[Coral-List] Coral reefs under threat

Sat Aug 5 00:51:05 UTC 2023

On Fri, Aug 4, 2023 at 8:37 PM Austin Bowden-Kerby <abowdenkerby at gmail.com>
wrote:

> Yes, of course Bill,
>
> Do what you can to lower the stress, but if using containers, don't assume
> that this is safe- change the water often.
>

That is exactly what I said

Do not let the mucus and stress generated chemicals build up, as they
> will.  And once a coral goes into toxic shutdown, it seems to spread to the
> others in the tank- this is never a problem with deck transport.
>
> Exposure to air is part of the evolutionary heritage of shallow water
> corals,which have evolved the ability to survive exposure during spring
> tides, even when not sprayed.
>

That is typical on Indo-Pacific reef flats.  This is not a Caribbean issue

Being shoved into a container with unrelated genotypes and species is not
> natural, it adds to the stress from what I have experienced.
>

We always we our corals with the same species in the same bins

>
> But this is a mute point for many of us, as we simply do not have access
> to tanks or containers big enough to hold the amount of corals we need
> to transport.
>

I understand this might be an issue in some countries and island states -
especially in remote parts of the world. But in Florida and many places in
the Caribbean where this is an issue today - bins can be easily obtained at
large box stores, hardware stores, and even grocery stores -  so access is
not an issue here - and I was talking about the recent emergency ops being
employed here in Florida

>
> People often have a hard time believing that there is no mortality and
> stress might be lower for at least some species with deck transport,
> assuming that the corals are frequently and copiously sprayed.  We do this
> routinely on a weekly basis as we now plant corals onto A-frame structures
> with children as part of our present strategies, and then we move the
> planted frames out 2-3 km in the boat afterwards, so they are exposed to
> the air for 30 minutes or so, sprayed, and with no mortality, with
> thousands of branches moved in this way.  However, when moving corals in
> tubs, I have had corals stress and corals die
>

(plus back problems afterwards from lifting water),
>

Austin - you are getting old my friend :-)

