[Coral-List] Reminder - Sign On: Science Community Letter for Florida Keys Restoration
Steve Mussman
sealab at earthlink.net
Mon Feb 3 18:22:51 UTC 2020
Hi Doug,
While I agree with your basic premise that Steve and all the scientists at NOAA have their hands full overseeing a nearly impossible mission, I do have one point of contention.
“We all face an uphill battle, and in spite of all our best efforts, have been losing the battle all over the world to save reefs, and it is really not our fault. It is society that is not willing to take the painful steps needed to save reefs” .
When you say that it is really not “our fault”, I take it that you are referring to coral reef scientists including those at NOAA. I would counter with the fact that societies entrust the scientific community to provide guidance and at the present time there are too many scientists advancing popular and simplistic trends (like coral restoration) without taking pains to emphasize the fact that until (those more painful and comprehensive) steps are taken to restore basic natural ecological functions, the reefs will continue spinning uncontrollably in a downward trajectory. If I did not immerse myself in this subject I would be led to believe that NOAA’s Restoration Blueprint and other such efforts around the world are all that is needed to conserve and protect the world’s coral reefs. When in truth, I don’t believe that even those scientists directly involved (totally) buy into that narrative. I think most would agree with what Phil Dustin, Gene Shinn and Mike Risk have expressed here and that is that much more should have been done years ago and still more now needs to be done now if we are to have any realistic hope of saving the world’s remaining coral reefs.
Doug, you are among those consistently speaking out, but we need more to be moved by voices of collective experience like yours and those mentioned above if we are to win the hearts and minds of societies often looking for painless and expeditious solutions to complex problems. You hit the nail on the head when you concluded that “We have to convince the public and Congress that decisive action has to be taken on all these things. Acknowledging in public just how bad it is, is a first step”.
Yes indeed, acknowledging in public just how bad it is, is in fact the first step and it is a fundamental step that has yet to be taken.
Regards,
Steve
Sent from my iPad
>> On Feb 3, 2020, at 12:03 PM, Douglas Fenner via Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> Steve,
> I live way out in the Pacific so am not knowledgeable about what's
> happening in Florida other than a few things like the disease outbreak.
> You have your hands full, with what I view as a nearly impossible mission,
> because there are always groups of people opposed to doing anything that
> would restrict any activities, whether they damage reefs or not. We all
> face an uphill battle, and in spite of all our best efforts, have been
> losing the battle all over the world to save reefs, and it is really not
> our fault. It is society that is not willing to take the painful steps
> needed to save reefs. I have reminded people before, I'd better remind
> them again, that riots broke out in Key West when there was a proposal to
> close just 5% of reefs to fishing, and Billy Causy was burned in effigy.
> Amazingly, 3% I believe got protected and there is peace now. However the
> state of Florida has not protected any coral reef fish from fishing, in
> spite of world-class stock assessments that show several species clearly
> overfished. But this illustrates the problems we face. I thank Phil
> Dustan for bringing all this up and making it clearer just how huge the
> problems are that we face. We have to convince the public and Congress
> that decisive action has to be taken on all these things. Acknowledging in
> public just how bad it is, is a first step.
> Cheers, Doug
>
> On Tue, Jan 28, 2020 at 4:13 AM Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal via
> Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
>
>> Phil, in a lot of ways I wish we lived in world where those drastic
>> measures could happen. They would almost certainly work. But the American
>> public, including Congress, won’t accept them, despite expert opinion and
>> testimony.
>>
>> Sent from my iPhone
>>
>> On Jan 28, 2020, at 1:08 AM, Dustan, Phillip <DustanP at cofc.edu> wrote:
>>
>>
>> Steve,
>> Your comments are laughable; seriously laughable. For years the same old
>> problem has been expressed by NOAA- How are we supposed to do what? Isn't
>> that you job as NOAA?
>> Well, use the good science to figure out what needs to be done and simply
>> do it if the mandate is to protect the reefs.
