[Coral-List] Speak Up!
Matthew Clark
matthew.eric.clark at gmail.com
Mon Feb 27 11:28:45 EST 2017
Hi Jim and other Coral-Listers,
Thanks Jim, for the kick in the pants to speak up here on the
Coral-List. I look forward to these emails and following the latest news,
information, and debate that takes place here, but I have yet to contribute
myself. I'm a recreational diver turned aspiring marine scientist. In 2013
I completed an AS in Marine Environmental Technology, where I focused on
Caribbean coral reef ecology and coral reef surveying techniques and
protocols. While in that program I did an internship at MOTE Marine Lab's
Tropical Research Laboratory, where I assisted with coral propagation and
research for coral reef restoration. In the years since completing that
program I've worked in various capacities in the aquaculture and aquarium
industries, which provided a lot of interesting insights. I returned to
academia this year, at University of Florida, where I'm pursuing a
Bachelor's in Biology. Ultimately, I hope to work for an aquarium that is
involved in research and conservation.
I realize that this is not typically a forum for posting bios, but
I thought I'd take the opportunity to introduce myself. I'll make an effort
to chime in on future topics where I feel I have unique experience or
insight.
Thanks again for the invitation to speak up Jim, I'll try to chime in more
often.
Matthew Clark
matthew.clark at ufl.edu
On Mon, Feb 27, 2017 at 7:20 AM, <coral-list-request at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
wrote:
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> Today's Topics:
>
> 1. Re: Parrotfish and coral (Quenton Dokken)
> 2. Coral Pigments (Pepe, Philip)
> 3. Re: Speak Up! (Michael Newkirk)
> 4. Re: Parrotfish and coral (Pedro M Alcolado)
> 5. 2017 AMLC Student Grants-in-Aid of Caribbean Marine Research
> (Lewis, Cynthia)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 10:16:22 -0600
> From: "Quenton Dokken" <qdokken at gulfmex.org>
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Parrotfish and coral
> To: "'Douglas Fenner'" <douglasfennertassi at gmail.com>, "'Eugene
> Shinn'" <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> Cc: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Message-ID: <00c901d28eb9$577eafe0$067c0fa0$@gulfmex.org>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
>
> Greetings All,
>
> Another interesting occurrence in the Diadema die off occurred in the Gulf
> of Mexico. Urchins at the Flower Garden Banks were hit hard. But, ~60
> miles inland at Stetson Bank, in temperate waters, there was no die off.
>
> Quenton Dokken,
> 361-442-6064
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> [mailto:coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov] On Behalf Of Douglas
> Fenner
> Sent: Thursday, February 23, 2017 4:18 PM
> To: Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> Cc: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Parrotfish and coral
>
> Gene,
> Thanks! As for African dust being the cause of the Diadema dieoff
> throughout the Caribbean and Florida in 1983, there is one detail of the
> dieoff that I wonder if African dust can explain. The dieoff began in
> Panama and took an entire year to move around the Caribbean. The sequence
> it moved in matches the direction of current patterns. At individual
> locations, the dieoff took only about 10 days. How can African dust
> possibly account for that pattern? Did African dust first hit Panama, and
> then move around the Caribbean following water current patterns? Why
> wasn't
> the dieoff synchronous across the Caribbean, and why was the dieoff
> complete
> at one location long before it even appeared at another? Is there
> documentation of the African dust reaching the Caribbean in that pattern?
> Wouldn't the dust reach the eastern islands of the Caribbean and then move
> west? Isn't that the direction that the wind usually moves? That's how
> the
> dust gets from Africa to the Caribbean. How could African dust get to
> Panama first before reaching the windward islands in the eastern Caribbean
> many months later??
> Cheers, Doug
>
> On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 8:49 AM, Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> wrote:
>
> > Thanks to all who have weighed in and posted comments on the subject
> > of parrotfish herbivory, ancient fishing, and coral growth. I learned
> > a lot. The paper by Cramer, K. L., (2013) /History of human occupation
> > and environmental change in western and central Caribbean Panama,/
> > /Bulletin of Marine Science /89m (4) 955-982 Is an outstanding read.