but this has never happened with air exposed corals, as the corals do not
> suffer low oxygenation- the only danger is drying up which is easily solved
> by spraying. Of course the deck surface must be clean and no gasoline or
> oil present.  You can place them on a tarp and use that also to shield them
> from direct sunlight and wind, but not at the expense of spraying them.
> Cloudy days are best, but rainy days are not good.
>
> In the Solomon islands, we moved entire canoe-loads filled with staghorn
> corals, all heaped up, and splashed for over an hour, with no mortality to
> the corals. One day someone will set up an experiment and do this for hours
> and then perhaps continue for days, to prove that this does not result in
> any mortality at all.
>
> When I started doing coral work in the Caribbean in 1993 at UPR, many were
> horrified and opposed, how dare I break corals?!!!  How dare I play God?!!
> But now many routinely use the methods that I pioneered.  But in this
> crisis, the most important thing is to act swiftly, and to use whatever
> resources you can find.  So if you are waiting to buy some expensive tanks-
> if they are on order and have not arrived, don't wait!  Act now!  The
> corals need your help!   Mother nature can intervene as well- She can send
> us dark cloudy days, and She can send us a giant fan to cool off the
> waters- so if a hurricane pops up, it could be a real blessing that could
> help save many corals, especially if it is a near miss storm.
>
> This is a defining moment for coral reefs, and the corals need our help.
> We can no longer afford to just sit back and watch on in horror as they
> die.  Translocation to cooler reefs has been an option all along for those
> reef areas with a strong thermal gradient, but few took this seriously,
> thinking that we had much more time.  Even now, everything that we do with
> corals assumes that humanity and governments will one day get climate
> change under control, so that these lethal temperatures will one day no
> longer be the overriding threat.
>
> Regards to all,
>
> Austin
>
>
>
> Austin Bowden-Kerby, PhD
> Corals for Conservation
> P.O. Box 4649 Samabula, Fiji Islands
>
>
> https://www.corals4conservation.org
> Publication on C4C's coral-focused climate change adaptation strategies:
> https://www.mdpi.com/2673-1924/4/1/2/pdf
> Film on our "Reefs of Hope" coral restoration for climate change
> adaptation strategies:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0lqKciXAA
> TEDx talk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PRLJ8zDm0U
>
> https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/emergency-response-to-massive-coral-bleaching/
> <https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/emergency-response-to-massive-coral-bleaching/>
>
>
> Teitei Livelihoods Centre
> Km 20 Sigatoka Valley Road, Fiji Islands
> <https://www.google.com/maps/search/Sigatoka+Valley+Road,+Fiji+Islands?entry=gmail&source=g>
> (679) 938-6437
> http:/www.
> <http://permacultureglobal.com/projects/1759-sustainable-environmental-livelihoods-farm-Fiji>
> teiteifiji.org
>
> http://permacultureglobal.com/projects/1759-sustainable-environmental-livelihoods-farm-Fiji
>
> https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/happy-chickens-for-food-security-and-environment-1/
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Sat, Aug 5, 2023 at 11:32 AM William Precht <william.precht at gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
>>
>> “If put into tanks of water for the same long period, oxygenation can
>> become a problem, and the stress seems to be greater to the corals than
>> when on the deck and sprayed.”
>>
>> If you can take the time and energy to spray the corals with seawater -
>> it doesn’t take much extra energy to do something similar with seven gallon
>> paint buckets - fill them with seawater and pour it into the holding
>> tanks/bins at five to ten minute intervals while transporting the corals on
>> the deck of a boat (or similar). Totally eliminates those concerns.
>>
>> Remember, what we are talking about here is also moving corals that are
>> under a tremendous amount of thermal stress already. They are already
>> compromised so whatever we do - like with CPR and first aid is “do no
>> harm”.
>>
>> “No one is promoting a free-for-all by untrained people. But the
>> alternative of just watching them bleach as conditions worsen, which is a
>> lot more risky for the corals than moving them to safety.”
>>
>> The urgency of the moment doesn’t give us license to abandon best
>> management practices.
>>
>> Let’s all keep fighting the good fight.
>>
>> Bill
>>
>> On Fri, Aug 4, 2023 at 6:57 PM Austin Bowden-Kerby via Coral-List <
>> coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
>>
>>> Thanks for your concern Nohora,
>>>
>>> Hopefully the people working with corals have many years of experience.
>>> They will understand about heat, light and UV levels.  No one is
>>> promoting
>>> a free-for-all by untrained people.