>>
>> Twenty years ago, or earlier, we all said the Keys needed a good sewer
>> system. I think I testified to the Senate Subcommittee on Oceans circa
>> 1999 "that everything that comes down in a pipe should go back in a pipe."
>> But instead we get an expensive system that injects nutrients right into
>> the path of water flow to the reefs - TOTALLY IGNORING THE SCIENCE!
>>
>> We argued earlier that there should be large no-take zones and we get a
>> system that still allows fishing almost everywhere except a few postage
>> stamp sized areas.........even spearfishing using SCUBA which is illegal
>> almost everywhere else in the world.
>>
>> My colleagues and I created a monitoring system that detected a 38% loss of
>> coral cover and 400% increase in coral disease spread and what happened? -
>> NOAA and Florida lowered the statistical rigor of the project in a number
>> of ways so as to preclude detecting change...........We knew by 2000 that
>> the real loss of living coral cover was around 90% instead of 38% but
>> NOAA refused to acknowledge the facts.
>>
>> I watched NOAA allow the release of massive amounts of water into Florida
>> Bay in the mid 1990's followed by dramatic increases in coral disease a
>> few years after. THE BEST SCIENCE OF THE DAY told Billy Causey NOT to
>> release the water but his "experts" over-ruled the data.
>>
>> Development on land has proceeded virtually unbridled since the 1980's, and
>> the list goes on and on and on.
>> I am negative because I have observed the the fallacious/incompetent
>> "management" of the Florida Keys by Federal and State Agencies,
>> principally NOAA since 1975!
>>
>> I have watched the destruction of an ecosystem I dearly love and much of
>> it has been orchestrated by "managers" who refuse to recognize the facts
>> time after time: ecological principles cannot be bent as though they are
>> political constructs.
>> But the managing agencies refused to recognize that the very adaptations
>> that allow corals to flourish and reefs to grow made them vulnerable to
>> human impacts over many scales. And you want us to believe that 98 million
>> dollars can be used to to simply put Humpty Dumpty back together again by
>> planting frags when the system has lost its ecological integrity and being
>> overwhelmed by bioerosion.
>>
>> Please give me a break Steve.
>>
>> If NOAA is serious about coral reef restoration then begin with a few of
>> the basics to restore the habitat:
>> Fix the water quality- stop pumping nutrient-laden water into the
>> environment.
>> Remove land-based sourced of pollution.
>> Stop taking all live organisms from the system - as in fishing and other
>> forms of harvest to let stocks reach natural levels once again.
>> Begin high level reduction of atmospheric CO2.
>> Regrow stock of *Diadema antillarum* to increase levels of herbivory.
>>
>> Phil
>>
>> ------------------------------
>> *From:* Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal <steve.gittings at noaa.gov>
>> *Sent:* Monday, January 27, 2020 11:09 AM
>> *To:* Dustan, Phillip <DustanP at cofc.edu>
>> *Cc:* Shannon Colbert <shannon at marinesanctuary.org>; Sarah Fangman <
>> Sarah.Fangman at noaa.gov>; Coral List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
>> *Subject:* Re: [Coral-List] Reminder - Sign On: Science Community Letter
>> for Florida Keys Restoration
>>
>> CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not
>> click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know
>> the content is safe.
>>
>> Phil - You very considered response has a lot of legitimate concerns, no
>> question about it. And a lot of people involved in planning for
>> restoration have expressed the same thoughts. But like a lot of the
>> comments I've seen coming in on the draft management, I'm disappointed that
>> it is entirely negative, without suggestions for ways that the water
>> quality improvements that you correctly raise should be addressed. You say
>> that the money planned for restoration would be better spent on measures to
>> return water quality to oligotrophic conditions. But under what authority
>> and mechanisms might this be accomplished? If we can't answer that, then
>> how is the sanctuary supposed to respond?
