working with faculty and graduate students in a collaborative, interdisciplinary, and well-funded research effort combining chemistry, ecology, fluid dynamics, and sensory biology and physiology. We are especially interested in candidates who bridge disciplinary borders between chemistry, biology and physics, or in highly trained scientists from a single discipline who now want to broaden their approach to include interdisciplinary questions. Positions are available on the main campus in Atlanta and at Georgia Tech's new marine facility at Skidaway Island, Ga. Also see www.biology.gatech.edu. 1) Two NSF IGERT Post-doctoral Fellows - These are multidisciplinary positions spanning chemistry, ecology, fluid dynamics, and sensory biology and physiology. We seek applicants to conduct research and help train IGERT graduate students at the juncture of two, or more, of the above disciplines. This program is devoted to training graduate students and post-docs in investigations of how chemical signals are produced, transported, received, and processed in aquatic systems, as well as the role of chemical signaling in affecting population and community structure. Selected candidates may have considerable flexibility in choices of processes (defense, mate selection, prey sensing) and systems (coral reefs, plankton, microbes) to investigate. One position will be on campus at Georgia Tech, the other at Skidaway Island. For questions contact Dr. Mark Hay at mark.hay at biology.gatech.edu or any of the IGERT faculty listed at http://www.biology.gatech.edu/igert.htm. 2) Dreyfus Foundation Environmental Chemistry Post-doc - Candidates should have a Ph.D. in organic, biological, or analytical chemistry, and be interested in applying their skills to ecological and environmental questions. The postdoc can choose among a broad range of projects focused on aquatic chemical signaling in systems such as coral reefs, rivers, lakes, or the open ocean plankton, exploring the role of chemistry in defending organisms from natural enemies (e.g. predators, competitors, parasites), in sexual attraction and mate tracking, in locating food, etc. Previous experience in ecology or environmental research is not required; instead, this opportunity is intended to enable a trained chemist to contribute to a new research area. Field and laboratory resources and training in ecological techniques at our Atlanta campus and at our marine lab on Skidaway Island, GA, are available. For questions, contact Dr. Julia Kubanek at julia.kubanek at biology.gatech.edu. 3) Phytoplankton Chemical Ecology - We seek candidates with expertise in the natural products chemistry of phytoplankton, phytoplankton ecology, culturing techniques, and/or phytoplankton-grazer interactions to work with a NSF Biocomplexity funded multidisciplinary group investigating the direct and cascading effects of chemical signaling in affecting interactions between Phaeocystis and its natural enemies. This position will be located at Georgia Tech's new marine facility at Skidaway Island, Ga. For questions, contact Dr. Mark Hay at mark.hay at biology.gatech.edu. 4) Freshwater Chemical Ecology and Plant-Herbivore Interactions - We seek candidates with expertise in the ecology of aquatic macrophytes or invertebrates, in macrophyte-herbivore interactions, and/or chemical defenses of aquatic macrophytes. Experience with aquatic systems in the southeastern United States is desirable. The position will be located on campus at Georgia Tech. For questions, contact Dr. Mark Hay at mark.hay at biology.gatech.edu. 5) Soft-Substrate Marine Ecology - We seek candidates with experience in experimental studies of factors affecting the population and community structure of marine soft-substrate communities. An interest in chemical signaling will be advantageous. This position will be located at Georgia Tech's new marine facility at Skidaway Island, Ga. For questions, contact Dr. Mark Hay at mark.hay at biology.gatech.edu. Salaries range from $32,000-36,000/yr with benefits. Applicants should send a resume, up to 3 reprints, a statement of research interests, and have 3 letters of references sent to: Aquatic Post-doc Search, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230. Applications will be considered beginning October 15, 2001. Georgia Institute of Technology is a unit of the University System of Georgia and an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer. Kenyon Mobley School of Biology Georgia Institute of Technology 310 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332-0230 email: gtg842d at prism.gatech.edu cell phone (404)-394-3574 Fax: 404-894-0519 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From petersendirk at hotmail.com Wed Oct 17 07:10:21 2001 From: petersendirk at hotmail.com (Dirk Petersen) Date: Wed, 17 Oct 2001 07:10:21 Subject: Reproduction of Eusmilia fastigiata Message-ID: Dear Coral-listers! Does anybody know the reproductive mode of the Flower Coral Eusmilia fastigiata? For far I haven't found any clear information in literature if this species belongs to the brooder/broadcaster (hermaphroditic/gonochoric). Do you have any references? Thanks a lot for any advice! Dirk *********** Dirk Petersen Marine Biologist, PhD student University of Essen, Inst. of Ecology, Dep. of Hydrobiology, Germany Rotterdam Zoo, Oceanium, The Netherlands E-mail: petersendirk at hotmail.com _________________________________________________________________ Downloaden Sie MSN Explorer kostenlos unter http://explorer.msn.de/intl.asp ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From eweil at caribe.net Wed Oct 17 12:56:54 2001 From: eweil at caribe.net (Ernesto Weil) Date: Wed, 17 Oct 2001 12:56:54 -0400 Subject: Invertebrate Zoology Position Message-ID: <003801c1572c$ba4a65e0$86c25bd1@caribe.nrt> University of Puerto Rico Mayag?ez Campus Mayag?ez, P. R. 00681 Professor in Marine Sciences Applications are invited for a tenure-track position available for January 2002, at the Assistant/Associate Professor level in the area of INVERTEBRATE zoology. Candidates preferred with interests spanning traditional boundaries of the discipline (e.g. taxonomy, behavior, ecology, molecular vs. organismal approaches) and whose expertise complements that of existing faculty. Job requirements include teaching of graduate-level courses in Marine Invertebrate Systematics, Marine Invertebrate Biology, developing additional courses in area of expertise, and developing a research program through external funding. Salary ($39,444.00 or $44,712.00, according to rank) can be augmented with external funding. Ph.D. required, knowledge of English and Spanish desirable. Send statement of research and teaching interests and representative reprints, curriculum vitae, three letters of recommendation by October 31, 2001, to: Director, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayag?ez, PR 00681-9013. Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011017/b0dff3aa/attachment.html From christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de Thu Oct 18 08:30:01 2001 From: christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de (christine.schoenberg) Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2001 14:30:01 +0200 Subject: penguins in peril Message-ID: Dear friends and colleagues, sorry about sending this through the list (for quick info read just the 3rd last paragraph). However, I think it is important to spread the news. I know that the Otway Foundation started through a private initiative and largely functions through volunteers, who have invested so much into protecting Chilean penguins. They saved the penguins when they were badly mistreated, made a (green) tourist attraction out of it and manage the whole site. Now the site is being taken away for building hotels, something which would finish the penguin colony. Some desperate people are looking for all the help they can get. If you can help, please do. Cheers, Christine Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, The Otway Foundation was founded in 1989 with the mission of protecting a small colony of 400 Magellanic Penguins located in Otway Bay, 70 kilometers north of Punta Arenas, Chile. At the time of the foundation's inception, Otway Bay was subject to intense and unregulated tourism. Both the environment and the birds who made their nest there were completely unprotected. Since then, the foundation has developed an excellent program for the protection and management of the colony. The colony is currently composed of 2500-2700 reproducing pairs. Almost 90% of these pairs gave birth to two chicks that made their way to the sea during the 2000-2001 season. Thanks to experience gained in the field, the foundation has implemented a successful, regulated program for tourism that places the care and protection of the animals during reproduction in the spot of first importance. Each year 35-45,000 tourists, most of whom are foreigners, visit the colony during the summer season. Scientists from Chile and abroad have performed behavioral and biological studies as well as investigated the effects of growing tourism activity on the penguins of Otway Bay. Through tourism, the Otway Foundation has been able to finance educational campaigns directed towards Chilean students and the general public. Videos and educational material have been produced and distributed in big city schools as well as those in small fishing villages from north to south. These resources have permitted the spread of regulated and environmentally friendly tourism to the islands of Pu?ihuil, Chiloe, the only place in Chile and the world where both Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins cohabit. In the north of Chile, measures to protect the areas of the Atacama Desert and its plant species exemplary of the coastal desert, have also been initiated. The Otway Foundation has generated 15 jobs at the installations in Otway Bay and Pu?ihuil, not to speak of the positive economic effects of tourism for Punta Arenas and Chiloe. Today the foundation is facing critical challenges. The Otway Bay colony lands were ceded to the foundation by their former owner. It was his desire that the land be used for the protection of the penguins. Tourism in Otway Bay generates the greater part of the resources that finance the foundation s programs. Eleven years have now passed and the