[Coral-List] Dendrogyra and why we aren't saving the reefs

Mon Jun 7 14:28:50 UTC 2021

Alina - I doubt you get many arguments on this issue.  I agree that it's
the biggest of all our problems, and, unfortunately, the least tractable.
But the reason you may not hear a lot of us discussing it is that it's
beyond our expertise to recommend ways to deal with it.

Steve

On Mon, Jun 7, 2021 at 9:24 AM Alina Szmant via Coral-List <
coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:

> From: Alina Szmant
> Sent: Saturday, June 5, 2021 10:44 AM
> To: Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal <steve.gittings at noaa.gov>; Steve
> Mussman <sealab at earthlink.net>
> Cc: Peter Sale <sale at uwindsor.ca>
> Subject: RE: [Coral-List] Dendrogyra and why we aren't saving the reefs
>
> Hello Steve et al:
>
> I have been following this discussion over the past week or so, and I told
> myself "don't reply... nobody what to hear me repeat myself for the
> umpteenth time!!!. But I just can't help myself:
>
> The reason we aren't able to save coral reefs (or any other natural
> ecosystem for that matter) is because like nicely behaved ostriches, human
> society is sticking it's head in the sand and has it's head full of wishful
> thinking.
>
> We can't save coral reefs (or any other ecosystem on Earth) is because we
> are closing our eyes and ears to the MAJOR cause of Earth ecosystem
> decline: the increasingly larger size of the human population with all of
> the activities each of us do each day: some essential and some just for
> fun. All of the management and conservation efforts being made daily by so
> many well meaning people and organizations is being nullified and worse by
> the daily increase of several thousand people each and every day. 83
> Million people per year. Check out this Human Odometer to see what is
> happening out there while you are deliberating the best measures to take to
> save coral reefs:
>
> https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
>
> As long as humanity and our leaders, and especially for coral reefs, reef
> aficionados, are not willing to elevate the rate of human population growth
> and the oppressive number of humans on Earth to the No 1 position of the
> causes of decline of coral reefs (and all other Earth ecosystems), you are
> putting band aids on cuts here and there of a victim whose throat has been
> cut and is bleeding to death.
>
> We were unable to deal with environmental destruction, social equity,
> pollution, overfishing, satisfying demands for cheap energy and food and
> other resources back when there were only 3.5 Billion people on Earth (back
> in 1968 when Paul Ehrlich published the Population Bomb), so we certainly
> are not going to be any better at this when we now have almost 8 Billion
> people to deal with. And as we all well know, in our misguided human
> anthropocentric mentality, nature falls flat in face of the needs of nearby
> humans.
>
> Last time I will EVER post on this issue. Have fun chasing your tails on
> this issue.
>
> Alina
>
>
>
> *************************************************************************
> Dr. Alina M. Szmant, CEO
> CISME Instruments LLC
> 210 Braxlo Lane,
> Wilmington NC 28409 USA
> AAUS Scientific Diving Lifetime Achievement Awardee
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>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Coral-List <coral-list-bounces at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> On Behalf Of
> Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal via Coral-List
> Sent: Friday, June 4, 2021 5:05 PM
> To: Steve Mussman <sealab at earthlink.net>
> Cc: coral list <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>; Peter Sale <
> sale at uwindsor.ca>
> Subject: Re: [Coral-List] Dendrogyra
>
> Steve - I wonder if the main reasons behind our failure to save coral
> reefs include 1) the geographic scale of the problems, 2) the need for
> multinational cooperation to achieve results, 3) the unwillingness of
> enough of us to change our lifestyle, and 4) the reluctance of those with
> real power to effect changes in sectors causing substantial harm at large
> scales.  These seem to be much greater challenges than any barriers caused
> by what are mostly esoteric disagreements among scientists.  To me, those
> seem small in comparison. I actually believe the science community would
> agree on most of the measures that should be taken to protect healthy reefs
> and promote recovery in others, and we need to continue to advocate for
> those.  My fear is that the existing social and political status quo
> (meaning each, and all of us) is preventing change at scales needed to see
> results.  I truly hope we can overcome that.
