[Coral-List] using bubbles to remove CO2 from reef water

David Koweek dkoweek at stanford.edu
Wed May 4 16:57:46 EDT 2016


Hi Gene,

This is a great question and one that others have raised. The bubble
stripping technique does transfer CO2 from the coastal zone to the
atmosphere (in addition to the emissions from using fossil-fuel powered air
blowers).  The approach that we laid out in the paper is energy
intensive-enough so that it would currently limit the approach to small,
targeted applications for economically, ecologically and/or culturally
important regions that would benefit most from acidification mitigation.
Using renewable energy (solar and/or waves) to power the blowers could
potentially increase the scale of bubble stripping applications.

Because the application is on such a small scale, and because the effects
of exposure to extreme acidification can severe (economically,
ecologically, and culturally), we argue that the benefits of localized
acidification mitigation in valuable and sensitive coastal ecosystems may
outweigh the cost of the marginal CO2 flux to the atmosphere. Ultimately,
this is a complicated cost-benefit analysis that will require many people
with many different types of expertise to evaluate if this works, where it
works, and when best to use it. We hope to continue stimulating this
conversation.

Dave

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
To: <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Cc:
Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 11:36:21 -0400
Subject: [Coral-List] using bubbles to remove CO2 from reef water
Thanks David for clearing this up. I was considering jumping in to say what
you have said so well.
I was also wondering if bubbling at night when Co2 levels sometimes reach
levels projected for the future is simply transferring  Co2 from the water
to the atmosphere. Would it contribute to the seasonal variations in the
atmosphere one sees so well the Keeling curve. I am guessing the amount
would be too small to make a real difference. Gene

-- 


No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
------------------------------------ -----------------------------------
E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor
University of South Florida
College of Marine Science Room 221A
140 Seventh Avenue South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
<eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
Tel 727 553-1158
---------------------------------- -----------------------------------

On Wed, May 4, 2016 at 12:55 PM, <coral-list-request at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
wrote:

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> Today's Topics:
>
>    1. using bubbles to remove CO2 from reef water (Eugene Shinn)
>    2. Re: Observations of current bleaching impacts in  Pacific
>       Islands (Charles Delbeek)
>    3. Re: Paul Jokiel (Paul Sammarco)
>    4. Re: coral reefs in the face of climate change (Sarah Frias-Torres)
>    5. Invitation to apply for attending: ICRS 2016 Workshop:
>       Personal Care Product Pollution and its Threat to Coral Reefs and
>       other Marine Habitats (Cheryl Woodley - NOAA Federal)
>    6. Possible Down Time for Coral-List (Jim Hendee)
>    7. Chinese Fishers Destroying SCS reefs as anti-ivory action
>       boosts giant clam market... (johnny langenheim)
>    8. Last call for Coral Comparative Histopathology course     this
>       summer! (Esther Peters)
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> To: <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 11:36:21 -0400
> Subject: [Coral-List] using bubbles to remove CO2 from reef water
> Thanks David for clearing this up. I was considering jumping in to say
> what you have said so well.
> I was also wondering if bubbling at night when Co2 levels sometimes reach
> levels projected for the future is simply transferring  Co2 from the water
> to the atmosphere. Would it contribute to the seasonal variations in the
> atmosphere one sees so well the Keeling curve. I am guessing the amount
> would be too small to make a real difference. Gene
>
> --
>
>
> No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
> ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------
> E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor
> University of South Florida
> College of Marine Science Room 221A
> 140 Seventh Avenue South
> St. Petersburg, FL 33701
> <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> Tel 727 553-1158
> ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
>
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Charles Delbeek <cdelbeek at calacademy.org>
> To: arthur <webbarthur at gmail.com>
> Cc: <Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 07:27:27 -0700
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Observations of current bleaching impacts in
> Pacific Islands
> I recently returned from 14 days of diving in the Mbini area of Luzon in
> the Philippines as part of deep diving expedition. Water temps were around
> 84 oF at the surface and 69-72 at 250-350 ft. We did not see any signs of
> coral bleaching at four different sites.
>
>
> *J. Charles Delbeek, M.Sc. *Assistant Curator, Steinhart Aquarium
> California Academy of Sciences
>
> Desk: 415.379.5303
> Fax: 415.379.5304
>
>
> *cdelbeek at calacademy.org <cdelbeek at calacademy.org> *www.calacademy.org
>
> 55 Music Concourse Dr.
>
> Golden Gate Park
>
> San Francisco CA 94118
>
>
>
> Discover nature’s secret language in *Color of Life*, a dazzling new
> exhibit—now open.
>
> On Tue, May 3, 2016 at 3:04 PM, arthur <webbarthur at gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > Hello Coral-List,
> >
> > Like everyone here I've watched with great concern as the current
> > bleaching event has unfolded. Reading the reviews out of NOAA (thanks so
> > much for the excellent information and services you continue to provide)
> > and reading the survey updates from our colleagues working in the Great
> > Barrier Reef leaves me wondering how widespread and bad things are in my
> > "back-yard", the Pacific Islands region (I'm based in Tarawa). From what
> > I can tell it seems to have affected countries mostly near and north of
> > the equator but there is so little quantitative data or information on
> > spatial extent and severity of impacts I'm unsure if this is correct? In
> > many cases it's only possible to assume the extent and level of impacts
> > based on remotely sensed SST data.
> >
> > Questions of reef system function, persistence and productivity are for
> > us pivotal to the very survival of whole communities, ways of life and
> > indeed the persistence of many of our islands as habitable environments..
> > I'm trying to gather quantitative information regarding observations
> > from the Pacific region on the current event? I've read some material
> > from the Hawaiian group, Marshall Islands and Guam but much is anecdotal
> > or stories in the popular media, etc. All up I'm struggling to find
> > sound quantitative studies for the Pacific Islands.
> >
> > Can anyone highlight studies or research in the region regarding the
> > current event, any information or pointers would be greatly appreciated..
> >
> > Arthur
> > __________________________________________
> >
> > Dr Arthur Webb
> > Senior Fellow - ANCORS
> > University of Wollongong
> >
> > webbarthur at gmail.com
> > http://ancors.uow.edu.au/index.html
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Coral-List mailing list
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Paul Sammarco <psammarco at lumcon.edu>
> To: "'Steve Coles'" <slcoles at bishopmuseum.org>, <
> coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 09:38:13 -0500
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Paul Jokiel
> Dear Steve,
>
> I came in to work this morning to find your highly distressing note about
> Paul Jokiel's passing.  I am absolutely heart-broken.  Paul was a great
> scientist.  His scientific ideas, which he shared with us over the decades,
> were brilliant and still stand strong today.  This is the mark of great
> science.  In addition, he was a wonderful person with an open, loving heart
> and soul.  He gave from his heart so freely, and his spirituality ran deep.
> He will be sorely missed.
>
> My very deepest and sincere sympathies to his family.
>
>
> With best wishes,
>
> Paul W. Sammarco
>
>
> Paul W. Sammarco, Ph.D.
> Professor
> Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON)
> 8124 Hwy. 56
> Chauvin, LA  70344-2110
>