>>
>> I hope you don't take this as a criticism for what it is in your letter,
>> but more a frustration that negativity alone provides ammunition for others
>> who have other motives to inhibit action, and leaves the sanctuary without
>> constructive, specific suggestions that could change the priorities of the
>> management plan.
>>
>> Steve
>>
>> On Mon, Jan 27, 2020 at 10:45 AM Phil Dustan via Coral-List <
>> coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
>>
>> Dear Shannon and Coral Listers,
>> I finally decided to add my two cents, not that I think it will change any
>> of the wheels that are turning towards another attemp to manage a coral
>> reef system. I think echos of Clive Wilkerson are appropriate here, "We
>> can't manage reefs, only people".
>> Phil
>>
>>
>> January 24, 2020
>>
>>
>>
>> Sara Fangman
>>
>> Sanctuary Superintendent
>>
>> Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
>>
>> 33 East Quay Road
>>
>> Key West, FL 33040
>>
>> And
>>
>>
>>
>> Shannon (Yee) Colbert
>> Policy and Conservation Director
>> National Marine Sanctuary Foundation
>> 8601 Georgia Avenue, Suite 510
>> Silver Spring, MD 20910
>>
>>
>>
>> Re: Docket Number NOAA-NOS-2019-0094
>>
>>
>>
>> Dear Ms. Fangman and Colbert,
>>
>>
>>
>> As a research scientist who has studied the ecology of the Florida Keys
>> since 1974, one of the creators of the USEAP Florida Keys Coral Reef
>> Monitoring Project in 1994-2000, former Science Advisor of the Cousteau
>> Society, and an academician for 38years, I would like to add my scientific
>> opinion to the discussion.
>>
>>
>>
>> The plan to restore some of the most well-known reefs is the Florida Keys
>> is a failed project before it begins. It will generate millions of dollars
>> in funding for programs, and will generate a lot of publicity, but it will
>> not accomplish the fundamental task of coral reef restoration in the
>> Florida Keys. This is because the ecological conditions necessary for
>> vibrant coral reefs do not exist in the Keys anymore This is why they have
>> receded and are now less than 1-2% of what they were in the 1970’s when we
>> began to track their change. The simple fact of the matter is that the
>> ecological condition that enable reefs to flourish make them vulnerable to
>> humans including: low nutrients, high sunlight, low sediments, high rates
>> of herbivory, low rates of removal, high fish biomass, low rates of human
>> physical destruction. From a systems point-of-view both terrestrial and
>> marine systems must be operating at peak efficiency with respect to
>> nutrient cycling and retention. They are biologically accommodated
>> communities of the highest order and cannot be “restored” by simply adding
>> coral. This is hubris of the highest order, a brash form of scientific
>> malpractice.
>>
>>
>>
>> Land development in the Florida Keys, South Florida, and much or the United
>> States that drains into the Gulf of Mexico also inhibits the development of
>> reefs in the Florida Keys as well as South Florida. Land-based effluent is
>> a toxic mix of metabolic inhibitors, poisons, oxygen-sucking BOD,
>> microorganisms, and geological sediments so as to preclude healthy
>> conditions for reefs in the region. People point to the Dry Tortugas as a
>> success story but in fact, those reefs, since monitored in the 1970’s, have
>> probably lost 25-50% of their living coral.
>>
>>
>>
>> The heterotrophic structure of the water column now supports higher levels
>> of bioerosion to the extent that the reef substrate is decreasing in
>> volume! Reefs require oligotrophic condition for long term vitality. Water
>> quality must be improved before any serious long-term restoration should be
>> considered. Much of the degradation is a product of local, regional, and
>> national land development. The State of Florida exudes hundreds of millions
>> of gallons of polluted runoff and sewage with various level of treatment.
>> This nutrient and carbon laden watershed effluent preclude the development
>> of healthy reefs along the coastlines of Florida and the Florida Keys. To
>> be sure, the technology exists to clean it up, but the political will
>> refuses to understand the importance over commerce and profit.