>>> But the alternative of just watching them bleach as conditions worsen,
>>> which is a lot more risky for the corals than moving them to safety.
>>>
>>> When we need to move corals out of the water, we always use spray bottles
>>> filled with sea water, and constantly spray them and shade them.  If
>>> sprayed and shaded, and if possible kept out of the wind, corals do
>>> amazingly well for several hours on deck, with no mortality at all.  If
>>> put
>>> into tanks of water for the same long period, oxygenation can become a
>>> problem, and the stress seems to be greater to the corals than when on
>>> the
>>> deck and sprayed.
>>>
>>> If moved from hot areas into cooler areas of the wider reef system, the
>>> corals once established in their new home, also need to maintain their
>>> original upright position, otherwise they will suffer from UV
>>> sunburn-like
>>> secondary bleaching on formerly shaded surfaces.  So if the corals are
>>> fragments, they must always go under shade, even if in cooler waters. We
>>> have used 50% shade cloth over iron bar table nurseries supporting rope
>>> culture in the summer months with 100% effectiveness.
>>>
>>> For those who do not have the option of moving samples of everything into
>>> cooler waters or into on-shore facilities, try shading your nurseries, as
>>> the photosynthetic process needs to be suppressed- and that is what the
>>> shading does.  Remember that the light reaction continues in hot waters,
>>> but the dark reaction is broken, so the reaction continues to split water
>>> molecules into H+ and OH- radicals, and because these ions are not fed
>>> into
>>> the dark reaction to produce sugar, they combine with water to form H2O2
>>> =
>>> hydrogen peroxide.  This burns the coral tissues and so the corals
>>> expel their algae in self defense.
>>>
>>> The present global mean ocean temperature spike has been running over 21C
>>> since July 18th, and it is not El Nino.  It has been traced to the
>>> delayed
>>> impacts of the Tonga eruption, and likely combining with several
>>> other factors, and the alarming thing is that it is predicted to last for
>>> five years, and it may not have reached its maximum yet.
>>>
>>>
>>> https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022GL099381?campaign=woletoc
>>>
>>> https://www.livescience.com/tonga-eruption-water-vapor
>>>
>>> Jason Box, an Arctic climatologist, just explained the global thermal
>>> spike
>>> in this presentation, but due to the disconnect between scientific
>>> fields,
>>> he missed the Tonga data: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYdvn2pGyOw
>>> But it he mentions other combining factors, but whatever the cause, if
>>> the
>>> off scale thermal spike holds, there is a chance that this will become
>>> the
>>> new norm for our summers for several years, and so the summers of 2024
>>> and
>>> 2025 could potentially be repeats?  We may need to change our operational
>>> assumptions, to stop restoring and begin treating what we do as
>>> endangered
>>> species conservation, and assisting the reefs to survive this crisis, via
>>> facilitated climate change adaptation.
>>>
>>> The Tonga eruption was massive:  "146,000 metric tons of additional water
>>> vapor entered the stratosphere and mesosphere, reaching a maximum
>>> altitude
>>> of 33 miles (53 km), which is in the mesosphere, the layer of the
>>> atmosphere that extends from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude
>>> of
>>> 53 miles (85 km)."  This makes it the largest and highest injection of
>>> water into the stratosphere since satellites began taking measurements.
>>>
>>> "We estimate that the excess water vapor is equivalent to around 10% of
>>> the
>>> amount of water vapor typically residing in the stratosphere," which is
>>> the
>>> biggest increase in the records. The water vapor will remain in the
>>> stratosphere for an estimated 5 years.  This excess water warms the
>>> atmosphere, and persists much longer than the other volcanic gases, like
>>> sulfur dioxide which leaves the atmosphere within 2-3 years, so the
>>> water's
>>> warming effect only kicked in after the cooling effects of the other
>>> gases
>>> were gone.  The Tonga explosion is the first eruption on record to cause
>>> a
>>> warming effect, rather than a cooling effect, on the planet.
>>>
>>> The mean ocean temperature began deviating in March, and has gone more
>>> and
>>> more off scale since, with an increase of about 0.7C over a very short
>>> time
>>> period.  Follow the unfolding drama on a day to day basis here:
>>> https://climatereanalyzer.org/clim/sst_daily/
>>>
>>> If the marine heat wave has not hit your area yet, for areas of the
>>> Caribbean with warm nearshore reefs and cooler offshore reefs, there is
>>> still time to move samples of genotypes from the nearshore reefs out to
>>> cooler outer reefs as a precautionary measure, to shade your nurseries,
>>> or
>>> if the option exists, to move samples into cooler onshore tanks.  But if