> 1-985-851-2876 (tel)
> 1-985-851-2874 (FAX)
> 1-985-232-6575 (Cell)
> psammarco at lumcon.edu
> www.lumcon.edu
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> [mailto:coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov] On Behalf Of Steve Coles
> Sent: Tuesday, May 03, 2016 2:23 PM
> To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: [Coral-List] Paul Jokiel
>
>
> We regret to inform the coral science community that Dr. Paul Jokiel passed
> away late last week in Washington D. C. where he was participating in a NSF
> proposal review panel. Paul was a brilliant scientist and great
> humanitarian
> who contributed greatly to marine science and coral biology. His research
> covered a wide range of coral reef ecology and management topics that
> included landmark work in identifying coral-algal thermal limits that
> provided a basis for understanding coral bleaching, and the importance of
> UV
> radiation in determining the composition of reef communities. He developed
> or improved many simple but effective methodologies that are used in coral
> or reef studies, including buoyant weighing, clod cards for measuring water
> motion, and CO2 dispersion techniques. He developed t and implemented he
> first widespread coral reef monitoring program in Hawai'i that will
> continue
> to provide needed information on the condition of Hawai'i's reefs. Other
> areas of research were rafting on floating objects as a means of coral
> movement and distribution over long distances, coral capacity for re-growth
> after apparent mortality, the importance of watershed management to corals
> and reefs, and the long term prospects of coral and reef survival under
> climate change. At age 75 he was still active and hard at work, leading a
> group of Ph. D's and grad students that recently received a three year NSF
> grant to continue their research on the effects of ocean acidification on
> coral growth, survival and diversity.
>
> As important as his personal research was, it was perhaps superseded by his
> influence on colleagues and students. For years Paul organized and ran the
> Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology Summer Program, where dozens of grad
> students came to conduct projects directed or advised by him and other
> invited researchers. Many of these students are now prominent coral
> scientists and look back on Paul as their first mentor in the field. In
> that
> program and at all other times, Paul always was always available to
> explore,
> explain, and encourage everyone who sought him out with an idea or a
> problem. He always had time to help others, including over 50 individuals
> he
> sponsored in 12-step programs over the past 30 years. His positive outlook
> on life and compassion will live on in the legacy he leaves behind.
>
> Much more can and will be said in a memoriam to be submitted to Reef
> Encounter. For now we are all deeply saddened and will miss Paul terribly,
> and we extend our regrets to his family and many, many friends.
>
> Steve Coles, Ku'ulei Rodgers, and the entire HIMB Coral Ecology Lab
>
>
>
> This message is only intended for the addressee named above.  Its contents
> may be privileged or otherwise protected.  Any unauthorized use, disclosure
> or copying of this message or its contents is prohibited.  If you have
> received this message by mistake, please notify us immediately by reply
> mail
> or by collect telephone call.  Any personal opinions expressed in this
> message do not necessarily represent the views of the Bishop Museum.
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>
>
> ---
> This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
> https://www.avast.com/antivirus
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>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Sarah Frias-Torres <sfrias_torres at hotmail.com>
> To: Carin Jantzen <carin.jantzen at gmx.net>, "coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov"
> <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 15:04:49 +0000
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] coral reefs in the face of climate change
> On the issue of coral reefs and climate change, I think we have been too
> mild delivering the message. The scientific community in general has tried
> to avoid a catastrophist approach, so when we say coral reefs are dying,
> the public at large doesn't even blink.
>
> There was a time we globally freaked out at the ozone hole. Even my
> grandma was concerned about it (and she is one of those Spanish civil war
> and post-war survivors who doesn't get scared that easily). Action was
> taken, CFC's eliminated.
>
> We don't have much time left to avoid complete meltdown. I'd like to think
> we'll eventually gain some awareness and intelligence so we behave as
> global citizens and reduce CO2 emissions for the greater good. It's a
> beautiful kumbaya dream. But this is not going to happen fast enough.
>
> As primates, we react to fear. Global warming is a threat to our survival
> as we know it. The death of coral reefs is a symptom that things are
> getting worse really fast. We must initiate the fight-or-flight response.
> Get the amygdala working, so people get off their derrieres and do
> something. There's no alternative Earth to go to. Therefore, our only
> response is to fight climate change.
>
> So here's to the well-crafted science communication messages still to
> come: Do something, or it's game over.
>
> Sarah Frias-Torres, Ph.D.
> Twitter: @GrouperDoc
> Blog: http://grouperluna.wordpress.com
> http://independent.academia.edu/SarahFriasTorres
>
>
> ________________________________________
> From: coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> <coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml..noaa.gov> on behalf of Carin Jantzen <
> carin.jantzen at gmx.net>
> Sent: Wednesday, May 4, 2016 6:28 AM