>
> Steve
>
> On Fri, Jun 4, 2021 at 8:49 AM Steve Mussman <sealab at earthlink.net> wrote:
>
> >
> > Steve,
> >
> >
> > Mine was just a visceral reaction to the proposition that the tragedy
> > befalling coral reefs could be characterized as an opportunity by
> > some, financial or otherwise was how it was put. That aside, how can
> > we ever expect long term solutions to materialize if they are not
> > being universally prioritized within the coral science community?  I
> > mean, I keep hearing what has become a slogan on this list “We all know
> what we must do . . .
> > It’s time to speak with one voice”, but apparently there is something
> > keeping that one voice in check. Perhaps your analysis explains it best.
> > After all, we should acknowledge that these undercurrents exist. I
> > think the bottom line is that the coral science community has become
> > somewhat polarized - encompassing more than one vision of “success”.
> >
> >
> > Steve Mussman
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > On 6/2/21, 2:40 PM, Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal
> > <steve.gittings at noaa.gov>
> > wrote:
> >
> >
> > I didn't say anything about giving up.  I'm suggesting that some
> > places may have to face a near-term reality that none of us would wish
> on anyone.
> > Failure of ecosystem services.  It doesn't help them in the short term
> > if we overlook that possibility.  While long-term solutions are
> > obviously needed soon, I'm suggesting we also need to prepare for
> > significant changes on much shorter time frames.
> >
> >
> > On Wed, Jun 2, 2021 at 1:06 PM Steve Mussman via Coral-List <
> > coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> >
> >
> > . . . “I think it would help to consider a world where failure
> > actually IS an option”.
> >
> >
> > I’m still trying to wrap my head around this concept.
> >
> >
> > How can we possibly continue to envision or even maintain any hope for
> > implementing the changes needed to save coral reefs from the continued
> > downward spiral if coral scientists have given up and moved on to
> > “instead recognize that with impending disaster comes opportunity,
> > whether financial or otherwise”.
> >
> >
> > So, what does this say about the prospects of “saving” what remains of
> > the world’s coral reefs?
> >
> >
> > Oh, right, that’s where recognizing opportunity comes into play.
> >
> >
> > Steve
> >
> >
> > On 5/31/21, 12:46 PM, Steve Gittings - NOAA Federal via Coral-List <
> > coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> >
> >
> > Bill,
> >
> >
> > We each have opinions and concerns about political will and the
> > likelihood
> >
> >
> > of seeing changes on the scale needed to save reefs from continued loss.
> >
> >
> > But while people valiantly try to turn things around using existing
> >
> >
> > socio-political approaches, I think it would help to consider a world
> > where
> >
> >
> > failure actually IS an option.
> >
> >
> > Let's objectively imagine a collective future when people and
> > economies
> >
> >
> > that now depend on reefs have none. The science community knows the
> >
> >
> > resource and ecosystem service consequences, and I think we would
> > agree
> >
> >
> > that it is our role to make sure those are clearly communicated - as
> > you
> >
> >
> > say, "speak with one voice." But to make progress with those whose
> > work
> >
> >
> > has changed the world during past crises, including corporations,
> >
> >
> > philanthropists, and yes, politicians, we need to resist ascribing
> > blame
> >
> >
> > (that's not directed at your message, which did not do that). Few are
> >
> >
> > motivated by being blamed. Problem-solvers - even those that may have
> > some
> >
> >
> > culpability - instead recognize that with impending disaster comes
> >
> >
> > opportunity, whether financial or otherwise. I believe our priority as
> >
> >
> > scientists should be to empower them with awareness, constructive
> >
> >
> > information, and advice.