> > The paper is well documented, and shows how heavily populated central
> > America was in pre Columbian times before the Spanish came and
> > obliterated more than 90 percent of the population. And yes, they did
> > eat fish but most of the damage to coral reefs then as now was mainly
> > related to agriculture and runoff. To feed fish to the once large
> > population using only fish hooks made from turtle shell still seems a
> > bit of a stretch, especially herbivorous fish. How does one bait a
> > hook with algae? Most likely the ancients used spears and nets along
> > with fish traps. Traps are easy to construct from native materials and
> > such traps are still made and used today in various parts of the
> > Caribbean. Traps will certainly capture parrotfish while even modern
> metal
> fishhooks seldom catch these fish.
> > Other postings point out that parrotfish remove algae on dead
> > coral or other surfaces thus preparing the surface for coral
> > recruitment. This has long been the accepted standard explanation and
> > surely applies in many areas.
> > Hanna Rempel (off line) pointed out that indeed certain
> > parrotfish do bite live coral. I agree and have watched them doing so.
> > I once spent a day on Looe Key reef watching parrotfish taking bites
> > from large Montastraea heads. It was an especially calm day and there
> > were small piles of parrotfish poop resting on the tops of several
> > live coral heads. Unfortunately I was not there long enough to watch
> > for an effect the defecated sand might have on the coral. Of course
> > waves eventually swept the sandy material off or the coral polyps
> > removed the sand. What was obvious, however, were many 3 to 5 cm dead
> > spots supporting algae and/or infected with black band disease. Bite
> > marks suggested that parrotfish made these areas. I had never seen
> > parrotfish bites in infected with algae before. Possibly there was an
> > overabundance of parrotfish because the reef is protected.
> > Now back to my earlier comments concerning Carysfort reef in the
> > Florida Keys. I have been taking serial photos there for the past 56
> > years. Three summers ago I spent a day there with Phil Dustan who had
> > done the most significant monitoring work there in the 1970s when it
> > was a beautiful live /Acropora/ reef. At Carysfort all the /A.
> > palmata/ and virtually all the backreef /A. cervicornis/ was dead and
> > had been converted to rubble. Parrotfish were have a field day. They
> > were biting coral that had died back in the mid 1980s. There had been
> > virtually no recruitment there in the 30 or more years since. At the
> > rapid rate the parrotfish and roving bands of blue tangs are munching
> > the dead coral an abundance of reef sand has been created. That reef
> > sand no doubt contains fish teeth. Now spring ahead a hundred years
> > and assume the coral are flourishing and take some cores of the reef.
> > Where would the parrotfish teeth be? Would they not be in the sediment
> > associated with the period of time when the reef was dead and plenty
> > of algae to eat? If you counted the abundance of the teeth in the
> > sandy part of the cores would you conclude the parrotfish had killed
> > the reef? Or would you assume the fish died thus causing the corals to
> > die? Or was it pollution/disease/or climate change or something else,
> > possibly African dust that killed the reef?
> > That parrotfish herbivory is not needed to stimulate coral reef
> > growth has been shown by others, Auchley A. McField MD. Alverez-Filip L.
> > (2016) /Rapidly increasing macroalgal cover not related to herbivorous
> > fishes on Mesoamerican reefs/. PeerJ 4:e2084
> > <https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2084>their observations on the Belize
> > reef tract are well documented.
> > Kauffman has suggested hurricanes might kill and cause rubble to
> > become algal infested. That could also lead to parrotfish increases.
> > That event was well documented in Jamaica.
> > When hurricane Donna decimated Grecian Rocks reef in 1960 the
> > reef did not become algal infested. In fact most broken fragments of
> > branching corals began growing and the reef area expanded. We
> > documented the storms effect. (Ball, et al 1967), and the recovery (Shinn
> 1976).
> > The same happened in 1965 when Betsy decimated the same reef. Again
> > the reef recovered. However, the reef did not recover after 1990 when
> > hurricane Andrew swept though the upper keys. Something had changed
> > and algal infestation became rampant. There were no longer /Diadema/
> > to remove the algae (they had died in 1983) but there were sill
> > abundant parrotfish. Some time ago I proposed that the 1983 increase
> > in algal turf was related to the Caribbean-side demise of /Diadema/
> > and the effects of African dust. (Lessios, et al 1984) had shown that
> > /Diadema/ demise was Caribbean-wide. Monitoring of African dust by Joe
> > Prospero showed the dust had blanketed the Caribbean in 1983; He had
> > been monitoring dust in the eastern Caribbean since 1965 and showed
> > 1983 to be the peak year of dust flux to the Caribbean. (Shinn, E. A.