> To: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: [Coral-List] coral reefs in the face of climate change
>
> Dear all,
>
> With interest I have followed the discussions on what we can do to help
> dying coral reefs in the face of climate change, especially in context
> of the most severe and unsettling third global bleaching event and the
> subsequent mass die-off of corals and whole reefs.
>
> We probably all agree that we, most importantly, need to act against the
> ongoing climate change, meaning to reduce our Carbon-dioxide emissions
> to prevent conditions from getting unbearable for all of us. What we are
> facing now is just the beginning. We need to act as citizens, humans,
> and as a species that like to persist on this earth – best together with
> most of the other species on earth as well; not going into detail here
> about biodiversity, natural resources, changing conditions in
> agriculture, climate refugees or even wars...
>
> People wish to do something, to directly help the corals right now, but
> I think any attempt that works only quite locally like shading (wse
> method) or extracting CO2 from the water are only a drop in the bucket.
> If one, for instance, has managed to shade some corals and they really
> survived – the next bleaching will wipe them out (or the one after
> that). Water temperatures will continue to rise and bleaching may become
> more frequent in the future.
>
> Apart from the most urgent task to act against climate change, we need
> to assist natural evolution to help coral reefs to go through the next
> (tough) decades. There may be three kinds of action that could make
> sense – at least to my limited understanding. However, I am aware that
> they are not easy tasks, still, I think our joint efforts should work in
> that direction.
>
>   *
>
>     Reduce other stresses than climate change to give surviving corals
>     the opportunity to recover.
>
>   *
>
>     Protect corals and reefs that are less susceptible to bleaching:
>     Reef areas that are, for instance, exposed to up-welling and where
>     bleaching is therefore moderated, may be suitable MPAs for future
>     coral havens. Reefs that feature certain coral genotypes or species
>     that are less effected by bleaching may be given special status.
>
>   *
>
>     Restore coral reefs by using sexual coral reproduction in order to
>     promote genetic diversity, to give certain genotypes the chance to
>     do better than their dying parents, and by using certain genotypes
>     or species that are more likely to survive, i.e. are less
>     susceptible to bleaching (or pollution etc....). This approach may
>     only assist coral reefs to recover or to rehabilitate to some
>     degree; instead of growing a new reef like it was before, it would -
>     in the best case - maintain or restore ecological functions of a
>     reef. The right place to start such an effort is most critical too.
>     Best chances may be in a MPA, where natural recruitment is next to
>     non-existing, but apart from that, conditions are well managed
>     (regarding overfishing, pollution and so on...). And we need to work
>     on larger scales too.
>
> To which degree we want to interfere with natural evolution and to
> choose certain genotypes is maybe something that could be discussed here
> on the coral list. It is tempting to just say 'those corals survived,
> use them to make a new reef'. We still do not know enough about the
> functioning of the coral reef as a system to know what we would be
> doing. Additionally, there are many examples from the past that show
> that human fiddling with evolution has not always (rarely?) turned out
> well... On the other hand, time presses and we may not have many choices
> (and chances)...
>
> Corals reefs are dying at an alarming rate. Their conditions will not
> get better, facing the ongoing climate change, but rather worse. We need
> to be very forthright about that, and think and act accordingly.
>
> This is my personal opinion,
>
> best,
>
> Carin
>
> --
>
> Dr. Carin Jantzen
> Marine Ecologist & Author
> SECORE Media & Public Relations
>
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Cheryl Woodley - NOAA Federal <cheryl.woodley at noaa.gov>
> To: <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc: Craig Downs <cadowns at haereticus-lab.org>
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 12:11:46 -0400
> Subject: [Coral-List] Invitation to apply for attending: ICRS 2016
> Workshop: Personal Care Product Pollution and its Threat to Coral Reefs and
> other Marine Habitats
> Dear Coral-Listers
> I would like to bring to your attention a workshop on personal care
> products and impacts on corals being held at the ICRS on Tues June 21.
> Below are the details and instructions for applying to attend this
> space-limited event.
> Cheryl
>
>
> Where:  2016 International Coral Reef Symposium
> When:   Tuesday 21 June 2016
>
> What: Scientific workshop to examine the impact of marine-toxic ingredients
> in personal care products on corals: "Personal Care Product Pollution and
> its Threat             to Coral Reefs and other Marine Habitats"
>
> *Applications are invited to attend the workshop.*
>
> This workshop is being convened in response to growing concern about the
> impact of personal care products, such as sunscreen and shampoo, on corals
> and other coral reef organisms. Discussions will begin by examining the
> preliminary findings of a meeting held last year in London and attended by
> Dr Craig Downs (Haereticus Environmental Laboratory; Professor Alex Rogers
> (Sommerville College,Oxford); Dr Heather Koldeway (Zoological Society of
> London); Dr Peter Wells (Dalhousie University); Professor Dan Laffoley
> (IUCN and the World Contress of Protected Areas) and Dr Silvia Diaz-Cruz
> (Spanish Council for Scientific Research). This meeting considered the
> scientific case for concern and developed a series of initial responses and