>>> you want to do this, you are racing time!
>>>
>>> If engaging in field translocation, you had better locate the corals
>>> where
>>> they are secure from the impacts of hurricanes, which although they can
>>> save us by cooling the waters, they can also destroy reefs and coral
>>> nurseries as well.  The best location for outer reef sites is behind
>>> reefs
>>> and 1-2 meters lower than the reef, so that breaking waves roll over the
>>> top, and located near passes and openings that let in cooler oceanic
>>> water.
>>> More water movement also seems to suppress coral bleaching - but shade
>>> cloth might get dragged off in such areas, so do account for that!
>>> Deeper
>>> nurseries might be more protected?  The link to my film below might help?
>>> Iron bar rope nurseries lend well to shading, but the tree type nurseries
>>> do not.
>>>
>>> But as Nohora has reminded us, corals are not stones, they must be
>>> handled
>>> with loving care!  Kept wet, cool and shaded during transport, and shaded
>>> in their new location, as it is high UV season, plus you don't know how
>>> hot
>>> it will get!
>>>
>>> Take care over there, so much depends on what we do now!  And for areas
>>> severely impacted, whatever survives now will become even more precious.
>>> So protect it from the coral predators of all types by any and all means!
>>> The predators will be absolutely starving for coral tissues!
>>>
>>> Regards,
>>>
>>> Austin
>>>
>>>
>>> Austin Bowden-Kerby, PhD
>>> Corals for Conservation
>>> P.O. Box 4649 Samabula, Fiji Islands
>>>
>>> https://www.corals4conservation.org
>>> Publication on C4C's coral-focused climate change adaptation strategies:
>>> https://www.mdpi.com/2673-1924/4/1/2/pdf
>>> Film on our "Reefs of Hope" coral restoration for climate change
>>> adaptation
>>> strategies:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG0lqKciXAA
>>>
>>> https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/emergency-response-to-massive-coral-bleaching/
>>> <
>>> https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/emergency-response-to-massive-coral-bleaching/
>>> >
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> On Sat, Aug 5, 2023 at 9:04 AM International Coral Reef Observatory via
>>> Coral-List <coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov> wrote:
>>>
>>> > Dear Colleagues,
>>> >
>>> >
>>> > In the urgency of rescuing coral colonies from Coral Bleaching areas,
>>> they
>>> > are being taken out of the sea to bring them without water ashore...
>>> > forgetting that they are marine animals!! Let's protect better
>>> > #LifeBelowWater Avoid lethal interventions that do not consider basic
>>> > science.
>>> >
>>> > https://twitter.com/ArrecifesCoral/status/1687552205816020992
>>> >
>>> >
>>> > Cordially,
>>> > Nohora Galvis
>>> > ICRS World Reef Award Winner
>>> > ICRO Transdisciplinary Researcher
>>> > International Coral Reef Observatory
>>> > Follow us on Facebook.com/ICRObservatory
>>> > on Twitter / Instagram / YouTube  ICR_Observatory
>>> >
>>> >
>>> >
>>> > El jue, 27 jul 2023 a las 14:27, International Coral Reef Observatory
>>> (<
>>> > icrobservatory at gmail.com>) escribió:
>>> >
>>> > > Dear Colleagues,
>>> > >
>>> > > When we identify causes of degradation, we include climate change as
>>> > > global anthropogenic pollution and local impacts both caused by
>>> > > unsustainable development.  Therefore both are caused by intensive
>>> human
>>> > > activities that should be managed appropriately. That is why we
>>> support
>>> > > campaigns of global behavior change at the United Nations
>>> implementing
>>> > SDG
>>> > > 14 and SDG13. Coral reef scientists and in general Coral Listers
>>> should
>>> > > lead by example to avoid further greenhouse gases emissions and
>>> > destructive
>>> > > development, effective solutions need to find alternatives to stop
>>> global
>>> > > and local coral reef threats.
>>> > >
>>> > > The recent 100% mortality events in the Florida Keys are a result of
>>> > > cumulative stress from multiple factors. That is why we support
>>> > addressing
>>> > > the causes of degradation, INSTEAD OF FOCUSING ONLY in palliative
>>> care or
>>> > > scaling up breaking coral colonies.
>>> > >
>>> > > Taking into account, Sutherland et al. (2023) while high temperature
>>> has
>>> > > been identified as an important cause of coral mortality in both
>>> > bleaching
>>> > > and disease scenarios, a predictive model for White Pox Disease (WPX)
>>> > risk
>>> > > in Acropora palmata (using 20 yr of disease surveys from the Florida
>>> Keys
>>> > > plus environmental information collected simultaneously in situ and
>>> via
>>> > > satellite) indicates that the relative influence of HotSpot (positive
>>> > > summertime temperature anomaly) was low and actually inversely
>>> related to
>>> > > WPX Risk. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03727
>>> > > Nohora Galvis
>>> > > ICRS World Reef Award Winner
>>> > > ICRO Transdisciplinary Researcher