land has changed hands. Unfortunately the current owners want to take back the land, take over the administration of the colony and are asking the foundation to leave. In their own words, their interest in the colony is of an economic nature. Although this is understandable, it does no provide for the educational and conservation programs the foundation has carried out. At this time, the Appeals Court of Punta Arenas has put a stop on all further action. This has given the directors of the foundation a little time to look for a definitive solution to the problem. Meanwhile, the colony finds itself without protection as the foundation has been impeded from doing its work. Within one week, the destruction of fifty nests, each one containing two eggs, has been detected. This fact demonstrates the importance of conditions that protect the animals from a public that is in need of education. It is not only the public that poses a threat, but also tourism companies that do not have the knowledge or dedication to protect their very sources of income. Unfortunately if there is no one to care for, teach, and inform the people, the penguin colony will return to what it was before, a place in which there was little respect for bird or nature. The foundation is willing to rent or buy the land in order to continue functioning and insuring that its programs continue. We believe that in order for this to happen, direct government action will be necessary to convince the current owners to rent or sell their lands to the foundation or allow the government to establish a nature sanctuary. To accomplish our goals, we would like you to pledge your support. We are asking that the international community send a letter, email, or fax encouraging the authorities to take decisive action for the conservation and protection of the Magellanic Penguins. We hope that by means of your letters the governmental authorities will feel a compelling need to intervene, thus allowing the Foundation to continue its conservation and education programs in favor of the Magellanic Penguins. If you can assist us in the conservation and protection of the Magellanic penguins, please write a letter of support and send it to the addresses listed below. Please copy these addresses and add them to the recipient. Please don't forget to include your name. agrisen at congreso.cl conama at conama.cl consulta at conaf.cl director at laprensaaustral.cl edusen at congreso.cl gmagallanes at interior.gov.cl info at sernatur.cl Jcvitani at sag.minagri.gob.cl lared at lared.cl medasen at congreso.cl mega at mcl.cl presidencia at segegob.cl ptaarena at chilesat.net rrpp at tvn.cl rsalles at interior.gov.cl sag at sag.minagri.gob.cl serna12a at entelchile.net sernap at chilesat.net xramirez at interior.gov.cl zaldivar at congreso.cl _____________________________________________________ Guillermo Luna Departamento Biologia Marina Facultad Ciencias del Mar Universidad Catolica del Norte Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo CHILE _______________ Dr. Christine Sch?nberg, PhD Dept. of Zoosystematics & Morphology FB 7 - Biology, Geo- & Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg 26111 OLDENBURG GERMANY ph +49-441-7983373 fax +49-441-7983162 email christine.schoenberg at mail.uni-oldenburg.de when travelling: christineaway at gmx.net internet http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zoomorphology/Whoiswho.html ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From ken.Kassem at wwfus.org Thu Oct 18 09:24:40 2001 From: ken.Kassem at wwfus.org (Kassem, Ken) Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2001 09:24:40 -0400 Subject: FW: House approves coral reef protection measure Message-ID: <6FA73AA34092D311A31500508B5D8D9305AF9076@EX1> > House approves coral reef protection measure > > The House passed H.R. 2272, the Coral Reef and > Coastal Marine > Conservation Act, Tuesday night to initiate a > debt-for-nature swap with > developing countries to protect coral reefs. Rep. > Mark Kirk (R-Ill.) introduced > the bill to allow developing countries with money > owed to the United States > to honor the debt by starting coral reef > conservation programs, instead of > exploiting natural resources to pay off the debts. > > Randall D. Snodgrass > Director, Government Relations > World Wildlife Fund > 1250 24th Street NW > Washington, DC 20037 > (202) 778-9680 > > > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From firefish at sltnet.lk Thu Oct 18 20:45:32 2001 From: firefish at sltnet.lk (Prasanna Weerakkody) Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2001 06:45:32 +0600 (GMT) Subject: Ascidian info Message-ID: <200110190045.f9J0jWC29376@laknet.slt.lk> Dear Coral-listers. The primary reef site I am working in has for the last 5 years had a serious reef infestation of a Green colonial ascidian species belonging to the family Didemnidae (possibly Genus Didemnum). The infestation took a heavy toll on the reef accounting for about 20% of reef substrates at the peak of the infestation. I have not been able to secure sufficient infomation on the biology, Taxonomy of the group despite efforts. Post to a storm on the reef couple of months ago the Ascidians seem to have been naturally wiped out of the reef in all sections of the reef except a patch roughly 50ft by 80ft. This species is among the most serious obstacle in our efforts at restoration of the already degraded reef as ascidians would attack and kill coral transplants forcing a heavy workload on the field team in physically weeding out ascidians around transplants on a regular basis. As the extent of the infestation has been naturally reduced significantly we are keen to contain the infestation and prevent a re-infestation of the reef. we are looking for ways. I am hoping someone on the list would be able to point me in the right direction for information/people working on Biology and Taxonomy of this group of ascidians. Thanks. Prasanna Weerakkody, Nature Conservation Group. No.9, Balapokuna place Colombo 6 Sri Lanka E-mail: firefish at sltnet.lk ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From adaley at coral.org Thu Oct 18 21:38:08 2001 From: adaley at coral.org (Anita Daley) Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2001 18:38:08 -0700 Subject: House approves coral reef protection measure In-Reply-To: <6FA73AA34092D311A31500508B5D8D9305AF9076@EX1> Message-ID: Hello- I called Rep. Kirk's office yesterday and asked about the current status of this measure. It hasn't been introduced into the Senate yet and they are currently seeking a sponsor. They asked me to call back in a few weeks. (The offices are closed for a few days--since yesterday afternoon-- due to the Anthrax threat) Thanks Ken, Anita On 10/18/01 6:24 AM, "Kassem, Ken" wrote: > > > >> House approves coral reef protection measure >> >> The House passed H.R. 2272, the Coral Reef and >> Coastal Marine >> Conservation Act, Tuesday night to initiate a >> debt-for-nature swap with >> developing countries to protect coral reefs. Rep. >> Mark Kirk (R-Ill.) introduced >> the bill to allow developing countries with money >> owed to the United States >> to honor the debt by starting coral reef >> conservation programs, instead of >> exploiting natural resources to pay off the debts. >> >> Randall D. Snodgrass >> Director, Government Relations >> World Wildlife Fund >> 1250 24th Street NW >> Washington, DC 20037 >> (202) 778-9680 >> >> >> > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > ___________________________________________________________ Anita Daley International Coral Reef Information Network Manager The Coral Reef Alliance 2014 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, CA 94704 (510) 848-0110 ext. 313 (510) 848-3720 fax http://www.coral.org "Working together to keep coral reefs alive." ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jware at erols.com Fri Oct 19 09:40:46 2001 From: jware at erols.com (John Ware) Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2001 09:40:46 -0400 Subject: Coral Reefs, Vol 20, Number 2 Message-ID: <3BD02D5E.5AB4DFD9@erols.com> Members of the International Society for Reef Studies, Number 2 of Volume 20 of the Society's journal, Coral Reefs, will be in the mail soon. The Editors are working to bring the journal back on schedule and we appreciate your patience. If you know other members of ISRS who are not on the coral list, would you please pass the message?? Thanks for your understanding. John Ware Treasurer, ISRS -- ************************************************************* * * * John R. Ware, PhD * * President * * SeaServices, Inc. * * 19572 Club House Road * * Montgomery Village, MD, 20886 * * 301 987-8507 * * jware at erols.com * * seaservices.org * * fax: 301 987-8531 * * _ * * | * * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * * _|_ * * | _ | * * _______________________________| |________ * * |\/__ Undersea Technology for the 21st Century \ * * |/\____________________________________________/ * ************************************************************** ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Roger.B.Griffis at noaa.gov Fri Oct 19 18:21:25 2001 From: Roger.B.Griffis at noaa.gov (Roger B Griffis) Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2001 18:21:25 -0400 Subject: Next U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Meeting Message-ID: <200110201256.MAA21588@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Announcement - please distribute The next meeting of the United States Coral Reef Task Force is scheduled for December 5, 2001, in Washington, D.C. The meeting is open to the public. Limited space is available for coral reef related exhibits, displays or other materials at the meeting. Organizations and individuals working on or interested in coral reef conservation are encouraged to participate. More information on the meeting will be available November 1. For more information contact Roger Griffis at roger.b.griffis at noaa.gov. Thank you. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From michelc at squ.edu.om Sun Oct 21 03:18:46 2001 From: michelc at squ.edu.om (Michel Claereboudt) Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2001 11:18:46 +0400 Subject: artificial reef creation? In-Reply-To: <3BD02D5E.5AB4DFD9@erols.com> Message-ID: A small study on reef restoration is being planned in Oman. The researcher at the Ministry of Environment would like to know of recent publications, reports, thesis on the various methods of coral propagations (branchlets, grafting, transplantation etc...). Can anyone provide us with some info. Thanks Michel Claereboudt Sultan Qaboos University College of Agriculture Dtp. Marine Science and Fisheries Box 34. Al-Khod 123; Sultanate of Oman Tel: 968 515 249 FAx: 968 513 418 email: michelc at squ.edu.om ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From shilohjramos at hotmail.com Sun Oct 21 21:34:53 2001 From: shilohjramos at hotmail.com (Shiloh Ramos) Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2001 20:34:53 -0500 Subject: Recent illness after boiling coral Message-ID: <200110231106.LAA28053@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> I am a resident physician in Appleton, WI, currently working at Appleton Medical Center. I have an inquiry regarding coral. Recently, we admitted 7 patients with similar symptoms after boiling coral for a saltwater fish tank. Their primary symptoms/signs include: shortness of breath, fever, headache, dry cough, and an elevated white count. All 7 patients developed these symptoms within several hours after boiling the coral. We have already begun testing for chromium, copper, zinc, manganese, carbon monoxide, cyanide, and legionella. We were wondering if you might have any advice as to other substances that might be contained in coral or used in its processing for sale. As well, any advice regarding possible infectious agents (such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus), would be appreciated. Please send any email to shilohjramos at hotmail.com. If you have a more immediate response, you can phone (920) 831-5042, and they should be able to easily locate me. Thanks again, Shiloh J. Ramos ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From van_treeck at uni-essen.de Tue Oct 23 04:46:39 2001 From: van_treeck at uni-essen.de (Peter van Treeck) Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2001 10:46:39 +0200 Subject: artificial reef creation Message-ID: <200110231108.LAA27838@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear Coralleros, I apologise for posting my response to the list but Michels` address could not be contacted directly. Dear Michel, we are working on coral transplantation for several years. We are using electrochemical accretion method to transplant coral fragments. Projects were done in Jordan and Egypt. References: VAN TREECK P & SCHUHMACHER H (1997) Initial survival of coral nubbins transplanted by a new coral transplantation technology. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 150: 287-292 VAN TREECK P & SCHUHMACHER H (1998) Mass diving tourism - a new dimension calls for new management approaches. Mar Poll Bull 37:499-504 VAN TREECK P & SCHUHMACHER H (1999) Artificial reefs created by electrolysis and coral transplantation- an approach ensuring the compatibility of environmental protection and diving tourism. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science 49:75-81 SCHUHMACHER H & VAN TREECK P (1999) Enhanced formation of protoreefs by accretion technology and coral transplantation ? Stepping stones in degraded reefs. International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring and Restoration, Fort Lauderdale ( Abstract) During our last project we could gain experiences in using coral fragments produced by ship goundings for transplantation purposes, results will be published in: SCHUHMACHER H, VAN TREECK P, EISINGER M & PASTER M (in press) Transplantation of coral fragments from ship groundings on electrochemically formed reef structures. Proc 9th Int Coral Reef Symp, Bali 2000. Cheers Peter Peter van Treeck Project coordinator CONTRAST, CEO LIMARES marine branch Institute for Ecology, Dpt. Hydrobiology University of Essen 45117 Essen Germany ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From victor.gomelyuk at PLMBAY.PWCNT.NT.GOV.AU Tue Oct 23 08:51:04 2001 From: victor.gomelyuk at PLMBAY.PWCNT.NT.GOV.AU (Gomelyuk, Victor) Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2001 22:21:04 +0930 Subject: Two methods for percent cover monitoring Message-ID: Dear colleagues, I wonder if anyone would like to share with me and other coral-list memebers ideas of advantages/disadvantages of using Line Intercept Transects and Permanent Quadrats methods for coral environment monitoring. Refferences on any literarure sources will be also appreciated. Thank you. Dr Victor E. Gomelyuk Marine Scientist Cobourg Marine Park PO Box 496 PALMERSTON NT 0831 AUSTRALIA phone 61 (08) 8979 0244 FAX 61 (08) 8979 0246 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From rginsburg at rsmas.miami.edu Tue Oct 23 15:20:48 2001 From: rginsburg at rsmas.miami.edu (rginsburg at rsmas.miami.edu) Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2001 15:20:48 -0400 Subject: heated debate In-Reply-To: References: <002001c14e7b$71bde9a0$3c8dfea9@MyHost> Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20011023152048.00a186f0@mail.rsmas.miami.edu> Mike, I agree with Jim, we need your special views and opinions. Bob At 08:05 AM 10/8/01 -0400, Jim Hendee wrote: >Mike, > >Contrary to your opinion that your messages are falling on deaf ears, I >think you have awakened a lot of us to issues we were unaware of, or did >not consider enough, or even at all. My message on flaming was meant to >be a gentle reminder to everyone so that the dialogue could continue. I >just wanted to tone things down a little because I was beginning to see >from the messages in this thread (and from "behind the scenes" from a >variety of subscribers) that this was a very emotional issue for some. It >is GOOD that we see passion in this issue, because this is what it takes >to get past the formidable hurdles of beaurocracy and other obstructions. >We feel this way because of the urgency of the situation, and we care. I >definitely do not mean to stifle discourse on this subject! I have hope >that the thread will continue, with decorum, which I believe it has for >the most part. > >You obviously have a great command of the literature and issues pertaining >to coral reef research. I would encourage you NOT to unsubscribe (maybe >just take a "breather?"). > > Sincerely yours, > Jim > >On Sat, 6 Oct 2001, Mike Risk wrote: > >> Jim: >> >> Effective immediately, I am removing my name from Coral-list. >> >> First, it's not doing my psyche any good. I find that I am beginning to >> descend into the same sort of behaviour for which I have castigated others. >> >> Second, I'm not sure it's doing the reefs any good. It seems that my >> messages, whatever they may be, are not getting across. I can only hope that >> they are like those coated aspirins I take for hangovers: they don't >> dissolve right away in your stomach, because they might cause upset, but are >> absorbed later on. (This analogy better end here!) >> >> As always, I remain eager to interact with colleagues. Should anyone out >> there wish to communicate with me, please feel free to do so: >> riskmj at mcmaster.ca >> >> Thanks for doing a great job. See you. >> > >~~~~~~~ >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the >digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the >menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > > > From oferdag at yahoo.com Wed Oct 24 15:23:26 2001 From: oferdag at yahoo.com (Ben-Tzvi Ofer) Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2001 12:23:26 -0700 (PDT) Subject: Looking for a lab Message-ID: <20011024192326.30146.qmail@web10601.mail.yahoo.com> Hello, We are looking for a lab. that can detect very low constrictions of copper, tin and lead in seawater and/or sea creatures or alga or/and substrate. This in search of tracks of antifouling colors in coral reefs. Does anybody know a lab that can do it (preferably in Europe or USA)? Ofer Ben-Tzvi The Institute For Nature Conservation Research. Tel-Aviv University __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Make a great connection at Yahoo! Personals. http://personals.yahoo.com ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu Wed Oct 24 17:47:58 2001 From: jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu (John McManus) Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2001 17:47:58 -0400 Subject: Two methods for percent cover monitoring In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Hi Victor and others, We thought a lot about sampling units when designing the ReefBase Aquanaut Method (the method is described on the ReefBase Version 3 CD-ROM). I'm pleased to put down a summary of those thoughts here for anyone interested, to initialize the discussion you suggest. The first principle is that the sample design is generally more important than the sample unit. Pielou suggests that the sample unit should generally be larger than the focal objects included in the space one is sampling. Thompson (Sampling, Wiley) mentions that little has been done on optimizing sampling units, though a little work favors donuts. There is a lot of work on "how long should one's transect be?" in the coral reef literature. However, the analyses sometimes have led me to wonder if someone was confusing sample units with samples. Thus, a "curve-off" of accumulated sample units makes more sense than a "curve-off" in length of a single sample unit. Note that a long transect can impel field workers to sample areas you might not mean to include in your sampling universe, such as areas beyond the reef substrate. Some people also seem to confuse sample design with experimental design. The best books I have found on sample design are those by Cochran (Sampling Techniques) and Thompson. The latter is more recent, and has a lot on area sampling (like what most benthic ecologists do), whereas most texts describe object sampling. Simple random, stratified random, systematic, nested, clustered, adaptive and other strategies are all legitimate and each has advantages and disadvantages. The confusion between sample units and samples seems to stem to phytosociology (Braun-Blanquet, Ellenburg, etc.), from which most of our benthic approaches originate, but in which a single sample was often chosen to "represent" an otherwise subjectively delineated ecological community. Even that has utility for some kinds of classification and ordination