>>
>>
>>
>> Furthermore, the “conservation practices” that have been instituted by the
>> Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries have mostly failed. No-take zone
>> were so small as to be useless; spearfishing and commercial fishing is
>> still allowed throughout much of the entire Keys; commercial sport diving
>> operations have resulted in reef trampling that eclipses the damage done in
>> many national parks on land. Commercial interests have reigned supreme with
>> merely mild lip service granted to the ecological rights of reefs.
>> Sanctuary Programs have done almost nothing to curtail the downward spiral
>> of reefs since the 1970’s. The management programs allowed commercial
>> interests to swamp ecological concerns, the expensive sewer system may have
>> improved nearshore bacterial counts but has not stopped the flow of
>> nutrients to the reef as treated effluent is being pumping into the path of
>> tidal pumping as noted by the work of Gene Shinn and his colleagues.
>>
>>
>>
>> This list of ecological issues could go on and on but I feel that I have
>> made my point without even bringing up increasing atmospheric carbon
>> dioxide levels. To think that it is possible to reestablish a coral reef
>> community in the midst of the catastrophic environmental degradation still
>> underway in the Keys is fallacy. To throw tens of millions of critical
>> dollars in to mix is near criminal. The funds could be used to further
>> restore water quality, curtail land-based sources of pollution, and begin
>> to move commerce out of the Florida Keys. Were the requisite ecological
>> conditions met, the reefs would initiate their own restoration faster,
>> stronger, and more widespread than humanly possible. But this requires a
>> nature-based approach, not the *glorious, shining top-down, plant it and
>> they will grow approach* being proposed. Just like any farmer planning a
>> crop, the planting conditions must be prepared beforehand before the
>> seedlings are set.
>>
>>
>>
>> While I like the idea of restoring the Florida Keys Reefs and would, almost
>> more than anything else, love to see the reefs once again attain their
>> luxuriance, I am sorry to say that this project will not begin accomplish
>> that task.
>>
>>
>>
>> Sincerely,
>>
>>
>>
>> Phillip Dustan PhD FLS, College of Charleston, SC
>>
>> Phil.dustan at gmail.com
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Tue, Jan 21, 2020 at 5:29 PM Shannon Colbert <
>> shannon at marinesanctuary.org
>> wrote:
>>
>>> CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not
>>> click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know
>>> the content is safe.
>>> Hello again,
>>> I wanted to send a quick reminder, if you have not already done so...
>>> *Please consider signing on to this science community support letter to
>>> support the Florida Keys.* We need to have your voice heard!
>>> *To Sign On*: Send your first and last name, including degrees,
>>> affiliation, and organization/business name as it should appear on the
>>> letter signatures to Shannon Colbert (shannon at marinesanctuary.org).
>> *Deadline
>>> to Sign On: Wed, Jan 29. *
>>> If you have already signed on, please consider sharing this with other
>>> partners and colleagues for their support.
>>> --
>>> Sincerely,
>>> *Shannon (Yee) Colbert*
>>> Policy and Conservation Director
>>> *National Marine Sanctuary Foundation*
>>> 8601 Georgia Avenue, Suite 510
>>> Silver Spring, MD 20910
>>> Office: 301-608-3040 x 304
>>> Cell: 202-870-0387
>>> Twitter: @MarineSanctuary | Facebook: /MarineSanctuary
>>> DISCOVER WONDER – learn more at www.MarineSanctuary.org
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinesanctuary.org%2F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663011212&sdata=Uo4Vk2kzIrtZMg72vf8IIuLOGIDQ7SOW9RjofCAswX4%3D&reserved=0
>>> <
>>
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.MarineSanctuary.org&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C27d2e00a76204fa64a9208d79ec15d98%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637152425669056592&sdata=2M249GatSHf8Uc%2F2fTuI9jdnuwBcHz4dp4IHAwaSjm0%3D&reserved=0
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.MarineSanctuary.org&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663011212&sdata=AvfWnCETwOK2AEVBWIYWpOjurPbK3D67AWtIsuGEnys%3D&reserved=0
>>> -------------------------------------------------------------
>>> Hello Phillip,
>>> Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is a national treasure and a
>>> hotspot of marine biodiversity. But, the threats to the Florida Keys’
>>> marine environment are greater than ever. Sound science needs to be the
>>> foundation of decision-making for adaptive management and restoration of
>>> the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The Florida Keys Restoration
>>> Blueprint
>>> <
>>
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Ffloridakeys.noaa.gov%252Fblueprint%252F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C27d2e00a76204fa64a9208d79ec15d98%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637152425669056592&sdata=RkgW0sCjpMMgi%2BI2XvPy%2FT1osbOAI6PDg0L%2BmZbV9PM%3D&reserved=0
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Ffloridakeys.noaa.gov%252Fblueprint%252F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663021212&sdata=khYcXrVQ0ifld1IxLhWOHV8xDTQBe7SjyIl3lzrj4Yk%3D&reserved=0
>>> offers an opportunity to address threats to the sanctuary, restore
>>> habitats, protect marine wildlife, and safeguard ecosystem services.
