[Coral-List] Mixed Messages
Arias Gonzalez Jesus Ernesto
earias at cinvestav.mx
Mon Aug 5 17:20:38 UTC 2019
Thanks Alina
Two recent pieces of work where we discuss other factors as you say:
The Effect of Algal-Gardening Damselfish on the Resilience of the Mesoamerican Reef
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00414/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Marine_Science&id=427052
and
Three decades of heat stress exposure in Caribbean coral reefs: a new regional delineation to enhance conservation
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47307-0
Best wishes
Jesús Ernesto Arias-González
Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos (LEEAC)
Departamento de Recursos del Mar
Centro de Investigación y Estudios
Avanzados del I.P.N-Unidad Mérida
Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6, C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán,
México
earias at cinvestav.mx; jeariasg at mac.com
Tel: +52(999)9429453
El 05/08/19 12:07, "Alina Szmant" <alina at cisme-instruments.com> escribió:
Again, I want to re-iterate that my paper is being misunderstood by people focused blaming all coral decline nutrient impacts. Nowhere did I write that nutrients were not important and can't affect reefs... I am not an idiot! The point was that nutrients are not a problem everywhere like some people seem to be hung up on, that other factors such as temperature stress and overfishing the reduce live coral cover and decrease herbivory can have the same outcome: phase shift from coral to algal dominated substrate. And that it takes a fair amount of nutrients to upset a coral reef ecosystem that is otherwise healthy (i.e. no global warming/bleaching events, not overfished) because corals actually need a sufficient supply of nutrients and particulate food to thrive. Further, that some publications that have claimed to show a negative nutrient effect of nutrient enrichment on coral physiology were either not well executed, or data misanalysed and their results do not support the interpretations.
This is the last I will write about this. Interpret my paper as you will.
*************************************************************************
Dr. Alina M. Szmant, CEO
CISME Instruments LLC
210 Braxlo Lane,
Wilmington NC 28409 USA
AAUS Scientific Diving Lifetime Achievement Awardee
cell: 910-200-3913
Website: www.cisme-instruments.com
**********************************************************
Videos: CISME Promotional Video 5:43 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYeR9qX71A&t=6s
CISME Short version Demo Video 3:00 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa4SqS7yC08
CISME Cucalorus 10x10 Sketch 4:03 min https://youtu.be/QCo3oixsDVA
-----Original Message-----
From: Arias Gonzalez Jesus Ernesto <earias at cinvestav.mx>
Sent: Monday, August 5, 2019 12:47 PM
To: Risk, Michael <riskmj at mcmaster.ca>; Alina Szmant <alina at cisme-instruments.com>
Cc: coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Mixed Messages
Hi Mike and Alina,
I would like to add something to your comments and agree with Mike not to understand why so much reluctance of coral reef biologists and ecologists to the impact of nutrients and sewage. For me it is so aberrant in Quintana Roo, when one dives and sees the thousands of hotel rooms behind one's back and the villages that have been formed for the workers who service all the hotels with few sewage collection services.
I am sending you a piece of work we did on the Caribbean coast of Mexico. Although in our work in Costa Maya, south of Quintana Roo, we did not directly measure the nutrients, we could establish that it was not herbivorous fish catching that produced a phase shift in the reef.
Although in our work in Costa Maya, south of Quintana Roo, we did not directly measure nutrients, we were able to establish that it was not herbivorous fish catching that produced a phase shift in the reef.
We provided an empirical assessment that exemplifies a phase shift on coral reefs off Mahahual in Mexico, where a shift from coral to algal dominance occurred over 14 years, during which there was little change in fish herbivore biomass but considerable development of tourist infrastructure. Our results indicated that coastal development can compromise the resilience of coral reefs and that watershed and coastal zone management together with the maintenance of functional levels of fish herbivory are critical for the persistence of coral reefs in Mesoamerica.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0174855
Best wishes
Jesús Ernesto Arias-González
Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos (LEEAC) Departamento de Recursos del Mar Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N-Unidad Mérida Antigua Carretera a Progreso km 6, C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México earias at cinvestav.mx; jeariasg at mac.com
Tel: +52(999)9429453
El 05/08/19 10:01, "Coral-List en nombre de Risk, Michael via Coral-List" <coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov en nombre de coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> escribió:
Hello Alina, and thank you for the response.
I did not mis-attribute anything you wrote. I said, "We have been led
to believe..." In your 2002 Estuaries paper, you state "The evidence
that nutrient enrichment has widely impacted coral reefs is poor", and
"While nutrient enrichment may be the major factor in the decline of a
few reefs, it appears to mostly play a secondary role..."