> >
> >
> > As reefs disappear, new food production, distribution, and financing
> >
> >
> > systems will be needed to support the importation of protein,
> > construction
> >
> >
> > of coastal and offshore aquaculture facilities and artificial reefs,
> > and
> >
> >
> > perhaps expansion and diversification of terrestrial agriculture. New
> >
> >
> > infrastructure will be needed to deal with nuisance flooding,
> >
> >
> > increased coastal erosion, transportation safety, utilities, energy
> >
> >
> > production, and disaster response. And training will have to be
> > supported
> >
> >
> > and promoted to prepare people with new skills that synchronize with
> > the
> >
> >
> > transition. We need corporate and government leaders and
> > philanthropists
> >
> >
> > to recognize that these needs are not only opportunities that could
> > bolster
> >
> >
> > tourism-based economies, but alternatively, could support the
> > transition
> >
> >
> > away from them. Effective diversification planning could accomplish both.
> >
> >
> > Few coral reef scientists work directly in these areas, but we know
> > how we
> >
> >
> > got here and how ecosystems might respond to many of the changes. So,
> >
> >
> > while none of us prefer a future without coral reefs, and while we
> > continue
> >
> >
> > to fight for other solutions, we have a responsibility to consider our
> > role
> >
> >
> > if we fail to protect or restore coral reefs.
> >
> >
> > Steve
> >
> >
> > On Mon, May 31, 2021 at 9:17 AM William Precht via Coral-List <
> >
> >
> > coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> >
> >
> > > To be blunt - my point was while we are bickering about whether
> >
> >
> > > *Dendrogyra* was
> >
> >
> > > or not it was an important reef builder and the importance of losing
> >
> >
> > > individual species even if they were always rare - we are missing
> > > the
> >
> >
> > > bigger picture. In the last four decades we have watched reef after
> > > reef
> >
> >
> > > go up in flames. Some due to local causes but most to to
> >
> >
> > > overarching regional and global issues associated with global
> > > climate
> >
> >
> > > change. *Dendrogyra cylindrus* is nothing more than a bellwether
> > > species
> >
> >
> > > that is giving us a glimpse of the future. .Dendrogyra is a
> >
> >
> > > beautiful iconic species and seeing a giant colony on a dive is awe
> >
> >
> > > inspiring. I remember making a dive in the Florida Keys to a site
> > > known
> > as
> >
> >
> > > the "Pillar Forest." There were over 200 columns at this one site!
> > > They
> >
> >
> > > are now ALL gone - dead from a variety of causes - but the main and
> > > final
> >
> >
> > > blow was from SCTLD.
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > People have been talking about reefs as being like "canaries in a
> > > coal
> >
> >
> > > mine" - well that canary has a very bad case of COPD and it's
> > > getting
> > worse
> >
> >
> > > day by day. This week the average CO2 concentration at the Mauna Loa
> >
> >
> > > Observatory was 419.02 ppm. In 2009 Veron et al. wrote a manuscript
> > > of
> > the
> >
> >
> > > need to maintain CO2 concentrations below 350 ppm for the future
> > > survival
> >
> >
> > > of coral reef ecosystems. That number came from a quote by Dr.
> >
> >
> > > James Hansen during testimony to the US Congress where he stated “If
> >
> >
> > > humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which
> > civilization
> >
> >
> > > developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate
> > > evidence
> > and
> >
> >
> > > ongoing climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced … to
> > > at
> >
> >
> > > most 350 ppm.” The math is pretty simple - we are going in the wrong
> >
> >
> > > direction. We all know what we must do - the question is do we have
> > > the
> >
> >
> > > political will to make the changes necessary. My note was a call to
> > > the
> >
> >
> > > 10,000 people that are as passionate as coral reefs as I am that
> > > exchange
> >
> >
> > > ideas on this Coral-List serve. It's time to speak with one voice.
> > > We
> > need
> >
> >
> > > to be heard. We can make a difference. The alternative - failing
> > > (which
> > we
> >
> >
> > > are doing quite admirably) - is not an option.
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > WFP
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > Veron, J.E., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lenton, T.M., Lough, J.M., Obura,
> > > D.O.,
> >
> >
> > > Pearce-Kelly, P.A.U.L., Sheppard, C.R., Spalding, M.,
> > > Stafford-Smith,
> > M.G.