studies, but it is not useful for inferential statistical analyses -- those involving estimates of variance. Also, one must distinguish between one-shot sampling and monitoring over time. In the latter case, there is a general debate over whether one should use the same spots, the same general sites or simply design a new sampling pattern for each repetition. I am building simulation models to look into aspects of that debate, as the answer is not at all clear to me. Line transects have the advantage that they can be used horizontally on vertical slopes with minimal difficulty. Quadrats often fall down. I used to like area-based (as opposed to point-intercept) quadrats because we (various colleagues and I) could use them rapidly, thus giving us a larger sample size representing variance and mean over a larger area. However, we decided that this was simply because we were using large divisions (typically nine squares in a 1 sq. m quadrat). So, we decided that there was no reason that a line transect could not be small (5 m) and that it could not be divided into 50 cm or whatever as were the edges of a quadrat. That gave us something handier than a quadrat (a cord marked with fishing weights that could fit in a pocket), nearly as quick to use as a quadrat and not as likely to weigh us down or fall off a wall. However, there is still room for work on how the bigger swaths affect the estimations. For many patterns of coral cover, presence/absence in a 50 cm swath does not vary much over large areas than presence/absence in a 1 cm swath (i.e. measuring to the cm). However, the larger unit would not quantify small non-coral spaces as well. On the other hand, two people often vary in reading seagrass to the cm, but usually read the same way at the 50 cm level. How either approach relates to point-intercept transects or quadrats is even more puzzling. For permanent transects, Jim Maragos has a nice system of drilling in stainless steel bolts, and then resuspending a very tight line for each sampling. There again, the longer the line, generally the more it will shift among times. A shift of a few inches can vary the estimates enormously. Kinzie III and Snyder had a good article in the 1978(?) UNESCO Coral Reef Sampling Handbook. It showed in simulations that a low levels of coral cover (as in their particular study areas in Hawaii), many sampling units were equally bad (quadrats, line intercepts, point-intercepts). The nice thing about a simulation is that you know what the "real" answer should be. The errors in their estimates were very high. They concluded that one should seek to use units that were small and rapidly deployed, and could be scattered widely across a reef. I'm following up on their simulations, but so far see nothing to change from that conclusion. Cheers! John _________________________________________________________ John W. McManus, PhD Director, National Center for Caribbean Coral Reef Research (NCORE) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS) University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149. jmcmanus at rsmas.miami.edu Tel. (305) 361-4814 Fax (305) 361-4600 www.ncoremiami.org -----Original Message----- From: owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov [mailto:owner-coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov]On Behalf Of Gomelyuk, Victor Sent: Tuesday, October 23, 2001 8:51 AM To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov Subject: Two methods for percent cover monitoring Dear colleagues, I wonder if anyone would like to share with me and other coral-list memebers ideas of advantages/disadvantages of using Line Intercept Transects and Permanent Quadrats methods for coral environment monitoring. Refferences on any literarure sources will be also appreciated. Thank you. Dr Victor E. Gomelyuk Marine Scientist Cobourg Marine Park PO Box 496 PALMERSTON NT 0831 AUSTRALIA phone 61 (08) 8979 0244 FAX 61 (08) 8979 0246 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From McCarty_and_Peters at compuserve.com Wed Oct 24 18:20:03 2001 From: McCarty_and_Peters at compuserve.com (McCarty and Peters) Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2001 18:20:03 -0400 Subject: Looking for a lab Message-ID: <200110241820_MC3-E477-BFCE@compuserve.com> Ofer, >> that can detect very low concentrations of copper, tin and lead in seawater and/or sea creatures or alga or/and substrate. << Please define "low very" in concentration units (i.e., ng/L, pg/L, etc.). I can recommend several very competent commercial labs in the US, but would rather only give you names when I know what range of concentrations are of interest to your project. One man's "low" is too dirty a sample for someone else. Chip McCarty ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From m.rodriguez at mailbox.uq.edu.au Thu Oct 25 01:08:49 2001 From: m.rodriguez at mailbox.uq.edu.au (Mauricio RODRIGUEZ LANETTY) Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2001 15:08:49 +1000 (GMT+1000) Subject: Plesiastrea versipora Message-ID: Hello everybody, I was wondering if anyone out there has information about reproduction modes and symbiont (zooxanthellae) aquisition modes (vertical or horizontal transffer) from the scleractinian coral, Plesiastrea versipora. I would really appreciate any help on these issues. Thanks! Mauricio ----------- Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty, PhD Centre for Marine Studies University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia Fax: 61-7-33654755 Phone: 61-7-33656993 ----------- ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Mark_Brandenburg at millerlegg.com Thu Oct 25 08:10:24 2001 From: Mark_Brandenburg at millerlegg.com (Mark_Brandenburg at millerlegg.com) Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2001 08:10:24 -0400 Subject: Two methods for percent cover monitoring Message-ID: <85256AF0.0041C107.00@mileg.millerlegg.com> Victor, Dodge, et. al. provide a comparison of several assessment methods in: Dodge, R.E., A. Logan, and A. Antonius. 1982. Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: a comparison of methods and preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science 32(3): 745-760 Mark E. Brandenburg, M.S., C.E. Biologist Miller Legg & Associates, Inc. 1800 N. Douglas Road, Suite 200 Pembroke Pines, FL 33024-3200 954-436-7000 fax 954-436-8664 mbrandenburg at millerlegg.com "Gomelyuk, Victor" on 10/23/2001 08:51:04 AM To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov cc: (bcc: Mark Brandenburg/MILEG) Subject: Two methods for percent cover monitoring Dear colleagues, I wonder if anyone would like to share with me and other coral-list memebers ideas of advantages/disadvantages of using Line Intercept Transects and Permanent Quadrats methods for coral environment monitoring. Refferences on any literarure sources will be also appreciated. Thank you. Dr Victor E. Gomelyuk Marine Scientist Cobourg Marine Park PO Box 496 PALMERSTON NT 0831 AUSTRALIA phone 61 (08) 8979 0244 FAX 61 (08) 8979 0246 ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From b.e at mweb.co.za Thu Oct 25 09:41:53 2001 From: b.e at mweb.co.za (Bridget Armstrong) Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2001 15:41:53 +0200 Subject: diver effects on fishes Message-ID: <200110251650.QAA33339@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Dear all Is anyone aware of published information on the effects of divers on the = behaviour of large predatory reef fish ? There seems to be a widely-help = public perception that large numbers of divers cause predatory fish to = avoid the area, while the number of coral-associates (eg Butterflyfish) = tends to increase. Are there any coral-reef managers out there that zone reefs particularly = to provide areas where fish are protected from the effects of divers, as = opposed to protecting the coral itself from breakage/diseases ? Many thanks Bridget Armstrong ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From F.Kelmo at plymouth.ac.uk Fri Oct 26 15:50:22 2001 From: F.Kelmo at plymouth.ac.uk (Frank KELMO) Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2001 19:50:22 GMT Subject: bioerosion by sea urchins Message-ID: Dear Colleagues, Amongst the disastrous effects of the 1997-98 ENSO I have found the following affirmation: "Sea urchins eroded disturbed coral colonies at rates that exceed carbonate production, potentially resulting in the elimination of existing reef buildups" My question is how sea-urchins erosion can be best assessed? Mokady et al. 1996 (Biol Bull, 190(3):367-372), suggest quantification of CaCO3 fecal pellets contents + total gut contents. Any other suggestions? I would appreciate everything you can track down. Thanks, Frank. F.Kelmo Coral Reef Ecology Benthic Ecology Research Group 613 Davy Building, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Devon, PL4 8AA United Kingdom. Phone: +44 (0)1752 232951 (Lab) +44 (0)870 712 5852 (home) Fax: +44 (0)1752 232970 E-mail: fkelmo at plymouth.ac.uk ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From Gregory.Boland at mms.gov Fri Oct 26 16:37:53 2001 From: Gregory.Boland at mms.gov (Boland, Gregory) Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2001 14:37:53 -0600 Subject: Eusmilia spawning Message-ID: <379313C94B76D2119AB60008C7A402E40349837D@imsnolaa.nola.omm.mms.gov> Coral List, This is in response to Dirk Peterson's request for information on Eusmilia fastigiata spawning. I thought it would be useful to post these images to the whole list even though David sounds like he is concentrating on the spawning behavior of this species for his graduate work. I indirectly acquired this image from a tourist/diver many years back when I was involved with the team that documented the first in situ mass spawning event in the Atlantic/Gulf /Caribbean in 1991 and the first Colpophyllia natans spawning in 1994. This is an incredible image and I have always been puzzled about what is exactly going on. It was taken in French Cay of the Turks and Caicos Islands (not sure which island exactly) on August 28, 1994 at about 9 PM. The full moon for August, 1994 was on the 21st at 23:48 so the image was taken 7 evenings after the full moon. The gametes appear to be individual eggs, much smaller than gamete bundles of Montastrea or Diploria species. I don't know if Eusmilia is dioecious. The strangest aspect is