In short, you led us to believe this-as I said.
Science advances by consensus. There have not been many others papers
denying the importance of nutrients on reefs. In my limited experience,
I have seen your Estuaries paper cited by (a) your students, and (b)
developers.
I certainly accept that grazing is a major factor-I said some while
back there has been little new in the field since Stephenson and
Searles. There also is no question that global warming, if unchecked,
will put the boots to the few reef remnants that still exist. Our 1997
paper still scares me (Smith et al., Nature 386: 818), because we
suggest that "...the initiation of the Younger Dryas may have taken
place over as few as 5 years". The Younger Dryas, some believe, was a
major reorganisation of Atlantic circulation, triggered by a meltwater
event-of which we currently have sufficient. The final blows from
climate change may therefore come more quickly than we already fear.
What bothers me is the decades-long reluctance by many reef biologists
to accept the importance of nutrients. Where would reefs be to-day if
the worlds' reef biologists had stood up on their hind legs 40 years
ago and shouted with one voice "Clean up the freakin water!" but they
were collectively unable to assemble their feces, and chased various
shiny objects.
There never should have been the slightest doubt about the importance
of nutrients. In the late 1960's and early 70's, Colin Stearn and Terry
Scoffin and their students produced an enormous study of the carbonate
budget of a then-healthy reef, Barbados. They showed us, almost a
half-century ago, that accumulation rates of even a healthy reef were
within the error bars of destruction (bioerosion) rates. We all know
the response of bioerosion, especially by algae and sponges, to
increased nutrients. So by 1977, we knew that bioerosion was an
extremely important aspect of reef health, quantitatively more
important even than coral growth rate.
Anyone who doubts the tendency of reef biologists to chase shiny
objects, I invite them to tabulate papers in, say, Coral Reefs. By
rights, half those papers should cover aspects of bioerosion. Hoo Boy.
It is time to accept that, with a few notable champions, this subject
has been sadly ignored. (Hi, Christine.)
I appreciate that you "may change your mind" after you read Brian's
paper-which was, after all, the origin of this thread. I am well aware
you do not believe eutrophication has been the cause of the decline in
Florida's reefs. If you have not been convinced by "Sewage-derived
nitrogen sources have persisted at the Backcountry, Lower Keys and
Middle Keys reef sites since the 1970s and there has been a marked
increase in d15N since ca. 1993, suggesting even greater insult to the
reef ecosystem from land-based sources of pollution" (Ward-Paige et al,
2005a) or "Sanctuary wide, coral cover declined while Clionid sponge
abundance increased from 1996 to 2001" and "Coral loss in the Florida
Reef Tract is a result of land-based stress, rather than "global
change" (Ward-Paige et al 2005b) then I don't know what it would take.
Mike
(ps-some may feel I have been hard on reef biologists. Suck it up. M
Risk, PhD Biology.)
Ward-Paige, C.A., Risk, M.J., Sherwood, O.A., 2005a. Reconstruction of
nitrogen
sources on coral reefs: d15N and d13C in gorgonians from the Florida
Reef Tract.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 155-163.
Ward-Paige, C.A., Risk, M.J., Sherwood, O.A., Jaap, W.C., 2005b.
Clionid sponge
surveys on the Florida Reef Tract suggest land-based nutrient inputs.
Marine
Pollution Bulletin 51, 570-579.
On Aug 1, 2019, at 12:39 PM, Alina Szmant
<[1]alina at cisme-instruments.com> wrote:
Hello Mike:
1) I did NOT write that coral reefs are the " the ONLY ones not
affected by nutrients (Szmant, 2002)." Read the paper carefully with an
open mind and you will see that. My objective was to critically review
a contentious issue where some folks put the answer ahead of the
question and data. My points were that: a) nutrients can be a cause of
algal overgrowth but so can a bunch of other factors such as loss of
herbivory (tons of experimental work showing less grazing more
impactful than moderate nutrient enrichment). B) Lots of great reefs
that have good historical accretion and high coral cover (at least back
in prior decades) in spite of natural nutrient enrichment such as
seasonal upwelling. C) There are many places remote from humans, with
clear as gin water column and BDL nutrient concentrations where corals
are in worse shape that reefs near humans because global warming killed
them. D) Physiologically, corals are animals and they need nutrients
from both heterotrophy and uptake of inorganic and organic nutrients to
survive and grow. And they grow better and faster and have heathier
tissues when they get the right kind of ambient nutrient (particulate
and dissolved) regime for their physiology. Lots of experimental work
out of Australia (Ken Anthony's work and others), aquarium community,
showing importance of feeding to coral health and grow, that varies by
species.