>>> > > International Coral Reef Observatory
>>> > > Follow us on Facebook.com/ICRObservatory
>>> > > on Twitter / Instagram / YouTube  ICR_Observatory
>>> > >
>>> > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------
>>> > > De: International Coral Reef Observatory <icrobservatory at gmail.com>
>>> > > Date: mar, 25 jul 2023 a las 17:12
>>> > > Subject: Coral reefs under threat
>>> > > To: Austin Bowden-Kerby <abowdenkerby at gmail.com>, <
>>> > helder.perez at gmail.com>,
>>> > > Sebastian Szereday <seb.szereday at gmail.com>, <nicrane at cabrillo.edu>,
>>> <
>>> > > jlang at riposi.net>, Alina Szmant <alina at cisme-instruments.com>, <
>>> > > sealab at earthlink.net>, Mark Tupper <mark.tupper at port.ac.uk>, coral
>>> list
>>> > <
>>> > > coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>
>>> > >
>>> > >
>>> > > In agreement with Judith, Alina and Nicole, there is an alert for
>>> > > interventions on coral reefs that promise to save them but it may
>>> > > actually may worsen the coral reef integrity.
>>> > >
>>> > > Reading carefully the paper: The Influence of Foureye Butterflyfish
>>> > > (Chaetodon capistratus) and Symbiodiniaceae on the Transmission of
>>> > > Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease, Titus et al. (2022) have some
>>> > > suggestive evidence that butterflyfish do not directly increase
>>> > > infection rates, but instead might be increasing infection recovery
>>> > >
>>> https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.800423/full
>>> > >
>>> > > Increased coral mucus is a proof of stressed coral colonies.
>>> > > Considering Austin´s  message, if something has to be removed
>>> > > drastically from affected coral reefs is not the mucus eaters but the
>>> > > scaling up of coral fragmentation megaprojects that stress coral
>>> > > colonies and support unsustainable development (massive tourism,
>>> > > increased population in coral reef areas, enlargement of ports,
>>> > > channels, airports, prisons, etc).
>>> > >
>>> > > Taking into account that past local authorities in some case studies
>>> > > have stopped plans such as a prison in the Swan Island and an
>>> > > international airport on Tioman Island in Malaysia. The International
>>> > > Coral Reef Initiative, the International Coral Reef Society, the
>>> > > Society for Conservation Biology and UN SDG 14 envoys amongs many
>>> > > other organziations should play a more active role addressing the
>>> > > current decision makers of each country with respect and diplomatic
>>> > > SCIENTIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS according to their mission to avoid
>>> further
>>> > > catastrophes. Calling to actions to protect effectively life below
>>> > > water in coral reef areas of the world that will benefit all human
>>> > > beings.
>>> > >
>>> > > We as an International Coral Reef Observatory, are ready to support
>>> > > with letters if requested, to the top decision makers and shared the
>>> > > case studies where coral reefs are under threat, as well tagging in
>>> > > our social media the organizations encharged of the effective
>>> > > protection of coral reefs to promote global friendly environmental
>>> > > behavior and positive change to improve the conservation of coral
>>> > > reefs of the world.
>>> > >
>>> > > PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN TRYING TO CURE (or trying to restore
>>> > > afterwards) !! It is time to find alternatives to those developers
>>> who
>>> > > have coral reefs in the military target destroying ecosystems. The
>>> > > Blue Economy should not be based on paying A LOT to the justifiers of
>>> > > degradation, because the environmental cost will be higher sooner or
>>> > > later.
>>> > >
>>> > > Nohora Galvis
>>> > > ICRS World Reef Award Winner
>>> > > ICRO Transdisciplinary Researcher
>>> > > International Coral Reef Observatory
>>> > > Follow us on Facebook.com/ICRObservatory
>>> > > on Twitter / Instagram / YouTube  ICR_Observatory
>>> > >
>>> > > El mar, 25 jul 2023 a las 15:07, Austin Bowden-Kerby via Coral-List
>>> > > (<coral-list at coral.aoml.noaa.gov>) escribió:
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Hi Alina,
>>> > > >
>>> > > > It's okay to be negative, as that is what scientists do- LOL!  I
>>> > > > understand completely. Less is best is what we all believe in.  So
>>> > > > your response is the sort of knee-jerk response I have come to
>>> expect.
>>> > > > I have been accused of "playing GOD" with coralliophila snail
>>> removal
>>> > > > in the Caribbean and Acanthaster removal in the Pacific in earlier
>>> > > > days as well.  Plus butterflyfish are beautiful, and they look so
>>> > > > gentle and innocent, and so I can understand that people's hearts
>>> > > > would tend to dominate their heads on this one.
>>> > > >
>>> > > > However, the corals have taken millions of years to evolve and
>>> their
>>> > > > future is on the line!  So if butterfly fish have even a slight
>>> chance