that the gametes or "eggs" are accumulated inside the expanded polyp tentacles. One would speculate that the eggs might be released through the end of the tentacles, but this seems very odd. They are getting out from somewhere as there are many gametes visible in the surrounding water. Could be the gametes in the tentacles are trapped and should have been retained in the gastrovascular cavity for release through the mouth as other taxa do. The close-ups are from the same image, only cropped and scanned at the highest resolution I could squeeze our of my Coolscan III. It is my understanding the photographers have no concerns about photo credit but here are their names anyway, as I have always been a stickler for photo credit , particularly for underwater images. Photos by: Anne Owen and David Wheeler, 1994 Greg Boland Biological Oceanographer Minerals Management Service You can use the URL below to view the images: http://www.coral.noaa.gov/coral_list/eusmilia.html ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From James.Wiseman at intec-hou.com Sun Oct 28 15:18:47 2001 From: James.Wiseman at intec-hou.com (James Wiseman) Date: Sun, 28 Oct 2001 14:18:47 -0600 Subject: Reef Education/Distance Education Courses Over the Internet Message-ID: Hello Everyone, A few months ago I posted a note about distance education in reference to Reef Education/Conservation courses taught over the internet. A few people replied with interest and suggestions, however with the caveat that there are still many barriers to be overcome before this type of learning can reach everyone. Currently my group (www.reefs.org) is offering a 15 week course entitled "Invertebrate Zoology for Reef Enthusiasts," taught by Dr. Ron Shimek. I would like to give everyone the opportunity to "sit in" on the the first week of this course to see how we have organized things, what type of material is covered, and how information is conveyed over the "net." It is also my fervent wish that some of you will post some comments for me (the course administrator) that will help improve THIS course, but also FUTURE courses. A description of the concept, its mission, and history are summarized at: www.reefs.org/maco We are using the large base of marine aquarium hobbyists for this class, as they have a unique opportunity to study most of the marine invertebrates covered - in their own homes - by removing them from their aquarium and observing them as part of the laboratories for the course. This would also be possible for people living adjacent to reefs. The following is a welcome message that I sent out to the enrolled students, telling them how to use the course resources, what is expected of them for this first week, and preparing them for a new type of learning experience. Please feel free to drop in and have a look around. If you are really interested, the instructor will be holding the first online discussion session on Wednesday October 31st at 8PM Eastern Standard Time. "Good morning everyone, I'd like to take a minute to welcome everyone to MACO, and introduce myself. I am James Wiseman, and I will be working with Dr. Shimek to administer this course. From time to time you will receive emails from me, and I will also be posting announcements on the MACO webpage and the discussion board. Check them often. This is our second time running this course, so (cross your fingers) hopefully everything will go off without a hitch. I do realize that from time-to-time you may encounter technical difficulties, and I encourage you to email me, or post them to the discussion board. With that said, we are fast approaching the start date for the course, which is Monday, October 29th. At that time, the course will begin in earnest. How about we review what we need to do before then, and what we need to be ready to do? 1) Lectures. You should have all downloaded and perused the 1st lecture. This requires that you install the Adobe Acrobat Reader. If you haven't done either of these yet, please go the the MACO Students Page at: http://www.reefs.org/maco/course_3/index.html Familiarize yourself with the page. Click on "Lectures" and you will see that they are arranged by week. Week 0 contains the introductory materials and the schedule. The Document "Intro and Schedule.pdf" is your guide. It will tell you what you are expected to do each week and what reading assignments need to be completed. Please make yourself familiar w/ this document before Monday!! :-) The Week1 folder contains your first lecture for the course. You would do well to download it and be familiar with it for the first discussion session. We will aim to keep all downloads for MACO to under 1 (one) Megabyte. Because of the excellent pictures and figures, this may mean breaking the lectures into parts, so be advised. 2) Discussions. We will have our first discussion on Wednesday October 31st at 8pm Eastern time. There is a link to the Chat Room on the MACO Students Page at: http://www.reefs.org/maco/course_3/index.html Click on the Chat heading and you will be taken to a software program that will connect you to #MACO, our private chatroom. Unfortunately, this program only works with PC based systems. If you are using a Macintosh, you will need to use a different program to access the chatroom. For instructions on connecting to the chatroom using other programs, please see: www.reefs.org/access/index.html Which will give you specific instructions for whatever system you are using. We have tried to accommodate the majority of people by setting up the chat program on our website, but realize that it won't work for everyone. SO, try it out before Wednesday, and if you are having problems, please email me. 3) Quizzes. You will hear more about these from the Instructor, I guarantee...:-) The quizzes will be archived on the MACO Students Page as well. 4) Labs. You will hear more about these from the Instructor as well. 5) MACO Students Discussion Board. Currently, we have been using the "Questions and Comments" discussion board, which is open to everyone. Once the course enrollment is closed, you will want to use the Private discussion board. More details will be posted the first week of the course. Be aware, it it YOUR responsibility to check the discussion boards for announcements. I will not be "spamming" everyone with email whenever there is a change. You will need to REGISTER for the discussion board in order to read and post. You can register at: http://www.reefs.org/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=agree It will email you your login and you will have a DISCUSSION BOARD password. This is different from the MACO password. So...you will have to remember 2 passwords (write them down!) for the course. One for the discussion board, and one for MACO. Don't forget...CHECK THE DISCUSSION BOARD OFTEN. There is a link to the discussion board from the Maco Students Page. 6) Passwords (Groan). After this first week of class, you will need a password to gain access to the MACO Students Page, and the MACO Students Discussion Board. I will email it to all enrolled students the first week. If you do NOT receive an email from me and you read this on the MACO page, please EMAIL ME ASAP. If you are reading this and you are not enrolled in the course, but wish to be, please go to: http://www.reefs.org/maco/registration1.html Well folks, that's all I can think of for now, but I'm sure there will be more...:-) I am really looking forward to taking this course with you, and if there is anything that the Instructor or Myself can do to help, please don't hesitate to email us or post on the discussion board. This is going to be a challenging course for you all, so remember, stick to it, and WHAT YOU PUT INTO IT IS WHAT YOU GET OUT OF IT." Thanks for your feedback, James Wiseman www.reefs.org Thanks for your feedback, James Wiseman www.reefs.org ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From atmu at soc.soton.ac.uk Mon Oct 29 03:03:48 2001 From: atmu at soc.soton.ac.uk (Alex Mustard) Date: Mon, 29 Oct 2001 08:03:48 +0000 Subject: Eusmilia spawning In-Reply-To: <379313C94B76D2119AB60008C7A402E40349837D@imsnolaa.nola.omm.mms.gov> References: <379313C94B76D2119AB60008C7A402E40349837D@imsnolaa.nola.omm.mms.gov> Message-ID: Hi Greg/coral list, At the following URL there is a picture I took in Antigua in September 1993, which may be of interest (I would need to check Dive log for the date, but Montastrea sp. was also spawning on that night, and from memory it was either 6 or 7 nights post FM): http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/chapter5/Acoral3.jpg This picture may be consistent with your speculation that the gametes were trapped/accumulated in the tentacles prior to release through the mouth. I would be interested to hear how you and other educated eyes interpret this image. Regards Alex >One would speculate that the eggs might be >released through the end of the tentacles, but this seems very odd. They >are getting out from somewhere as there are many gametes visible in the >surrounding water. Could be the gametes in the tentacles are trapped and >should have been retained in the gastrovascular cavity for release through >the mouth as other taxa do. > >Greg Boland > >You can use the URL below to view the images: >http://www.coral.noaa.gov/coral_list/eusmilia.html ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From g.j.geertjes at biol.rug.nl Mon Oct 29 06:48:48 2001 From: g.j.geertjes at biol.rug.nl (Gerard J. Geertjes) Date: Mon, 29 Oct 2001 12:48:48 +0100 Subject: Eusmilia spawning References: <379313C94B76D2119AB60008C7A402E40349837D@imsnolaa.nola.omm.mms.gov> Message-ID: <005201c1606f$ad32aba0$74907d81@0000c0adc2ce> Hello Greg & coral list. The little spheres that are released by Eusmilia fastigiata are actually zygotes in very early stages of development (16-32 cells). At least part of them (if not all) are released from the tips of the tentacles. Aspects of E. fastigiata reproduction and development of the released spherical bodies are desribed in: de Graaf, M., G. J. Geertjes, and J. J. Videler, 1999: Observations on spawning of scleractinian corals and other invertebrates on the reefs of Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean). Bulletin of Marine Science 64:189-194. Cheers, Gerard Geertjes University of Groningen Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies Department