> Smith, G.
> > W., Prospero, J. M, Betzer, P., Hayes, M I, Garrison, V. Barber. R T.,
> > 2000, /African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs/:
> > Geological Research Letters, v. 27, P. 3129-3132). Many will say it
> > was sewage and increasing population in the Keys that cause demise.
> > However that does not explain why the same events were happening
> > simultaneously to reefs around small islands throughout the Caribbean.
> > Dust flux remains high and a recent unfunded and unpublished
> > preliminary testing of African dust collected from the air showed it to
> be
> lethal to A/. cervicornis/.
> > Why it is toxic is not known but our earlier work at USGS showed that
> > in addition to the nutrients iron, and phosphate, the dust
> > coincidentally contains (copper, mercury, arsenic, radiogenic
> > beryllium 7, lead 210, various pesticides, and approximately 200
> > viable species of bacteria and
> > fungi) Possibly some of these ingredients can affect coral growth. But
> > that's another story. Hopefully some day someone will do the work
> > needed to determine exactly what is in the dust that affects coral and
> > people) but do not expect any government agency to fund the research.
> > Everyone who has written a proposal to do so has been turned down. Is
> > more study needed? You bet! Gene
> >
> > No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
> > ------------------------------------
> > -----------------------------------
> > E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor University of South Florida College of
> > Marine Science Room 221A 140 Seventh Avenue South St. Petersburg, FL
> > 33701 <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu> Tel 727 553-1158
> > ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
> >
> > --
> >
> >
> > No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
> > ------------------------------------
> > -----------------------------------
> > E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor
> > University of South Florida
> > College of Marine Science Room 221A
> > 140 Seventh Avenue South
> > St. Petersburg, FL 33701
> > <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> > Tel 727 553-1158
> > ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Coral-List mailing list
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
>
>
>
> --
> Douglas Fenner
> Contractor for NOAA NMFS, and consultant "have regulator, will travel"
> PO Box 7390
> Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA
>
> phone 1 684 622-7084
>
> Join the International Society for Reef Studies. Membership includes a
> subscription to the journal Coral Reefs, and there are discounts for pdf
> subscriptions and developing countries. Coral Reefs is the only journal
> that is ALL coral reef articles, and it has amazingly LOW prices compared
> to
> other journals. Check it out! www.fit.edu/isrs/
>
> "Belief in climate change is optional, participation is not."- Jim Beever.
> "Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but not to their own facts."-
> Daniel Patrick Moynihan.
>
> US Republican idea for tax on carbon makes climate sense
> http://www.nature.com/news/us-republican-idea-for-tax-on-
> carbon-makes-climat
> e-sense-1.21477?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20170216&spMailingID=
> 53430881&spUserID=MjA1N
> TA3MjA0OQS2&spJobID=1102623693&spReportId=MTEwMjYyMzY5MwS2
>
> Last year was- again- the hottest year on record.
> http://www.sciencemag.org/news/sifter/last-year-was-again-hottest-record
>
> 99 Reasons 2016 was a good year.
> https://medium.com/future-crunch/99-reasons-why-2016-
> has-been-a-great-year-f
> or-humanity-8420debc2823#.9iznf7pfk
> Check items 42-59.
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 17:31:36 +0000
> From: "Pepe, Philip" <Philip.Pepe at oregonstate.edu>
> Subject: [Coral-List] Coral Pigments
> To: "coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov" <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Message-ID:
> <5771E94CBA85FF4986AA54F5C0400ED3F4269748 at EX3.oregonstate.edu>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252"
>
> Hi Folks,
> I'm currently searching the literature for field studies that correlate
> pigment concentrations in hard corals with water depth.
>
> Here is my take on this topic:
>
>
> "Few studies have documented changes in pigment concentrations with depth.