> recommendations for further consideration by the Symposium workshop.
> Workshop attendees will be ask to provide additional contributions of
> scientific evidence as well as brain-storming ideas for solutions to
> mitigate impacts and restore damaged marine resources.
>
> *Deadline for Applications is May 20, 2016.  Space is limited.*
>
> *Interested individuals applying to attend the workshop should submit the
> following information:*
>
> 1. Name
> 2. Affiliation
> 3. Area of expertise
> 4. Authored works that would be relevant to the discussion.
>
> *Applications should be directed to Dr. Craig
> Downs cadowns at haereticus-lab.org <cadowns at haereticus-lab.org> and copied
> toMirella at stateoftheocean.org <Mirella at stateoftheocean.org> *
>
> Notification invitations will be provided by May 31, 2016.
>
> The workshop is hosted by the International Programme on the State of the
> Ocean; Haereticus Environmental Laboratory; Sommerville College Oxford;
> Zoological Society of London; the IUCN and the World Congress for Protected
> Area; International Ocean Institute, Dalhousie University; Spanish Council
> for Scientific Research.
>
> --
> Cheryl M. Woodley, Ph.D.
> Coral Health and Disease Program
>
> DOC/NOAA/NOS/NCCOS
> Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research
> Hollings Marine Laboratory
> 331 Fort Johnson Rd
> Charleston, SC 29412
> 843.762.8862 Phone
> 843.762.8737 Fax
> cheryl.woodley at noaa.gov
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Jim Hendee <jim.hendee at noaa.gov>
> To: Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 15:53:21 -0400
> Subject: [Coral-List] Possible Down Time for Coral-List
> Greetings,
>
>     This is a bit of a heads-up.  There are some possible changes that
> might be made concerning email circulation from Coral-List, and these
> changes might be a temporary halt to list messages going out. SO, if you
> have any urgent messages coming up, I suggest you consider submitting
> them sooner rather than later.
>
>     Thanks,
>     Jim
>     Coral-List Admin
>
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: johnny langenheim <johnnylangenheim at gmail.com>
> To: <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 19:29:19 +0100
> Subject: [Coral-List] Chinese Fishers Destroying SCS reefs as anti-ivory
> action boosts giant clam market...
> Hi listers,
>
> For those who may have missed John McManus' account of his trip to the
> Spratly Islands, here is an edit on the Coral Triangle site
> <
> http://thecoraltriangle.com/stories/chinese-fishers-destroy-reefs-as-antiivory-action-boosts-clam-market
> >.
> Do have a read, very interesting piece.
>
> Thanks,
>
> Johnny Langenheim
>
>
> --
> Johnny Langenheim
> +44(0)7427 312 760  (UK)
> +62 (0) 8123 657 3757.  (INDONESIA)
> www.johnnylangenheim.com
> Skype: Johnny Langenheim
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Esther Peters <estherpeters at verizon.net>
> To: Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Cc:
> Date: Wed, 4 May 2016 15:23:40 -0400
> Subject: [Coral-List] Last call for Coral Comparative Histopathology
> course this summer!
> *T*he 3-credit graduate-level course, "Coral from the Inside Out:
> Comparative Histopathology," at Nova Southeastern University's (NSU)
> Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, Florida, will start Monday, May 9, and
> run until July 29, 2016.
>
> Note that only ONE week requires attendance at ONE of these options:
>
> (1) Credit or audit students meet at NSUOC July 11-15 (final exam for
> credit students will be given on July 15 and they must complete assignments
> before the course ends July 29)
>
> (2) Audit students meet in Hawaii for the 13^th International Coral Reef
> Symposium (13ICRS) June 18-24 (this option is being offered for students
> who will be able to attend the meeting but are not able to travel to
> Florida; they will participate in a lecture session on Saturday, June 18,
> with Dr. Peters, and the Coral Disease Diagnostics workshop on Sunday, June
> 19; attend the coral disease presentations; and meet in discussion groups
> with Dr. Peters during the meeting)
>
> This course presents the microscopic anatomy of scleractinian corals and
> gorgonians (Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa). It will help you understand
> the structure and function of corals, necessary for studying their ecology,
> physiology, reproduction, biochemistry, systematics, molecular
> biology/genetics, immunology, and embryology. It is not just for those
> studying coral diseases! The course begins with online (Blackboard)
> readings, research, and assignments.You can see the syllabus here:
> http://cnso.nova.edu/course-pages/Coral_from_inside_out.html
>
> _Non-NSU students need to contact Isabelle De Castro (_id7 at nova.edu
> <mailto:id7 at nova.edu>_)_to learn how to register and complete the
> paperwork. The cost is $3,588 for the 3-credit course or $1,794 to audit
> the course, plus application ($50), registration ($25), and lab ($10) fees.
> Students not living in the Dania Beach area can reserve a hotel room at a
> discounted rate for July 11-15 (please contact Caitlyn Nay, cn473 at nova.edu
> <mailto:lcorinne at nova.edu>, to obtain information on lodging). _Students
> attending the 13ICRS please contact Dr. Peters for further information (_
> epeters at nova.edu <mailto:epeters at nova.edu>_)_. All students will be
> responsible for travel, hotel, and meal expenses. No scholarships are
> available.
>
>
>
> ---
> This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
> https://www.avast.com/antivirus
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>



-- 
David Koweek
Doctoral Candidate
Department of Earth System Science
Stanford University
David Koweek's website <https://profiles.stanford.edu/david-koweek>
dkoweek at stanford.edu


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