of Marine Biology Kerklaan 30 P.O.Box 14 9750 AA HAREN The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0) 50 363 2226 Fax: +31 (0) 50 363 2261 E-mail: g.j.geertjes at biol.rug.nl http://www.biol.rug.nl/marbio/staff/i-staff.htm ----- Original Message ----- From: Boland, Gregory To: Sent: Friday, October 26, 2001 9:37 PM Subject: Eusmilia spawning > Coral List, > > This is in response to Dirk Peterson's request for information on Eusmilia > fastigiata spawning. I thought it would be useful to post these images to > the whole list even though David sounds like he is concentrating on the > spawning behavior of this species for his graduate work. I indirectly > acquired this image from a tourist/diver many years back when I was involved > with the team that documented the first in situ mass spawning event in the > Atlantic/Gulf /Caribbean in 1991 and the first Colpophyllia natans spawning > in 1994. This is an incredible image and I have always been puzzled about > what is exactly going on. It was taken in French Cay of the Turks and > Caicos Islands (not sure which island exactly) on August 28, 1994 at about 9 > PM. The full moon for August, 1994 was on the 21st at 23:48 so the image > was taken 7 evenings after the full moon. > > The gametes appear to be individual eggs, much smaller than gamete bundles > of Montastrea or Diploria species. I don't know if Eusmilia is dioecious. > The strangest aspect is that the gametes or "eggs" are accumulated inside > the expanded polyp tentacles. One would speculate that the eggs might be > released through the end of the tentacles, but this seems very odd. They > are getting out from somewhere as there are many gametes visible in the > surrounding water. Could be the gametes in the tentacles are trapped and > should have been retained in the gastrovascular cavity for release through > the mouth as other taxa do. > > The close-ups are from the same image, only cropped and scanned at the > highest resolution I could squeeze our of my Coolscan III. > > It is my understanding the photographers have no concerns about photo credit > but here are their names anyway, as I have always been a stickler for photo > credit , particularly for underwater images. > > Photos by: Anne Owen and David Wheeler, 1994 > > Greg Boland > Biological Oceanographer > Minerals Management Service > > You can use the URL below to view the images: > > http://www.coral.noaa.gov/coral_list/eusmilia.html > ~~~~~~~ > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From mekvinga at yahoo.com Fri Oct 26 10:15:20 2001 From: mekvinga at yahoo.com (mel keys) Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2001 07:15:20 -0700 (PDT) Subject: Effect of divers on fishes Message-ID: <200110291223.MAA41975@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> Divers want to EAT fish. They come someplace like Bonaire, where I'm living at the moment, and go to restaurants named "It Rains Fishes", and they order grouper, snapper, barracuda, whatever Catch of the Day is on the menu. Spearing, traps and nets are illegal here, but not hand line fishing, which is a viable way to catch the preditors. I carry scissors on every dive to cut fishing line off coral. In Grand Turk, where _any_ fishing in the park is illegal, there are many large preditors, seen on every dive. If these fish are bothered by divers, they wander off for the few minutes that the divers have for their dive. Perhaps they even learn the sound of boats stopping, and bubbles, and leave the vicinity for a short spell. Bugged sleeping Nurse Sharks will do that. But, on repeated dives in the same area, the same number of similar sized, similar species preditors will be seen. The few preditors I've seen at the "House Dive" for Cap't Don's Habitat resort aren't very concerned with me, unless I get very close, looking at them. The fish I speak of are one smallish barracuda, and several Tiger Groupers. Again, seen on every dive, in an area that gets huge numbers of divers, at all hours, every day of the year. Fish do learn to avoid divers where there is spearing, such as St. Croix, USVI, where the fish are generally much more shy than the fish here in Bonaire. It's the commercial value, the dinner plate, that depletes preditors from reefs. I hope I haven't offended by not offering a published scientific paper. I do offer the observations of several thousand Caribbean dives done since I was certified in 1980. Regards, Melissa Keyes, s/v Vinga, Bonaire/ St. Croix ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From jonathan.kelsey at noaa.gov Tue Oct 30 11:51:37 2001 From: jonathan.kelsey at noaa.gov (Jonathan Kelsey) Date: Tue, 30 Oct 2001 11:51:37 -0500 Subject: Reposting: Coral Reef Coordinator Vacancy - Saipan, CNMI Message-ID: <3BDEDA99.3E81C5B2@noaa.gov> Apologies for cross-postings. Quick Deadline for Interested Applicants. The following is a vacancy announcement for a Coral Reef Coordinator position located within the Coastal Resources Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Please direct inquiries to the appropriate individuals, as identified in the announcement below. POSITION VACANCY Title: Coral Reef Coordinator Agency: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) Coastal Resources Management Office Location: Saipan, CNMI Background Coral reef ecosystems are vitally important to the cultural and economic sustainability of residents in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). In addition to providing income and traditional and cultural uses, the structures produced by healthy coral reefs are the Island?s principle source of against storm events. As development and tourism prosper, it is important to evaluate, monitor, and manage surrounding reefs. As a founding member of the United States Coral Reef Task Force (US CRTF), the CNMI has developed, received funding, and initiated a comprehensive program aimed at conserving their coral reef resources. The program, the CNMI Coral Reef Initiative is made up of a number of individual projects focused on specific coral reef issues and is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of Interior (DOI). Projects range from the development of marine protected areas to establishing Island-wide coral reef monitoring programs. Other U.S. Island members of the Task Force have similarly developed and received funding for their own initiatives. The Coral Reef Initiative in CNMI, due in part to the trans-boundary nature of coral reef management issues, is a cooperative effort driven by a number of territorial and federal agencies. The Coordinator works in the CNMI?s federally approved Coastal Resources Management Office (CRMO). In addition to serving as the land use planning and permitting agency for the Commonwealth, the CRMO has also been designated the point of contact for federally funded coral reef activities stemming from the Coral Reef Task Force. Other Commonwealth agencies involved in coral reef issues include the Department of Environmental Quality and Division of Fish and Wildlife. Recently the CRMO, in cooperation with these agencies, has guided CNMI to the legislation of its first marine protected area. Responsibilities The Coordinator will be the primary point of contact for coral reef management issues and activities in the CNMI. The responsibilities of the Coordinator are multi-dimensional and include: ? Coordinate and provide leadership among the various territorial, regional, and federal agencies active in local, regional, and national coral reef management. ? Coordinate and cooperate with the various territorial, regional, and federal agencies to develop a comprehensive coral reef monitoring program that includes benthic cover, coral communities, fish abundance, macro-invertebrate abundance, water quality, and biodiversity. ? Analyze data and help prepare annual state of the reef report. ? Assists developers in creating marine monitoring plans for permitted projects. ? Develop relationships with local communities to build support for marine protected areas and coral reef conservation. ? Develop management plans for coastal and marine areas, including marine protected areas. ? The development of coral reef education and outreach material and activities for a wide range of audiences including school children, resource users such as fishermen and recreational operators, legislators, and the general public. ? Federal grant management and reporting. Qualifications Applicants must be United States (US) Citizens or qualified CNMI Resident Workers per 3CMC Section 4412 (n). Applicants should have an academic and professional background in natural resource management, with specific experience in tropical marine ecosystems. Successful applicants will have an advanced degree in marine resource management, coastal zone management, or marine science with an emphasis on tropical ecosystems. In addition, successful applicants will have at least five (5) years experience in the following areas: ? Comprehensive understanding of current practices and issues related to the long-term management of coastal and marine natural resources, particularly coral reefs. ? Developing management plans for multi-use marine resource and protected areas. ? Meeting facilitation, conflict resolution, and collaborative planning among stakeholders with diverse backgrounds and conflicting interests. ? Developing and carrying out coral reef and water quality monitoring programs. ? Effectively coordinating multi-agency working groups. ? Developing and implementing a variety of outreach and educational materials for a wide range of audiences. ? Working with the issues of remote, small island states. ? SCUBA Certification. Interested Applicants Those interested in applying should submit the following: ? Cover letter ? Resume or CV ? Copy of transcripts for all colleges and universities attended ? Completed CNMI Government Application (faxed upon request) ? Police Clearance (valid within 1 year) ? At least one letter of recommendation Applications and documents should be directed to: Joaquin D. Salas, Acting Administrator CNMI Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor P.O. Box 10007 2nd Floor Morgen Building San Jose Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Fax: (670) 234-0007 Questions and/or request for CNMI Government Application should be directed to: Bernie Pangelinan, Administrative