> Takabayashi and Hoegh-Guldberg (1995) documented the distribution of two
> color morphs of Pollicipora damicornis at One Tree Island Lagoon, southern
> Great Barrier Reef. A brown color morph was found predominately at depths
> <1m and a pink morph predominately at depths >3m. Mazel et al. (2003) found
> that concentrations of green-fluorescent proteins (GFP?s) in Montastraea
> faveolata and Montastrea cavernosa in the Caribbean did not change with
> water depth. Hung-Teh Kao et al (2007) found an inverse correlation of
> certain fluorescent proteins with depth in Montastrea cavernosa on the
> Belizean barrier reef.
>
> Can anyone tip me off to studies I'm missing?
>
>
> Regards,
>
> Phil Pepe
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 10:08:26 -0800
> From: Michael Newkirk <michaeljnewkirk at gmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Speak Up!
> To: James Hendee <jim.hendee at noaa.gov>
> Cc: Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Message-ID:
> <CAGULzKTtZLXtzgVPkacjCsG8ZW5ZLE+7JOsGU3c_LMcjFrX3mA at mail.
> gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
>
> Hi Jim,
>
> Thank you for the warm email. Although I am not a coral scientist (main
> academic interests: sociolinguistics and biomechanics), I am fascinated by
> the marine sciences. I really enjoy snorkelling and documenting what I see,
> even up here in the cold waters of Canada!
>
> I've really enjoyed the Coral-List thus far and the insight its members
> provide on what's happening in our oceans. I follow up when I have time on
> the links, technical info, and papers that members submit. I also used to
> teach argumentation, so I find myself looking at the various discoursal
> "moves" during debates. :)
>
> Looking forward to learning lots more and contributing,
>
> Michael.
> Editors Canada, member <http://www.editors.ca/directory/michael-newkirk>
> EASE, member
>
> On Fri, Feb 24, 2017 at 7:20 AM, James Hendee <jim.hendee at noaa.gov> wrote:
>
> > Greetings,
> >
> > I'm sure you've noticed this, too, that there are a lot of the usual
> > voices that speak up on Coral-List, which is great because they almost
> > always bring up good points or new ways of looking at things, or they
> > point to new or relevant research. However, we currently have at least
> > *9,330 subscribers* to Coral-List, and I'm sure there are a ton of
> > opinions, viewpoints and excellent good ideas out there that aren't
> > being expressed. SPEAK UP, for cryin' out loud! You're not a dummy!
> > Your opinion counts, and boy do we ever need new and good ideas at this
> > perilous stage of coral conservation. If you just want to ask a
> > question, speak up! Of course we would all appreciate it if you did
> > your homework before asking a question (including talking to your
> > wonderful librarian!), but you should not be intimidated by the "Big
> > Names" that speak in this forum. Hey, I say dumb stuff all the time
> > (just ask my colleagues!), but now and then I come up with a good idea.
> > It's worth the effort. We need young minds to look at things afresh!
> >
> > I should also mention that I personally see value in posting new
> > coral conservation related abstracts of recent and new publications. I
> > know some of you think that doing that is "shameless self-promotion,"
> > but I would encourage you to look at the bigger picture. So what if the
> > bum is a shameless self-promoter, if the work is good enough to be
> > published in a peer-reviewed journal, it almost always is good enough
> > for us coral researchers and conservationists to know. Let's face it:
> > we can't read every journal article in every good journal, so reading an
> > abstract informs us and helps us decide if we want to know more. If
> > reading a short abstract brings home to knowledge you can use, then it
> > spreads the awareness of the bigger picture. So get with the program!
> >
> > Okay, I'm done ranting. Carry on...
> >
> > Cheers,
> > Jim
> > Coral-List Admin
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Coral-List mailing list
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 4
> Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 09:59:47 -1100
> From: Pedro M Alcolado <gmalcolado at gmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Parrotfish and coral
> To: Douglas Fenner <douglasfennertassi at gmail.com>
> Cc: Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>,
> "coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov" <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Message-ID:
> <CA+6onozuyMyk3v_ZzMjuqtLMho1HW3B2hb-8g=w8Mk3GD
> W1kpA at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
>
> Maybe the patogen appeared in Panama area and then dispersed along the
> Caribbean without being active in the whole Caribbean during a
> while, until probably the arrival of the African dust (with nutrients
> or another activating factor?) in a synergical way supposedly
> triggered in some way the appearance of the Diadema disease in the
> whole area (maybe a crazy asumption of mine!, if so, sorry!).