>>> *Sign our science community support letter (attached with some early sign
>>> ons) urging the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to ensure
>>> that sound science underscores management decisions to protect and
>> restore
>>> the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. *Public comment is open until
>>> Jan 31, 2020.
>>> Please take the following actions to speak up and amplify support for the
>>> Florida Keys.
>>> *1. Sign On to this Science Community Letter: *Send your first and last
>>> name, including degrees, affiliation, and organization/business name as
>> it
>>> should appear on the letter signatures to Shannon Colbert (
>>> shannon at marinesanctuary.org). *Deadline to Sign On: Wed, Jan 29. *
>>> *2. Use this Letter to Start Your Own Letter to Submit: *If you want to
>>> sign a letter of your own, please use this letter as a starting point and
>>> submit it directly to Regulations.gov (Docket Number NOAA-NOS-2019-0094)
>>> <
>>
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.regulations.gov%252Fdocument%253FD%253DNOAA-NOS-2019-0094-0001&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C27d2e00a76204fa64a9208d79ec15d98%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637152425669066584&sdata=Z9ep%2FKlRa%2FxETdmwIaWUGqbim%2FnNN31Bg0GfUfBLYog%3D&reserved=0
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.regulations.gov%252Fdocument%253FD%253DNOAA-NOS-2019-0094-0001&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663021212&sdata=L7yjy%2FbomAWReJH9kUHopwRQ1h8OIo%2BuLMx2dQYF8YY%3D&reserved=0
>>> .
>>> *3. Share this Letter with Your Colleagues and Networks: *Share our
>>> letter in your own colleagues and partners and encourage them to sign on
>>> today. Feel free to use this email as a template.
>>> --
>>> Sincerely,
>>> *Shannon (Yee) Colbert*
>>> Policy and Conservation Director
>>> *National Marine Sanctuary Foundation*
>>> 8601 Georgia Avenue, Suite 510
>>> Silver Spring, MD 20910
>>> Office: 301-608-3040 x 304
>>> Cell: 202-870-0387
>>> Twitter: @MarineSanctuary | Facebook: /MarineSanctuary
>>> DISCOVER WONDER – learn more at www.MarineSanctuary.org
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinesanctuary.org%2F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663031200&sdata=hiwwk%2Fv3xjUf8rdQ5AOE8g1ry1rGxSZ3mJhezcI0G8w%3D&reserved=0
>>> <
>>
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.MarineSanctuary.org&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C27d2e00a76204fa64a9208d79ec15d98%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637152425669066584&sdata=jDtJBUzg4FDOaPmglmRcOkdl9NiK5tAs0i9DS6UELy4%3D&reserved=0
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary-dot-yamm-track.appspot.com%2FRedirect%3Fukey%3D1vMT38NIZKcJAMcULW-3PRGfA5_w8FiCA4dkeFYB_ZAI-1775483685%26key%3DYAMMID-45757750%26link%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.MarineSanctuary.org&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663031200&sdata=V5ZvxJ23rWMhl5TlKmjbXDWbMnyROy8diupvn6owSuQ%3D&reserved=0
>>> [image: beacon]
>>
>>
>> --
>> Phillip Dustan
>> Department of Biology
>> College of Charleston
>> Charleston SC 20401
>> Charleston SC
>> 843 953 8086 (voice)
>> 843-224-3321 (m)
>>
>> "When we try to pick out anything by itself
>> we find that it is bound fast by a thousand invisible cords
>> that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe. "
>> * John Muir 1869*
>> _______________________________________________
>> Coral-List mailing list
>> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
>> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>> <
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>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
>> NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
>> 1305 East West Hwy., N/ORM62
>> Silver Spring, MD 20910
>> (240) 533-0708 (w), (301) 529-1854 (c)
>>
>>
>>
>> *Follow National Marine Sanctuaries
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663041188&sdata=WU62w2VIK8EERmUBU%2F%2FV1OL6aqb846tQlM3NvmoYYAs%3D&reserved=0
>>> *
>> *and our Earth is Blue Campaign
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fearthisblue&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663051186&sdata=xnmcit%2BzRnlu%2F58O%2BnRZEBaj8ddup%2FakuIxnBmn6lUc%3D&reserved=0
>> on*
>> *:*
>> [image: http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FNOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663051186&sdata=sROvDfDvBCueWWzCx%2BRj2YVAi5xdpO04Q9maAv6CWGA%3D&reserved=0
>> [image: http://twitter.com/sanctuaries]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fsanctuaries&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663061177&sdata=0J0Xp5RpflUlOVDT%2FMju0OK9LguDjHCvgJCe2t4Ptaw%3D&reserved=0
>> [image: http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fuser%2Fsanctuaries&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663061177&sdata=9KcGi6nAvoGNJU04UaXoNR852kovAjvPpCaUryObgxc%3D&reserved=0
>> [image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fonms%2F&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663061177&sdata=Grc%2BGoWNy500kvIHzLpxcHAIfPbRlfVo6dl7QHMgwPg%3D&reserved=0
>> [image: http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeeds.feedburner.com%2FNoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663071173&sdata=w3WvRxpJw4O494XbGMcatiLsMr%2F7OBfN8gQee7UcqDs%3D&reserved=0
>> [image: http://pinterest.com/nmsanctuaries/national-marine-sanctuaries/]
>> [image:
>> http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries]
>> <
>> https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Finstagram.com%2Fnoaasanctuaries&data=02%7C01%7Cdustanp%40cofc.edu%7C1b7378bf6dd240f900bf08d7a34346d0%7Ce285d438dbba4a4c941c593ba422deac%7C0%7C0%7C637157381663071173&sdata=iOouLweZxUQFHpvAZWgVWJbl%2FzamtHnUlqebYmHEGKY%3D&reserved=0
>> _______________________________________________
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>
>
>
> --
> Douglas Fenner
> Lynker Technologies, LLC, Contractor
> NOAA Fisheries Service
> Pacific Islands Regional Office
> Honolulu
> and:
> Consultant
> PO Box 7390
> Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 USA
>
> "Already, more people die <http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml>from
> heat-related causes in the U.S. than from all other extreme weather events."
>
>
> https://www.npr.org/2018/07/09/624643780/phoenix-tries-to-reverse-its-silent-storm-of-heat-deaths
>
>
> Even 50-year old climate models correctly predicted global warmng
> https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/12/even-50-year-old-climate-models-correctly-predicted-global-warming?utm_campaign=news_weekly_2019-12-06&et_rid=17045989&et_cid=3113276
>
> "Global warming is manifestly the foremost current threat to coral reefs,
> and must be addressed by the global community if reefs as we know them will
> have any chance to persist." Williams et al, 2019, Frontiers in Marine
> Science
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
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