Assistant Phone: (670) 234-6623 Email: c/o crm.permit at saipan.com Closing Date Applications and documents should be postmarked no later than 31 October 2001. -- Jonathan D. Kelsey Coastal Management Specialist, Pacific Region NOAA/NOS/Coastal Programs Division 1305 East-West Highway, 11th Floor, N/ORM3 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: (301) 713-3155 x137 Fax: (301) 713-4367 -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011030/be7d57f0/attachment.html From Jim.Bohnsack at noaa.gov Tue Oct 30 16:26:43 2001 From: Jim.Bohnsack at noaa.gov (Jim Bohnsack) Date: Tue, 30 Oct 2001 16:26:43 -0500 Subject: Diver effects on fishes Message-ID: <3BDF1B13.65308515@noaa.gov> My observations indicate divers per se are considered just another fish unless they are spearfishing or feeding fish. Where spearfishing occurs fishes learn to avoid divers, especially if they carry a spear. Where divers frequently feed fish they tend to swarm around divers initially (unless spearfishing also occurs). Below are two references that deal with the topic. This paper compares fish behavior on a reef with intense diving activity (and fish feeding but no spearfishing or other extractive activities) to a reef with virtually no diving activity: Bohnsack, J.A. 1998. Reef fish response to divers in two ?no-take? marine reserves in Hawaii. Reef Encounter 23:22-24. The following reference shows impacts of spearfishing on fish communities. Bohnsack, J.A. 1982. Effects of piscivorous predator removal on coral reef fish community structure. Pages 258-267 in G.M. Cailliet and C.A. Simenstad (eds.), Gutshop?81: Fish Food Habits Studies. Proc. 3rd Pacific Tech.Workshop. Washington Sea Grant. University of Washington, Seattle. > Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2001 15:41:53 +0200 > From: "Bridget Armstrong" > Subject: diver effects on fishes > > Dear all > Is anyone aware of published information on the effects of divers on the = > behaviour of large predatory reef fish ? There seems to be a widely-help = > public perception that large numbers of divers cause predatory fish to = > avoid the area, while the number of coral-associates (eg Butterflyfish) = > tends to increase. > > Are there any coral-reef managers out there that zone reefs particularly = > to provide areas where fish are protected from the effects of divers, as = > opposed to protecting the coral itself from breakage/diseases ? > > Many thanks > Bridget Armstrong > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011030/58b2cf52/attachment.html From timecott at hotmail.com Wed Oct 31 10:32:44 2001 From: timecott at hotmail.com (tim ecott) Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 10:32:44 Subject: divers and fish Message-ID: Coral Listers, Mel Keys makes a good point, and needlessly apologises for presenting anecdotal evidence about fish behaviour in response to diver activity. I make the point in my book ('Neutral Buoyancy; Adventures in a Liquid World') that I am constantly amazed by diver attitudes to (a) coral damage - not just immediate physical impact, but a general lack of awareness of what coral ecology is all about and how anthropogenic activity on a wider scale affects the reef (b) fish, crustacea, mollusca etc - why do divers so readily tuck in to things like 'conch' in the Caribbean an hour after surfacing from a dive, or happily chow down on 'coral trout'/ grouper while lamenting the presence of large species at dive sites? On a wider level - when will divers start voting with their feet/fins and start boycotting destinations where poor reef management is evident. It's not good assuming that 'protected area' means that destructive fishing practices are banned. There is ample evidence that coral health and responsible diving can co-exist - let's stop wasting time arguing about whether divers scare fish away. Without recreational divers the academic community has NO hope of spreading the word about the plight of the world's reefs. It was noted in the South of France in the 1930's that fish a hundred yards away from where spear fishermen hunted were totally unaffected by divers while those where the spearers dived exhibited clear 'recognition' of men acting as predators. Fish are not as stupid as we persist in thinking. tel (44) 208 607 9436 _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From mfield at usgs.gov Tue Oct 30 17:28:55 2001 From: mfield at usgs.gov (Mike Field) Date: Tue, 30 Oct 2001 14:28:55 -0800 Subject: Abstract deadline Nov 7 for Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu Message-ID: <200110311125.LAA46636@coral.aoml.noaa.gov> This is a reminder that the deadline for electronic submission of abstracts for the Coral Reef Session (OS11) and other sessions of interest is Nov 8 at 1400 GMT. This obviously means that folks on the West Coast, Hawaii, and other Pacific areas really need to submit on NOVEMBER 7. For information about abstract submittal, go to: http://www.agu.org/meetings/os02top.html#CusG SESSION OS11 "CORAL REEF HABITATS : NEW INSIGHTS FROM INTEGRATED COASTAL SCIENCE". During the past five years there has been an unprecedented explosion of scientific investigations to map, assess, monitor, and understand coral reef habitats. The driving impetus for the marked increase in studies was, and continues to be, the recognition that human activities are having a pronounced and measurable deleterious effect on reefs. Exacerbated coastal sedimentation and pollution, over-fishing, and ocean warming are but a few of the impacts leading to stress, increased disease, bleaching, and necrosis. The complexities of coral reef habitats and the threats that they face has led to studies that integrate science across a wide spectrum of disciplines. Geodesy, sediment dynamics, remote sensing, geochemistry, and coastal circulation are being joined with traditional disciplines in ecology, geology, and zoology to provide new perspectives and new answers. This session focuses on contributions about advancements in understanding coral reef habitats through the integration of coastal science. New methods and technologies for remote sensing and long term monitoring of coral reefs will be highlighted, as will new understanding of the controls on reef health and sustainability. ********************************************************* Michael E. Field US Geological Survey Pacific Science Center University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High St. Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (831) 459-3428; FAX: (831) 459-3707 Visit us at: http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/mamalabay/ ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From howzit at turtles.org Wed Oct 31 11:56:49 2001 From: howzit at turtles.org (Ursula Keuper-Bennett) Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 11:56:49 -0500 Subject: divers and fish In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20011031105409.00bd9900@localhost> Tim, You wrote: >I make the point in my book ('Neutral Buoyancy; Adventures in a Liquid >World') that I am constantly amazed by diver attitudes to >(a) coral damage - not just immediate physical impact, but a general lack >of awareness of what coral ecology is all about and how anthropogenic >activity on a wider scale affects the reef Why would that amaze you? I was told once that the average "diver" makes no more than a couple dozen dives his entire life. Many "divers" get no more than ten dives in a year max. These aren't divers any more than I'm a musician because I plunk on my guitar when I have nothing better to do. And those kind of "divers" know no more about coral ecology and anthropogenic activity than I know about major/minor chords and tempo. You wrote: >why do divers so readily tuck in to things like 'conch' in the Caribbean >an hour after surfacing from a dive, or happily chow down on 'coral >trout'/ grouper while lamenting the presence of large species at dive sites? I have a question of my own. Why would you expect the average diver to be any smarter or responsible than the average tourist? You wrote: >On a wider level - when will divers start voting with their feet/fins and >start boycotting destinations where poor reef management is evident. Won't happen. I can offer a long term perspective on poor reef management. The west coast of Maui (a Hawaiian island) has suffered classic and dramatic degradation of its reefs over the last dozen years. Corals have been smothered with repeated algae blooms. Repeated algae blooms by the way, that management/newspapers DENY existed except in 1989 and 91. I wrote a reporter and asked him what in the world they'd define as a "bloom". And here was the response. "In the case of defining what is a "bloom," we rely on what we consider the technical experts," So you can be a diver underwater up to your armpits in green slime and it isn't a bloom. For example, this from Summer 2000 is NOT a bloom! The technical experts say so. Can you see my husband? Next, this summer one of the most popular dive sites on Maui --a place called "Airport Beach" had algae smothering its corals. And here's what the corals look like right where divers and snorkelers get in and out of the water And you know something? Most people come out of there thinking it looks great. Cool fish around. They might even see a hawksbill (we did when there). They're happy. They don't know what Airport Beach looked like before and besides, it's WAY better than anything they have at home. And the ocean from the beach is still blue and beautiful. The people who should be squawking are the tour master-divers there. That is, the dive industry proper. Yet, far as I can tell they're mute. Back in 1991 when I first complained about the massive algae problem in this area: I warned people that the slime would affect tourism. But I was wrong. This summer I actually watched two couples sit with their lounge chairs directly in the Cladophora algae on the beach (thick and slimy) allowing waves to rock them. They were laughing up a streak while drinking beer. From the intensity of their laughter I suspect that in addition to alcohol, their moods were also "enhanced" by Maui-Wowie as well. And when I saw that? Them sitting in slime like that? I concluded that people can handle all manner of coastal decline. Humans will swim in their own swill. So long's the destination swill is better