> Cheers,
> Pedro
>
> On 2/23/17, Douglas Fenner <douglasfennertassi at gmail.com> wrote:
> > Gene,
> > Thanks! As for African dust being the cause of the Diadema dieoff
> > throughout the Caribbean and Florida in 1983, there is one detail of the
> > dieoff that I wonder if African dust can explain. The dieoff began in
> > Panama and took an entire year to move around the Caribbean. The
> sequence
> > it moved in matches the direction of current patterns. At individual
> > locations, the dieoff took only about 10 days. How can African dust
> > possibly account for that pattern? Did African dust first hit Panama,
> and
> > then move around the Caribbean following water current patterns? Why
> > wasn't the dieoff synchronous across the Caribbean, and why was the
> dieoff
> > complete at one location long before it even appeared at another? Is
> there
> > documentation of the African dust reaching the Caribbean in that pattern?
> > Wouldn't the dust reach the eastern islands of the Caribbean and then
> move
> > west? Isn't that the direction that the wind usually moves? That's how
> > the dust gets from Africa to the Caribbean. How could African dust get
> to
> > Panama first before reaching the windward islands in the eastern
> Caribbean
> > many months later??
> > Cheers, Doug
> >
> > On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 8:49 AM, Eugene Shinn <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> > wrote:
> >
> >> Thanks to all who have weighed in and posted comments on the subject of
> >> parrotfish herbivory, ancient fishing, and coral growth. I learned a
> >> lot. The paper by Cramer, K. L., (2013) /History of human occupation and
> >> environmental change in western and central Caribbean Panama,/ /Bulletin
> >> of Marine Science /89m (4) 955-982 Is an outstanding read. The paper is
> >> well documented, and shows how heavily populated central America was in
> >> pre Columbian times before the Spanish came and obliterated more than 90
> >> percent of the population. And yes, they did eat fish but most of the
> >> damage to coral reefs then as now was mainly related to agriculture and
> >> runoff. To feed fish to the once large population using only fish hooks
> >> made from turtle shell still seems a bit of a stretch, especially
> >> herbivorous fish. How does one bait a hook with algae? Most likely the
> >> ancients used spears and nets along with fish traps. Traps are easy to
> >> construct from native materials and such traps are still made and used
> >> today in various parts of the Caribbean. Traps will certainly capture
> >> parrotfish while even modern metal fishhooks seldom catch these fish.
> >> Other postings point out that parrotfish remove algae on dead
> >> coral or other surfaces thus preparing the surface for coral
> >> recruitment. This has long been the accepted standard explanation and
> >> surely applies in many areas.
> >> Hanna Rempel (off line) pointed out that indeed certain parrotfish
> >> do bite live coral. I agree and have watched them doing so. I once spent
> >> a day on Looe Key reef watching parrotfish taking bites from large
> >> Montastraea heads. It was an especially calm day and there were small
> >> piles of parrotfish poop resting on the tops of several live coral
> >> heads. Unfortunately I was not there long enough to watch for an effect
> >> the defecated sand might have on the coral. Of course waves eventually
> >> swept the sandy material off or the coral polyps removed the sand. What
> >> was obvious, however, were many 3 to 5 cm dead spots supporting algae
> >> and/or infected with black band disease. Bite marks suggested that
> >> parrotfish made these areas. I had never seen parrotfish bites in
> >> infected with algae before. Possibly there was an overabundance of
> >> parrotfish because the reef is protected.