2) Of the two cases you cite where there was rapid recovery after
reducing nutrient enrichment/eutrophication by management actions:
Kaneohe Bay was not a fast or steady recovery because there was a lot
of nutrient loading in the sediments near the low-circulation area near
the original outfall, and it took decades for the corals to come back,
and there have been other causes of coral decline in that area
unrelated to nutrient enrichment in the decades after that. With regard
to the other, I don't know much about Worthing Bay, and couldn't find
any scientific work about the effects of the sewage spills, which have
been recent and apparently government is working to remedy. There are
many more examples of where corals and reef community structure has
improved after grazers returned, or how they have gone down hill after
bleaching coupled with disease outbreaks have killed the corals and
other temperature sensitive organisms.
It is not a dichotomous choice. Both elevated temperatures and degraded
water quality can negatively impact corals and coral reefs, but one
hammer is much bigger and more widespread than the other: global
warming is just that: GLOBAL, reaching even those outpost where humans
are scarce. Reef condition is generally worse near large human
settlements, no surprise. The issue is apportioning the effects and not
expecting to sell an expensive "solution" to the public that won't work
for a particular place because water quality may not be the cause of
the problem. I do believe that the Florida Keys is one of those places
where the natural system has great flushing capacity, and
eutrophication of the reef ecosystem is not has not been happening.
This doesn't mean I support dumping sewage and other types of nutrient
sources on the reef, why would I? But It does mean that anthropogenic
eutrophication has not been/is not now, the cause of the decline of
corals in the Florida Keys. I may change my mind after I read the
newest Lapointe paper more carefully, but I doubt it.
Alina
***********************************************************************
**
Dr. Alina M. Szmant, CEO
CISME Instruments LLC
210 Braxlo Lane,
Wilmington NC 28409 USA
AAUS Scientific Diving Lifetime Achievement Awardee
cell: 910-200-3913
Website: [2]www.cisme-instruments.com
**********************************************************
Videos: CISME Promotional Video 5:43 min
[3]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYeR9qX71A&t=6s
CISME Short version Demo Video 3:00 min
[4]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa4SqS7yC08
CISME Cucalorus 10x10 Sketch 4:03 min
[5]https://youtu.be/QCo3oixsDVA
-----Original Message-----
From: Coral-List <[6]coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> On Behalf
Of Risk, Michael via Coral-List
Sent: Wednesday, July 31, 2019 10:16 AM
To: Douglas Fenner <[7]douglasfennertassi at gmail.com>; Steve Mussman
<[8]sealab at earthlink.net>
Cc: coral list <[9]coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Mixed Messages
Doug:
Too long.
I would remind -listers that there have been (as far as I know) only
two studies of what happens to a reef when the water is cleaned up:
Kaneohe Bay Hawaii, and Worthing Barbados. In both cases, recovery
surely an aspect of "resilience") was rapid.
The interesting (and depressing) aspect of this is, why has the coral
reef biological community been so slow to accept the impacts of
land-based stresses? The reluctance sometimes reaches heroic
proportions. In previous discussion on this thread, when Steve asked
how to reconcile the paper showing bleaching on the GBR and Brian's
30-year Looe Key work, some bright spark suggested that the GBR work
covered a huge area, whereas Brian looked only at Looe Key. As though
Looe Key were the only spot in the world's oceans where N enrichment
has occurred. (And I point out that the monitoring on the GBR is
incapable of detecting land-based stresses-see Reef Encounter, 1988.)
Due to a lot of foot-dragging, we have been deprived of a crucial
experiment: how will healthy coral ecosystems survive global warming?
In 2002, Gardner et al showed us that the Caribbean had lost >1/2 its
coral by 1980. Recent Florida efforts emphasize transplanting corals,
without tackling WQ issues. Ten years ago I said (MPB Editorial):
"I will digress here a moment to lament the current state of coral reef
science politics. Somehow, we are led to believe that, out of all the
ecosystems on the planet, reefs are the ONLY ones not affected by
nutrients (Szmant, 2002). Some of this debate is no doubt truly driven
by responsible people going where the data lead, but a cynic might note
the confluence of development money and political pressure with the
willingness of suits to say it's OK to dump/ dredge/clear/whatever,
because it's all grazing and overfishing."
________________________________________
References
1. mailto:alina at cisme-instruments.com
2. http://www.cisme-instruments.com/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYeR9qX71A&t=6s
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa4SqS7yC08
5. https://youtu.be/QCo3oixsDVA
6. mailto:coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
7. mailto:douglasfennertassi at gmail.com
8. mailto:sealab at earthlink.net
9. mailto:coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
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