than their home swill. And the tourist industry knows this. And so do the politicians. You wrote: > Without recreational divers the academic community has NO hope of > spreading the word about the plight of the world's reefs. Agreed. you wrote: >It was noted in the South of France in the 1930's that fish a hundred >yards away from where spear fishermen hunted were totally unaffected by >divers while those where the spearers dived exhibited clear 'recognition' >of men acting as predators. Fish are not as stupid as we persist in thinking. Unfortunately too many people ARE. Best wishes, Ursula ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From delbeek at waquarium.org Wed Oct 31 12:44:32 2001 From: delbeek at waquarium.org (Charles Delbeek) Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 07:44:32 -1000 Subject: divers and fish In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20011031073957.00b42488@mail.waquarium.org> At 10:32 AM 10/31/2001 +0000, you wrote: >Without recreational divers the academic community has NO hope of >spreading the word about the plight of the world's reefs. I believe the marine reef keeping hobby has a very large % of "reef aware" individuals, perhaps more so than the diving community .. since these individuals have a great deal of experience with what is necessary for healthy corals to survive and grow and an appreciation of their delicacy. This is also a very useful group when it comes to spreading awareness of corals reefs and their inhabitants to the general public. I know several hobbyists who regularly have groups of elementary students visit their homes to view their reef aquaria and learn about coral reefs in general. Aloha! J. Charles Delbeek Aquarium Biologist Waikiki Aquarium 2777 Kalakaua Ave. Honolulu, HI, USA 96815 808-923-9741 808-923-1771 FAX ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From bmtrust at sunbeach.net Wed Oct 31 15:14:09 2001 From: bmtrust at sunbeach.net (Barbados Marine Trust) Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 15:14:09 -0500 Subject: divers and fish Message-ID: The recreational diver brings the money in -after all those of us who depend on diving as part of our tourism package do not make our money off the pro-diver!!! In Barbados, we found that by involving the recreational diver (as well as the pro diver ) in programmes such as Reef Check, we can educate them about the damage they themselves ( as well as fishermen and boats etc) cause to the reefs. It is a learning process and involvement in Reef protection/ management programmes is the most effective method we have found so far. Loreto Duffy-Mayers Executive Director Barbados Marine Trust --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.292 / Virus Database: 157 - Release Date: 10/26/01 -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: winmail.dat Type: application/ms-tnef Size: 2060 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pipermail/coral-list-old/attachments/20011031/611b76d5/attachment.bin From howzit at turtles.org Wed Oct 31 16:43:48 2001 From: howzit at turtles.org (Ursula Keuper-Bennett) Date: Wed, 31 Oct 2001 16:43:48 -0500 Subject: divers and fish In-Reply-To: References: <4.3.2.7.2.20011031105409.00bd9900@localhost> Message-ID: <4.3.2.7.2.20011031164004.026455b0@localhost> There ya go. What one man calls "cynical" you find funny. And what you found funny pissed me off most of this summer. You know what's worse? I bet there are people reading my post who think I'm exaggerating or spinning. But it's true --every word. By the way I posted that knowing my message will get to "certain" people. And since there's a six hour difference in time between Toronto and Wailuku, Maui I hope I pissed REAL GOOD in their morning coffee! As always, good to hear from you. -------------------------------------- At 02:23 PM 10/31/01 -0500, you wrote: >Oh, that was funny! (Yes, sad, too...). I especially liked the part >about the stoned/stoned couple in the green junk. Hey, when you weren't >looking, they were probably screwing in it! Hyar, hyar! > > Cheers, > Jim > > > > > > > ~~~~~~~ > > For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the > > digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the > > menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > > From firefish at sltnet.lk Wed Oct 31 22:10:13 2001 From: firefish at sltnet.lk (Prasanna Weerakkody) Date: Thu, 1 Nov 2001 09:10:13 +0600 (GMT) Subject: divers and fish Message-ID: <200111010310.fA13ADu09350@laknet.slt.lk> I am not so sure if the aquarium enthusiasts are anymore enlightened lot than the average diver as ursula defined. (may be there is one or two) Down here in Sri Lanka one of my prime activities is re-settling hundreds of pieces of coral broken by fish collectors (to extract the fish from their hiding places)supplying the aquarium industry. Post to the 1998 bleaching event the reefs down here have suffered tremendously with less than 50% of the reefs remaining and struggling to survive. there is significant loss in fish abundance and diversity. But the aquarium fish industry has not been so "understanding or aware" and continue pumping reef fauna out at the same rate. they still comb and squeeze the reefs for fish(and inverts) down to the last one left. If there is even a slight reduction to the numbers exported it is more due to fish collectors quitting the job as it is no longer viable; than because of the sensitive Reef keeper hobbyists voluntarily putting a brake in their demand of live exotics to give a chance for the reefs to recover. I don't think the reef keepers have a clue what is going on down here, or care how much they are contributing to the destruction of the reefs to build "pretty little artificial reefs' that they can keep at home. May be the recreational divers who visit the reefs could check out the reefs and make the aquarists aware. The aquarists should know that every colourful fish that livens their living room makes the reefs less and less colourful as the selective predation by the trade is leaving the reefs full of only the 'bland' fishes. think of what such high intensity selective extraction does to the reef ecology. My apologies if I sound a little hard; but it is hard to sympathize with aquarists when you are struggling with the long distance effects of their hobbies on a daily basis. Prasanna At 07:44 AM 31-10-01 -1000, you wrote: >At 10:32 AM 10/31/2001 +0000, you wrote: >>Without recreational divers the academic community has NO hope of >>spreading the word about the plight of the world's reefs. > >I believe the marine reef keeping hobby has a very large % of "reef aware" >individuals, perhaps more so than the diving community .. since these >individuals have a great deal of experience with what is necessary for >healthy corals to survive and grow and an appreciation of their delicacy. >This is also a very useful group when it comes to spreading awareness of >corals reefs and their inhabitants to the general public. I know several >hobbyists who regularly have groups of elementary students visit their >homes to view their reef aquaria and learn about coral reefs in general. > >Aloha! > > > > >J. Charles Delbeek >Aquarium Biologist >Waikiki Aquarium >2777 Kalakaua Ave. >Honolulu, HI, USA 96815 >808-923-9741 >808-923-1771 FAX > >~~~~~~~ >For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the >digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the >menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. > > > ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver. From fretwelc at nova.edu Fri Oct 26 19:06:07 2001 From: fretwelc at nova.edu (Carol Fretwell) Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2001 19:06:07 -0400 Subject: NCRI Proceedings - Last Chance to Order Message-ID: <002601c15e72$cb97f220$9d103489@ribbontail.ocean.nova.edu> >>LAST ANNOUNCEMENT<< "Scientific Aspects of Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration in Coral Reef Ecosystems" LAST CHANCE - ORDER NOW! The Conference Proceedings of the National Coral Reef Institute's 1999 International Conference in Ft. Lauderdale are now available by order. This is a Special Issue of the Bulletin of Marine Science. The 768-page, 51 paper volume includes: * 13 papers on coral reef assessment * 5 papers on biodiversity and community dynamics of coral reefs * 5 papers on impacts and stressors to coral reefs * 15 papers on coral reef monitoring * 13 papers on coral reef restoration dynamics Single copy, print version, including shipping charges (overseas by air mail): $37.00 USD each. Prepublication orders for printed copies will be honored until 5 November ONLY. If payment is not received on a submitted order by 5 November, the order will be cancelled. CD versions of the Proceedings are $10.00 USD, including shipping charges (overseas by Air Mail). CDs will be available beyond the 5 November deadline for print copies. The $10.00 pricing for CDs is only available to Conference participants. The price for non-conference participants is $35.00 USD. Orders must include format (CD or Print), number of copies, and full mailing address of recipient. Orders must include payment by check or international money orders made payable to the BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. Mail orders with payment to: Prof. Samuel C. Snedaker, Editor Bulletin of Marine Science Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149-1098 USA This pricing for printed copies will NOT be available after publication. Conference organizers will NOT be able to provide copies of the proceedings to conference attendees due to size (and therefore cost). The conference fee, as stated in the conference brochure, included the abstract book which was distributed at the conference. Only session chairs and one author from each published paper will receive a complimentary copy. This notice is designed as a reminder for people who have not yet placed their orders. Unforeseen publication delays have made this last opportunity available. Shipment is expected soon after the 5 November date. Any further questions should be directed to: Sam Snedaker Editor, Bulletin of Marine Science BMS at rsmas.miami.edu ~~~~~~~ For directions on subscribing and unsubscribing to coral-list or the digests, please visit www.coral.noaa.gov, click on Popular on the menu bar, then click on Coral-List Listserver.