> >
> >
> > > and Rogers, A.D., 2009. The coral reef crisis: The critical
> > > importance
> > of<
> >
> >
> > > 350 ppm CO2. *Marine pollution bulletin*, *58*(10), pp.1428-1436.
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > On Sat, May 29, 2021 at 9:38 AM Dennis Hubbard > >
> >
> >
> > > wrote:
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > > Bill makes excellent points, but we always return to the same
> issue....
> >
> >
> > > is
> >
> >
> > > > the loss of "species X "the problem to be addressed or just the
> > symptom.
> >
> >
> > > > Yes, this is a unique species, and saving it is a worthwhile
> > > > endeavor
> > for
> >
> >
> > > > this and many other reasons. Having agreed, I remain concerned
> > > > that
> >
> >
> > > success
> >
> >
> > > > on this front will lead some to be satisfied.
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > > Denny
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > > On Fri, May 28, 2021 at 12:36 PM William Precht via Coral-List <
> >
> >
> > > > coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > >> The manuscript that started this thread on the coral- list was an
> >
> >
> > > >> excellent, open-access manuscript by Neely et al. Rapid
> > > >> Population
> >
> >
> > > >> Decline of the Pillar Coral Dendrogyra cylindrus Along the
> > > >> Florida
> > Reef
> >
> >
> > > >> Tract
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> Front. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.656515
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> It should be read by all There are two main punch lines. The
> > > >> first is
> >
> >
> > > >> that this species has been rendered functionally extinct
> > > >> (extirpated)
> >
> >
> > > >> throughout Florida. The second is that the main cause was stony
> > > >> coral
> >
> >
> > > >> tissue loss disease (SCTLD). This species is highly susceptible
> > > >> to
> > this
> >
> >
> > > >> emergent disease as are the three other genera in its family -
> > > >> the
> >
> >
> > > >> Meandrinidae. All species in this family and are highly
> > > >> susceptible to
> >
> >
> > > >> SCTLD. On many reefs where the disease has run it course you
> > > >> can’t
> >
> >
> > > find a
> >
> >
> > > >> single member of this family. No Meandrina, no Dendrogyra, no
> >
> >
> > > >> Dichocoenia,
> >
> >
> > > >> no Eusmilia. So the story goes much further than just pillar
> > > >> coral. We
> >
> >
> > > >> may be looking at the loss of an entire coral family in a short
> > window -
> >
> >
> > > >> and this coral family is only extant in the Caribbean.
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> If this doesn’t serve as a wake-up call I don’t know what will.
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> Clearly losing more than 50% of the corals on the GBR due to mass
> >
> >
> > > >> bleaching
> >
> >
> > > >> events in 2015-2016 did not cause a sea change in policy - not in
> >
> >
> > > >> Australia
> >
> >
> > > >> - not globally. For most it’s been business as usual.
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> I’m getting sick and tired of writing and reading coral
> > > >> obituaries. In
> >
> >
> > > my
> >
> >
> > > >> 40+ years of studying coral reefs I have watched my three
> > > >> 40+ favorite
> > reefs
> >
> >
> > > >> burn before my very eyes and the reefs that lie at the door step
> > > >> of
> >
> >
> > > where
> >
> >
> > > >> I
> >
> >
> > > >> live are suffering the same fate.
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> The coral-list has a voice of 10,000 people that love coral reefs
> > > >> -
> >
> >
> > > let’s
> >
> >
> > > >> use that voice to make a difference. Time really is running out.
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> Bill
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> On Thu, May 27, 2021 at 9:38 PM Peter Sale via Coral-List <
> >
> >
> > > >> coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> > Hi listers,
> >
> >
> > > >> > I've been following the comments re the essential extirpation
> > > >> > of
> >
> >
> > > >> > Dendrogyra in Florida waters. The fact that this is not a major
> > > >> > reef
> >
> >
> > > >> > builder (Gene is correct) is beside the point from my perspective.