>>> > > > of being a primary means for transfer of SCTLD, the precautionary
>>> > > > principle in favor of the endangered species would remove them. If
>>> we
>>> > > > wait for all the facts to be published in peer reviewed journals,
>>> it
>>> > > > could be too late.  There are so few of the corals left, that
>>> removal
>>> > > > would translate to killing only a few hundred of the fish
>>> regionally.
>>> > > > The danger we face is not just to the Caribbean: coral reefs of
>>> > > > perhaps the entire planet are potentially at risk, due to the
>>> > > > ineffectiveness of ballast water protocols, so certainly any risk
>>> to a
>>> > > > few coral predators is insignificant to the overall protection of
>>> the
>>> > > > corals of the planet.
>>> > > >
>>> > > > In addition to the published Noonan and Childress study,
>>> establishing
>>> > > > the 4-eyes as potentially problematic, in 2004 in Honduras and
>>> Belize,
>>> > > > we found that the 4-eyes were the primary vector in the rapid
>>> tissue
>>> > > > loss disease in Acropora.   It appeared that they were
>>> intentionally
>>> > > > spreading the disease, so the tissues would lift off or something!
>>> > > > They would bite an infected area and then a non-diseased
>>> neighboring
>>> > > > branch and alternate.  However, a later paper by Noonan et al.
>>> > > > suggests that the fish might remove diseased tissues and therefore
>>> > > > help in the healing as well.  However the fish do not confine their
>>> > > > feeding to the dead tissues, so while it could indeed help the
>>> lesions
>>> > > > by removing infected tissues, at the same time it bites non
>>> infected
>>> > > > tissues and colonies, and thus is a prime suspect as a major
>>> vector in
>>> > > > spreading the disease.
>>> > > >
>>> > > > With any emerging problem like this, we must grab what we can and
>>> run
>>> > > > with it. But the precautionary principle has resulted in a
>>> paralysis
>>> > > > of will, as it is being interpreted wrongly, that to do nothing is
>>> > > > better than to err on the side of over-reacting.  We wait for peer
>>> > > > reviewed publications, which take years to come out, and we tend to
>>> > > > discount observations and unpublished work.  I find the same
>>> > > > conservativeness when dealing with mass coral death due to
>>> bleaching-
>>> > > > and there is no emergency working group to address mass coral
>>> > > > bleaching either, no pile of funds to use for experimental
>>> > > > interventions during active events.  The failure of the system to
>>> > > > control this disease and to address mass bleaching threatens the
>>> coral
>>> > > > reefs of the entire planet, and this reflects poorly on the
>>> scientific
>>> > > > community.  Massive funding for urgent research and action was
>>> needed
>>> > > > five years ago, to include sampling of genotypes of the species
>>> > > > affected to secure them in land-based systems, predator/ vector
>>> > > > removal experiments, and the like.
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Back to the Titanic analogy: The ship is sinking, and our operating
>>> > > > system requires that all lifeboats be fully inspected and proven
>>> > > > seaworthy before we allow them to be launched and for people to
>>> board
>>> > > > them, normally a good policy.  But the ship is now sinking rapidly,
>>> > > > but we continue as normal, as the system requires that all
>>> lifeboats
>>> > > > must be adequately inspected before launching!  The passengers
>>> that we
>>> > > > are supposed to be saving are now drowning.... so it is time to
>>> break
>>> > > > the rules, even if some lifeboats have holes in them and start
>>> > > > sinking, we can repair them as we go!
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Regards
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Austin
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Noonan, K.R., Childress, M.J. Association of butterflyfishes and
>>> stony
>>> > > > coral tissue loss disease in the Florida Keys. Coral Reefs 39,
>>> > > > 1581–1590 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01986-8
>>> > > >
>>> > > > The Influence of Foureye Butterflyfish (Chaetodon capistratus) and
>>> > > > Symbiodiniaceae on the Transmission of Stony Coral Tissue Loss
>>> Disease
>>> > > > Kara Titus, Lauren O’Connell, Kristiaan Matthee, Michael Childress
>>> > > > Front. Mar. Sci., 21 March 2022.  Sec. Coral Reef Research Volume
>>> 9 -
>>> > > > 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.800423
>>> > > >
>>> > > >
>>> > > >
>>> > > > Austin Bowden-Kerby, PhD
>>> > > > Corals for Conservation
>>> > > > P.O. Box 4649 Samabula, Fiji Islands
>>> > >
>>> > >
>>> > _______________________________________________
>>> > Coral-List mailing list
>>> > Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
>>> > https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> Coral-List mailing list
>>> Coral-List at coral.aoml.noaa.gov
>>> https://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list
>>
>>