> >> Now back to my earlier comments concerning Carysfort reef in the
> >> Florida Keys. I have been taking serial photos there for the past 56
> >> years. Three summers ago I spent a day there with Phil Dustan who had
> >> done the most significant monitoring work there in the 1970s when it was
> >> a beautiful live /Acropora/ reef. At Carysfort all the /A. palmata/ and
> >> virtually all the backreef /A. cervicornis/ was dead and had been
> >> converted to rubble. Parrotfish were have a field day. They were biting
> >> coral that had died back in the mid 1980s. There had been virtually no
> >> recruitment there in the 30 or more years since. At the rapid rate the
> >> parrotfish and roving bands of blue tangs are munching the dead coral an
> >> abundance of reef sand has been created. That reef sand no doubt
> >> contains fish teeth. Now spring ahead a hundred years and assume the
> >> coral are flourishing and take some cores of the reef. Where would the
> >> parrotfish teeth be? Would they not be in the sediment associated with
> >> the period of time when the reef was dead and plenty of algae to eat? If
> >> you counted the abundance of the teeth in the sandy part of the cores
> >> would you conclude the parrotfish had killed the reef? Or would you
> >> assume the fish died thus causing the corals to die? Or was it
> >> pollution/disease/or climate change or something else, possibly African
> >> dust that killed the reef?
> >> That parrotfish herbivory is not needed to stimulate coral reef
> >> growth has been shown by others, Auchley A. McField MD. Alverez-Filip L.
> >> (2016) /Rapidly increasing macroalgal cover not related to herbivorous
> >> fishes on Mesoamerican reefs/. PeerJ 4:e2084
> >> <https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2084>their observations on the Belize
> >> reef tract are well documented.
> >> Kauffman has suggested hurricanes might kill and cause rubble to
> >> become algal infested. That could also lead to parrotfish increases.
> >> That event was well documented in Jamaica.
> >> When hurricane Donna decimated Grecian Rocks reef in 1960 the
> >> reef did not become algal infested. In fact most broken fragments of
> >> branching corals began growing and the reef area expanded. We documented
> >> the storms effect. (Ball, et al 1967), and the recovery (Shinn 1976).
> >> The same happened in 1965 when Betsy decimated the same reef. Again the
> >> reef recovered. However, the reef did not recover after 1990 when
> >> hurricane Andrew swept though the upper keys. Something had changed and
> >> algal infestation became rampant. There were no longer /Diadema/ to
> >> remove the algae (they had died in 1983) but there were sill abundant
> >> parrotfish. Some time ago I proposed that the 1983 increase in algal
> >> turf was related to the Caribbean-side demise of /Diadema/ and the
> >> effects of African dust. (Lessios, et al 1984) had shown that /Diadema/
> >> demise was Caribbean-wide. Monitoring of African dust by Joe Prospero
> >> showed the dust had blanketed the Caribbean in 1983; He had been
> >> monitoring dust in the eastern Caribbean since 1965 and showed 1983 to
> >> be the peak year of dust flux to the Caribbean. (Shinn, E. A. Smith, G.
> >> W., Prospero, J. M, Betzer, P., Hayes, M I, Garrison, V. Barber. R T.,
> >> 2000, /African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs/: Geological
> >> Research Letters, v. 27, P. 3129-3132). Many will say it was sewage and
> >> increasing population in the Keys that cause demise. However that does
> >> not explain why the same events were happening simultaneously to reefs
> >> around small islands throughout the Caribbean. Dust flux remains high
> >> and a recent unfunded and unpublished preliminary testing of African
> >> dust collected from the air showed it to be lethal to A/. cervicornis/.
> >> Why it is toxic is not known but our earlier work at USGS showed that in
> >> addition to the nutrients iron, and phosphate, the dust coincidentally
> >> contains (copper, mercury, arsenic, radiogenic beryllium 7, lead 210,
> >> various pesticides, and approximately 200 viable species of bacteria and
> >> fungi) Possibly some of these ingredients can affect coral growth. But
> >> that's another story. Hopefully some day someone will do the work needed
> >> to determine exactly what is in the dust that affects coral and people)
> >> but do not expect any government agency to fund the research. Everyone
> >> who has written a proposal to do so has been turned down. Is more study
> >> needed? You bet! Gene
> >>
> >> No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
> >> ------------------------------------ ------------------------------
> -----
> >> E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor University of South Florida College of
> >> Marine Science Room 221A 140 Seventh Avenue South St. Petersburg, FL
> >> 33701 <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu> Tel 727 553-1158
> >> ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
> >>
> >> --
> >>
> >>
> >> No Rocks, No Water, No Ecosystem (EAS)
> >> ------------------------------------ ------------------------------
> -----
> >> E. A. Shinn, Courtesy Professor
> >> University of South Florida
> >> College of Marine Science Room 221A
> >> 140 Seventh Avenue South
> >> St. Petersburg, FL 33701
> >> <eugeneshinn at mail.usf.edu>
> >> Tel 727 553-1158
> >> ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> Coral-List mailing list
> >> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >>
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> > Douglas Fenner
> > Contractor for NOAA NMFS, and consultant
> > "have regulator, will travel"
> > PO Box 7390
> > Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA
> >
> > phone 1 684 622-7084
> >
> > Join the International Society for Reef Studies. Membership includes a
> > subscription to the journal Coral Reefs, and there are discounts for pdf
> > subscriptions and developing countries. Coral Reefs is the only journal
> > that is ALL coral reef articles, and it has amazingly LOW prices compared
> > to other journals. Check it out! www.fit.edu/isrs/
> >
> > "Belief in climate change is optional, participation is not."- Jim
> Beever.