> >
> >
> > > >> Here is
> >
> >
> > > >> > a monotypic species that looks like it may be on the way out
> >
> >
> > > throughout
> >
> >
> > > >> its
> >
> >
> > > >> > range, and certainly in a large portion of it. (I'm being
> > pessimistic
> >
> >
> > > >> but
> >
> >
> > > >> > perhaps realistic in predicting total extinction.) The
> > > >> > biodiversity
> >
> >
> > > >> loss
> >
> >
> > > >> > is great. This is a coral (and I am definitely NOT a coral
> > > >> > expert)
> >
> >
> > > >> that is
> >
> >
> > > >> > phenotypically quite distinctive. It has one of, if not the
> > > >> > most
> >
> >
> > > >> > well-connected nerve nets leading to a conspicuous flash when
> > > >> > all
> > the
> >
> >
> > > >> > polyps retract in unison following a disturbance. God only
> > > >> > knows
> > what
> >
> >
> > > >> > other special skills it has tucked amongst its tentacles. From
> > > >> > an
> >
> >
> > > >> > evolutionary point of view, its loss is a greater loss than the
> > > >> > loss
> >
> >
> > > of
> >
> >
> > > >> > many other coral species. My fear is that we are going to have
> > > >> > to
> >
> >
> > > >> become
> >
> >
> > > >> > used to such losses. Let's a) strive not to let the losses
> > > >> > becom
> >
> >
> > > >> > e un-noticed and routine, and b) use such losses to highlight,
> > > >> > and
> >
> >
> > > make
> >
> >
> > > >> > 'personal', what it means for a reef to gradually lose its
> > > >> > species
> > and
> >
> >
> > > >> > cease to be a reef. Getting people to relate to what is
> > > >> > happening,
> > to
> >
> >
> > > >> > actually feel what is happening, may be the only way to rescue
> >
> >
> > > humanity
> >
> >
> > > >> > from turning the planet into a wasteland, starting with the reefs.
> >
> >
> > > >> >
> >
> >
> > > >> > Peter Sale
> >
> >
> > > >> > www.petersalebooks.com
> >
> >
> > > >> > @PeterSale3
> >
> >
> > > >> >
> >
> >
> > > >> > See my latest book at
> >
> >
> > > >> >
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > >
> > https://www.amazon.com/Coral-Reefs-Majestic-Realms-under/dp/0300253834
> > /ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=coral+reefs+peter+sale&qid=1622149307&sr
> > =8-1
> >
> >
> > > >> >
> >
> >
> > > >> > _______________________________________________
> >
> >
> > > >> > Coral-List mailing list
> >
> >
> > > >> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >
> >
> > > >> > https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
> >
> > > >> >
> >
> >
> > > >> --
> >
> >
> > > >> William F. Precht
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> “You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only
> >
> >
> > > choice
> >
> >
> > > >> you have”
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> Bob Marley
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> "Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when
> > > >> you
> >
> >
> > > >> don't
> >
> >
> > > >> have the strength."
> >
> >
> > > >>
> >
> >
> > > >> Theodore Roosevelt
> >
> >
> > > >> _______________________________________________
> >
> >
> > > >> Coral-List mailing list
> >
> >
> > > >> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >
> >
> > > >> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > > --
> >
> >
> > > > Dennis Hubbard - Emeritus Professor: Dept of Geology-Oberlin
> > > > College
> >
> >
> > > > Oberlin OH 44074
> >
> >
> > > > (440) 935-4014
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > > > * "When you get on the wrong train.... every stop is the wrong
> > > > stop"*
> >
> >
> > > > Benjamin Stein: "*Ludes, A Ballad of the Drug and the Dream*"
> >
> >
> > > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > --
> >
> >
> > > William F. Precht
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > “You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only
> > > choice
> >
> >
> > > you have”
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > Bob Marley
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > "Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when
> > > you
> > don't
> >
> >
> > > have the strength."
> >
> >
> > >
> >
> >
> > > Theodore Roosevelt
> >
> >
> > > _______________________________________________
> >
> >
> > > Coral-List mailing list
> >
> >
> > > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >
> >
> > > https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
> >
> > --
> >
> >
> > Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
> >
> >
> > NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
> >
> >
> > 1305 East West Hwy., N/ORM62
> >
> >
> > Silver Spring, MD 20910
> >
> >
> > (240) 533-0708 (w), (301) 529-1854 (c1), (301) 821-0857 (c2)
> >
> >
> > *Follow National Marine Sanctuaries *
> >
> >
> > *and our Earth is Blue Campaign
> >
> >
> > on**:*
> >
> >
> > [image: http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries]
> >
> >
> > [image:
> >
> >
> > http://twitter.com/sanctuaries] [image:
> >
> >
> > http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries]
> >
> >
> > [image:
> >
> >
> > http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/]
> >
> >
> > [image:
> >
> >
> > http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews]
> >
> >
> > [image:
> >
> >
> > http://pinterest.com/nmsanctuaries/national-marine-sanctuaries/] [image:
> >
> >
> > http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries]
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> >
> >
> > Coral-List mailing list
> >
> >
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >
> >
> > https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> >
> > Coral-List mailing list
> >
> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> >
> > https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> >
> > Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
> >
> > NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
> >
> > 1305 East West Hwy., N/ORM62
> >
> > Silver Spring, MD  20910
> >
> > (240) 533-0708 (w), (301) 529-1854 (c1), (301) 821-0857 (c2)
> >
> >
> >  [image: earth-is-blue-logo-shadow.png]
> >
> >
> >
> > Follow National Marine Sanctuaries <http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/>
> >
> > and our Earth is Blue Campaign
> > <http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/earthisblue> on:
> >
> > [image: fb.png]
> > <http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries>  [image:
> > twitter.png] <http://twitter.com/sanctuaries>  [image: youtube.png]
> > <http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries>  [image: flickr.png]
> > <http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/>  [image: rss.png]
> > <http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews>  [image:
> > pinterest.png]  [image: instagram.png]
> > <http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries>
> >
>
>
> --
> Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
> NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
> 1305 East West Hwy., N/ORM62
> Silver Spring, MD  20910
> (240) 533-0708 (w), (301) 529-1854 (c1), (301) 821-0857 (c2)
>
>
>
> *Follow National Marine Sanctuaries <http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/>* *and
> our Earth is Blue Campaign <http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/earthisblue>
> on**:*
> [image: http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries]
> <http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries>  [image:
> http://twitter.com/sanctuaries] <http://twitter.com/sanctuaries>  [image:
> http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries]
> <http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries>  [image:
> http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/]
> <http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/>  [image:
> http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews]
> <http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews>  [image:
> http://pinterest.com/nmsanctuaries/national-marine-sanctuaries/]  [image:
> http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries] <
> http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries>
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
> _______________________________________________
> Coral-List mailing list
> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list

-- 
Dr. Steve Gittings, Science Coordinator
NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
1305 East West Hwy., N/ORM62
Silver Spring, MD  20910
(240) 533-0708 (w), (301) 529-1854 (c1), (301) 821-0857 (c2)

*Follow National Marine Sanctuaries <http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/>*
*and our Earth is Blue Campaign
<http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/earthisblue> on**:*
[image: http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries]
<http://www.facebook.com/NOAAOfficeofNationalMarineSanctuaries>  [image:
http://twitter.com/sanctuaries] <http://twitter.com/sanctuaries>  [image:
http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries]
<http://www.youtube.com/user/sanctuaries>  [image:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/]
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/>  [image:
http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews]
<http://feeds.feedburner.com/NoaaNationalMarineSanctuaryNews>  [image:
http://pinterest.com/nmsanctuaries/national-marine-sanctuaries/]  [image:
http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries] <http://instagram.com/noaasanctuaries>