> > "Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but not to their own
> facts."-
> > Daniel Patrick Moynihan.
> >
> > US Republican idea for tax on carbon makes climate sense
> > http://www.nature.com/news/us-republican-idea-for-tax-on-
> carbon-makes-climate-sense-1.21477?WT.ec_id=NATURE-
> 20170216&spMailingID=53430881&spUserID=MjA1NTA3MjA0OQS2&
> spJobID=1102623693&spReportId=MTEwMjYyMzY5MwS2
> >
> > Last year was- again- the hottest year on record.
> > http://www.sciencemag.org/news/sifter/last-year-was-again-hottest-record
> >
> > 99 Reasons 2016 was a good year.
> > https://medium.com/future-crunch/99-reasons-why-2016-
> has-been-a-great-year-for-humanity-8420debc2823#.9iznf7pfk
> > Check items 42-59.
> > _______________________________________________
> > Coral-List mailing list
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> > http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 5
> Date: Sat, 25 Feb 2017 14:44:05 +0000
> From: "Lewis, Cynthia" <cynthialewis at usf.edu>
> Subject: [Coral-List] 2017 AMLC Student Grants-in-Aid of Caribbean
> Marine Research
> To: "coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov" <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
> Message-ID:
> <BY1PR0801MB1029D341F5F49F5386891159C4550 at BY1PR0801MB1029.
> namprd08.prod.outlook.com>
>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
>
> Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean (AMLC)
> 2017 Student Grants-in-Aid of Caribbean Marine Research
> Deadline for applications is April 1, 2017. Awards will be announced at
> the 38th Scientific Conference in M?rida, Yucat?n, Mexico
>
> In order to support student research and increase collaboration and
> diffusion of knowledge among the member institutions of the AMLC, we are
> pleased to announce the AMLC Student Grants-in-Aid of Caribbean Marine
> Research Program. Awards are available to support research by AMLC student
> members working (but not necessarily permanently based) at AMLC member
> institutions. Preference will be given to proposals that involve
> comparisons or collaboration among AMLC institutions. Awards of up to US
> $1000 are available for work involving travel among member labs and awards
> up to US $400 are available for work that does not involve travel among
> laboratories but nevertheless involves collaboration and comparisons among
> them. Evaluation of applications will be based on scientific merit as well
> as likelihood that the proposed work will foster collaboration and exchange
> between AMLC members. Research focused on any aspect of Caribbean marine
> science, policy or management will be consi
> dered.
>
> Requirements: Applicants must be: (1) a member of the AMLC in good
> standing at the time of submitting the proposal (2) enrolled in a degree
> program. In addition, the proposed research must involve at least one AMLC
> member institution in good standing.
>
> http://www.amlc-carib.org/awards/grants.html
>
> We are looking forward to reviewing your proposals. Best of luck!
>
> AMLC Communications Committee
>
>
> Cindy Lewis
> Deputy Director
> Scientific Researcher
>
> Keys Marine Lab
> www.keysmarinelab.org<http://www.keysmarinelab.org>
> 305.664.9101 office
> 305.664.0850 fax
> 68486 Overseas Highway US #1
> (mile marker 68.5)
> PO Box 968
> Long Key, FL 33001-0968
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>
> End of Coral-List Digest, Vol 102, Issue 33
> *******************************************
>
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